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6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore - Copyright (C) 2004-2013 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore signs a zone. It generates
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore determined by the presence or absence of a
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Verify all generated signatures.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Compatibility mode: Generate a
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore file in addition to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Output only those record types automatically managed by
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore included. The resulting file can be included in the original
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Generate DS records for child zones from
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore file. Existing DS records will be removed.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The domain is appended to the name of the records.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the start time. A time relative to the current time is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore refreshed manually.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the start time. A time relative to the current time is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore written to the standard output, with a default output
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore format of "full".
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore between the signature end and start times. So if neither
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The format of the input zone file.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore format containing updates can be signed directly.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The use of this option does not make much sense for
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore non-dynamic zones.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore regeneration over time.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore thread is started for each detected CPU.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore is assumed to be the origin.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore format suitable for processing by external scripts;
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore but less secure, than using real random data. This option
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore source is limited.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Disable post sign verification tests.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore This option skips these tests.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Remove signatures from keys that no longer exist.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore that are still within their validity period are retained.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-R</code> forces
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove all orphaned
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the name of a character device or file containing random
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore data to be used instead of the default. The special value
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore input should be used.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore determine how it should be used, according to the following
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore key is published in the zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore key is published (regardless of publication date) and
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore used to sign the zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore is used to sign the zone.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore zone, regardless of any other metadata.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore into the zone from the key repository. If not
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore record. This option is ignored when signing without
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore imported keys, the shortest one is used.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Print statistics at completion.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore retain the existing chain when re-signing.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Sets the debugging level.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
5080145bebcdf447671b26bba8c9815a208dff4fGarrett D'Amore signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
5080145bebcdf447671b26bba8c9815a208dff4fGarrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore default is 10.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The file containing the zone to be signed.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore then these will be used for signing.
5080145bebcdf447671b26bba8c9815a208dff4fGarrett D'Amore The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
5080145bebcdf447671b26bba8c9815a208dff4fGarrett D'Amore zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
6b5e5868e7ebf1aff3a5abd7d0c4ef0e5fbf3648Garrett D'Amore<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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