man.dnssec-signzone.html revision 6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2d
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater - Copyright (C) 2004-2009 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
4a14ce5ba00ab7bc55c99ffdcf59c7a4ab902721Automatic Updater - Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
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5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
ad671240d635376dd8681550eebee799d2e3d1fdAutomatic Updater<a name="id2608776"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signs a zone. It generates
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews determined by the presence or absence of a
ad671240d635376dd8681550eebee799d2e3d1fdAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Verify all generated signatures.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater The domain is appended to the name of the records.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater Look for <code class="filename">keyset</code> files in
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater <code class="option">directory</code> as the directory
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Generate DS records for child zones from keyset files.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Existing DS records will be removed.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
ca67ebfe9eef0b8f04179f7e511a19e0337a5422Automatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
ca67ebfe9eef0b8f04179f7e511a19e0337a5422Automatic Updater in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
ca67ebfe9eef0b8f04179f7e511a19e0337a5422Automatic Updater time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater the start time. A time relative to the current time is
ca67ebfe9eef0b8f04179f7e511a19e0337a5422Automatic Updater indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
ca67ebfe9eef0b8f04179f7e511a19e0337a5422Automatic Updater specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews input filename.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater between the signature end and start times. So if neither
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The format of the input zone file.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews format containing updates can be signed directly.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The use of this option does not make much sense for
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews non-dynamic zones.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews regeneration over time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews thread is started for each detected CPU.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater is assumed to be the origin.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews but less secure, than using real random data. This option
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews source is limited.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Disable post sign verification tests.
ad671240d635376dd8681550eebee799d2e3d1fdAutomatic Updater The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater That all revoked KSK keys are self signed. That all records
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater the name of a character device or file containing random
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater data to be used instead of the default. The special value
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater input should be used.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Print statistics at completion.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Sets the debugging level.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Generate a NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater When generating a NSEC3 chain use this many interations. The
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater default is 100.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater When generating a NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The file containing the zone to be signed.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews then these will be used for signing.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (Kexample.com.+003+17247). The zone's keys must be in the master
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews file (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for <code class="filename">keyset</code> files, in the current directory,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews so that DS records can be generated from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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