98N/A - Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC") 98N/A - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium. 1610N/A - Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 98N/A - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 98N/A - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 919N/A - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH 919N/A - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY 919N/A - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, 919N/A - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM 919N/A - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE 919N/A - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR 919N/A - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 919N/A<
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1356N/A<
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span class="application">dnssec-signzone</
span></
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1551N/A<
td width="20%" align="left">
1356N/A<
th width="60%" align="center">Manual pages</
th>
1634N/A<
div class="refentry" lang="en">
98N/A<
div class="refnamediv">
493N/A<
p><
span class="application">dnssec-signzone</
span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</
p>
916N/A<
div class="refsynopsisdiv">
1466N/A<
div class="cmdsynopsis"><
p><
code class="command">dnssec-signzone</
code> [<
code class="option">-a</
code>] [<
code class="option">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-g</
code>] [<
code class="option">-h</
code>] [<
code class="option">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-p</
code>] [<
code class="option">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-t</
code>] [<
code class="option">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-z</
code>] [<
code class="option">-3 <
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-H <
em class="replaceable"><
code>iterations</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-A</
code>] {zonefile} [key...]</
p></
div>
916N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
970N/A<
a name="id2604437"></
a><
h2>DESCRIPTION</
h2>
970N/A<
p><
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
970N/A signs a zone. It generates
970N/A NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
970N/A zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
970N/A (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
970N/A determined by the presence or absence of a
970N/A <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> file for each child zone.
970N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
970N/A<
a name="id2604456"></
a><
h2>OPTIONS</
h2>
970N/A<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
970N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-a</
span></
dt>
970N/A Verify all generated signatures.
970N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
970N/A Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
970N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
970N/A Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
970N/A key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
1029N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1124N/A Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
1124N/A The domain is appended to the name of the records.
1124N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1303N/A Look for <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> files in
1303N/A <
code class="option">directory</
code> as the directory
1333N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-g</
span></
dt>
1366N/A Generate DS records for child zones from keyset files.
1549N/A Existing DS records will be removed.
1634N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
970N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
98N/A become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
98N/A time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
1265N/A in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
1451N/A 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
1451N/A indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
1451N/A If no <
code class="option">start-time</
code> is specified, the current
1451N/A time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
1451N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1124N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
1124N/A expire. As with <
code class="option">start-time</
code>, an absolute
1265N/A time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
1265N/A to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
1265N/A the start time. A time relative to the current time is
1124N/A indicated with now+N. If no <
code class="option">end-time</
code> is
98N/A specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
98N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
970N/A The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
970N/A default is to append <
code class="filename">.signed</
code> to
1026N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-h</
span></
dt>
1523N/A Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
1523N/A <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>.
1451N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
98N/A When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
1466N/A may be resigned. The <
code class="option">interval</
code> option
98N/A specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
908N/A time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
591N/A cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
493N/A to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
493N/A The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
493N/A between the signature end and start times. So if neither
493N/A <
code class="option">end-time</
code> or <
code class="option">start-time</
code>
493N/A are specified, <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
1026N/A signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
705N/A interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
493N/A are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
493N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
965N/A The format of the input zone file.
965N/A Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"text"</
strong></
span> (default)
1196N/A and <
span><
strong class="command">"raw"</
strong></
span>.
1196N/A This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
1477N/A signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
1196N/A format containing updates can be signed directly.
1196N/A The use of this option does not make much sense for
1428N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1196N/A When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
1425N/A RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
1425N/A simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed,
i.e. 1425N/A a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
1425N/A all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
1196N/A same time. The <
code class="option">jitter</
code> option specifies a
606N/A jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
606N/A expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
851N/A regeneration over time.
851N/A Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
851N/A validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
851N/A i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
851N/A from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
98N/A validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
1193N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-n <
em class="replaceable"><
code>ncpus</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
963N/A Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
1201N/A thread is started for each detected CPU.
1097N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
910N/A The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
98N/A Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"keep"</
strong></
span> (default),
98N/A <
span><
strong class="command">"increment"</
strong></
span> and
910N/A <
span><
strong class="command">"unixtime"</
strong></
span>.
970N/A<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
1030N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"keep"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
1030N/A<
dd><
p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</
p></
dd>
970N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"increment"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
970N/A<
dd><
p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
1097N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"unixtime"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
1097N/A<
dd><
p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
98N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1193N/A The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
1193N/A is assumed to be the origin.
1193N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1193N/A The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
1193N/A Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"text"</
strong></
span> (default)
1193N/A and <
span><
strong class="command">"raw"</
strong></
span>.
1193N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-p</
span></
dt>
98N/A Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
1610N/A but less secure, than using real random data. This option
98N/A may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
111N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1088N/A Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
1088N/A or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
1610N/A is keyboard input. <
code class="filename">randomdev</
code>
1265N/A the name of a character device or file containing random
1610N/A data to be used instead of the default. The special value
963N/A <
code class="filename">keyboard</
code> indicates that keyboard
1088N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-t</
span></
dt>
1088N/A Print statistics at completion.
98N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
851N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-z</
span></
dt>
1466N/A Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-3 <
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
935N/A Generate a NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
935N/A A dash (<
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em>) can
935N/A be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
212N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-H <
em class="replaceable"><
code>iterations</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
1183N/A When generating a NSEC3 chain use this many interations. The
1196N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-A</
span></
dt>
1183N/A When generating a NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
1183N/A NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
1196N/A<
dt><
span class="term">zonefile</
span></
dt>
98N/A The file containing the zone to be signed.
1196N/A<
dt><
span class="term">key</
span></
dt>
1333N/A Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
908N/A no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
963N/A for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
963N/A there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
1610N/A then these will be used for signing.
1030N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
970N/A<
a name="id2659193"></
a><
h2>EXAMPLE</
h2>
1097N/A The following command signs the <
strong class="userinput"><
code>
example.com</
code></
strong>
970N/A zone with the DSA key generated by <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</
strong></
span>
970N/A for <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> files, in the current directory,
970N/A so that DS records can be generated from them (<
span><
strong class="command">-g</
strong></
span>).
1584N/A In the above example, <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> creates
970N/A file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
970N/A This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
974N/A The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
970N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
970N/A<
a name="id2659266"></
a><
h2>SEE ALSO</
h2>
970N/A<
p><
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</
span>(8)</
span>,
970N/A <
em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</
em>,
970N/A <
em class="citetitle">RFC 2535</
em>.
970N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
970N/A<
a name="id2659290"></
a><
h2>AUTHOR</
h2>
970N/A<
p><
span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</
span>
970N/A<
table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
970N/A<
td width="40%" align="left">
970N/A<
td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">
970N/A<
span class="application">dnssec-keygen</
span>�</
td>
1030N/A<
td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">�<
span class="application">named-checkconf</
span>