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dcfda24abf565c442d058cbf81b2180d847a1b3eAutomatic Updater - Copyright (C) 2004-2011 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
4a14ce5ba00ab7bc55c99ffdcf59c7a4ab902721Automatic Updater - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
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5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater<a name="id2667472"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signs a zone. It generates
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews determined by the presence or absence of a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Verify all generated signatures.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Compatibility mode: Generate a
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater file in addition to
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater Output only those record types automatically managed by
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater included. The resulting file can be included in the original
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code> or serial
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater number updating.
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
64affc54f96a2c71cbd10ed71e246ce0746259aaAutomatic Updater it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Generate DS records for child zones from
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater file. Existing DS records will be removed.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The domain is appended to the name of the records.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the start time. A time relative to the current time is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater refreshed manually.
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater the start time. A time relative to the current time is
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews written to the standard output, with a default output
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews format of "full".
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews between the signature end and start times. So if neither
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The format of the input zone file.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews format containing updates can be signed directly.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The use of this option does not make much sense for
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews non-dynamic zones.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews regeneration over time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When writing a signed zone to 'raw' format, set the "source serial"
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews value in the header to the specified serial number. (This is
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews expected to be used primarily for testing purposes.)
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews thread is started for each detected CPU.
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is assumed to be the origin.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater format suitable for processing by external scripts,
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>,
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater which store the zone in a binary format for rapid loading
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater specifies the format version of the raw zone file: if N
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater is 0, the raw file can be read by any version of
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file can be
1c51f79aba598e5e20bde66aea0237e347f6d5ceAutomatic Updater read by release 9.9.0 or higher. The default is 1.
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater but less secure, than using real random data. This option
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater source is limited.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater Disable post sign verification tests.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater This option skips these tests.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Remove signatures from keys that no longer exist.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews that are still within their validity period are retained.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-R</code> forces
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove all orphaned
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater the name of a character device or file containing random
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater data to be used instead of the default. The special value
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater input should be used.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater determine how it should be used, according to the following
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater key is published in the zone.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater key is published (regardless of publication date) and
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater used to sign the zone.
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater is used to sign the zone.
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater zone, regardless of any other metadata.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater into the zone from the key repository. If not
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater record. This option is ignored when signing without
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews imported keys, the shortest one is used.
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater Print statistics at completion.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater retain the existing chain when re-signing.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Sets the debugging level.
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
66fec05962ae85e63c4aa568d44a962db5bbc902Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default is 10.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews delegations.
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews The file containing the zone to be signed.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews then these will be used for signing.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
c6c78f699b55b3344fb6b17ddc854cbae4610468Automatic Updater file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">