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7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<!--
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz -
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin -
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
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7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<td width="20%" align="right">�<a accesskey="n" href="man.named-checkconf.html">Next</a>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</td>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</tr>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</table>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<hr>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</div>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="refentry" lang="en">
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<div class="refnamediv">
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<h2>Name</h2>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</div>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<h2>Synopsis</h2>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</div>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<a name="id2612066"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin signs a zone. It generates
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin determined by the presence or absence of a
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</div>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<a name="id2612085"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<div class="variablelist"><dl>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Verify all generated signatures.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Compatibility mode: Generate a
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz file in addition to
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Generate DS records for child zones from
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin file. Existing DS records will be removed.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The domain is appended to the name of the records.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin the start time. A time relative to the current time is
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="option">start-time</code>.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin the
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin input filename.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin between the signature end and start times. So if neither
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin generates
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin replaced.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The format of the input zone file.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin format containing updates can be signed directly.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The use of this option does not make much sense for
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin non-dynamic zones.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p></dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin regeneration over time.
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz </p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin </p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin</dd>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dd><p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin thread is started for each detected CPU.
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz </p></dd>
34f9b3eef6fdadbda0a846aa4d68691ac40eace5Roland Mainz<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<dd>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin<p>
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
7c2fbfb345896881c631598ee3852ce9ce33fb07April Chin Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not specified,
the default is the minimum TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2662105"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2662252"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2662277"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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