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9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
6ec499054450c5e0fd69d78961deef46985ba363Brian Wellington<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<a name="id2642621"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signs a zone. It generates
90c099e88e9f16bfee9edee3ac1a51fc98843772Brian Wellington NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington determined by the presence or absence of a
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Verify all generated signatures.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Compatibility mode: Generate a
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington file in addition to
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Output only those record types automatically managed by
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
622df0afb82c1b711b5f3c272db4c4b83d09bc4aBob Halley included. The resulting file can be included in the original
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
622df0afb82c1b711b5f3c272db4c4b83d09bc4aBob Halley cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
622df0afb82c1b711b5f3c272db4c4b83d09bc4aBob Halley <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
622df0afb82c1b711b5f3c272db4c4b83d09bc4aBob Halley When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Generate DS records for child zones from
6ec499054450c5e0fd69d78961deef46985ba363Brian Wellington <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington file. Existing DS records will be removed.
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
6ec499054450c5e0fd69d78961deef46985ba363Brian Wellington If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The domain is appended to the name of the records.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington option should be configured to use a matching
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the start time. A time relative to the current time is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington refreshed manually.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the start time. A time relative to the current time is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington written to the standard output, with a default output
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington format of "full".
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington between the signature end and start times. So if neither
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The format of the input zone file.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington format containing updates can be signed directly.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The use of this option does not make much sense for
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington non-dynamic zones.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington regeneration over time.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington thread is started for each detected CPU.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington and <span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington is assumed to be the origin.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington format suitable for processing by external scripts;
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington but less secure, than using real random data. This option
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington source is limited.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Disable post sign verification tests.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington This option skips these tests.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington that are still within their validity period are retained.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the name of a character device or file containing random
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington data to be used instead of the default. The special value
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington input should be used.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington determine how it should be used, according to the following
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington key is published in the zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington key is published (regardless of publication date) and
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington used to sign the zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington is used to sign the zone.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington zone, regardless of any other metadata.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington into the zone from the key repository. If not
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
754768580f991d35f5346a9fdb14e45d46648692Brian Wellington record. This option is ignored when signing without
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
754768580f991d35f5346a9fdb14e45d46648692Brian Wellington TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington imported keys, the shortest one is used.
c60d524c4928c47901672b1c79f6bc86bf856063Andreas Gustafsson Print statistics at completion.
0072911bd97d599381efe685665f50039f411485Andreas Gustafsson Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
c60d524c4928c47901672b1c79f6bc86bf856063Andreas Gustafsson zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
0072911bd97d599381efe685665f50039f411485Andreas Gustafsson switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington retain the existing chain when re-signing.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Sets the debugging level.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington default is 10.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
d4ef65050feac78554addf6e16a06c6e2e0bd331Brian Wellington when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The file containing the zone to be signed.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington then these will be used for signing.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
53aed64e0f8553762fc0c380ee41cb42f514c7d5Brian Wellington so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
53aed64e0f8553762fc0c380ee41cb42f514c7d5Brian Wellington<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
9e3a7b0faf417a10f5f689edf288807b2d5eedc5Brian Wellington <em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
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