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5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
97e74139b19368e385a3564746d42db70879195eAutomatic Updater<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signs a zone. It generates
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews determined by the presence or absence of a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Verify all generated signatures.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Compatibility mode: Generate a
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater file in addition to
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater Output only those record types automatically managed by
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater included. The resulting file can be included in the original
be6c1c506161e6f45fcff5d0425f78801bc267c1Automatic Updater zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Generate DS records for child zones from
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews file. Existing DS records will be removed.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The domain is appended to the name of the records.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews option should be configured to use a matching
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater the start time. A time relative to the current time is
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
60a900e83bab52c3f023be66654f3ab023172778Automatic Updater <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
2628293c6edaa41ed1407c42bb196083901e087bAutomatic Updater Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
2628293c6edaa41ed1407c42bb196083901e087bAutomatic Updater for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
2628293c6edaa41ed1407c42bb196083901e087bAutomatic Updater when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews refreshed manually.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the start time. A time relative to the current time is
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews written to the standard output, with a default output
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews format of "full".
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews between the signature end and start times. So if neither
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The format of the input zone file.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews format containing updates can be signed directly.
97e74139b19368e385a3564746d42db70879195eAutomatic Updater The use of this option does not make much sense for
97e74139b19368e385a3564746d42db70879195eAutomatic Updater non-dynamic zones.
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
97e74139b19368e385a3564746d42db70879195eAutomatic Updater When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews regeneration over time.
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
52ece689e0265f9a3e518de5b2539e749f6d35acMark Andrews number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews thread is started for each detected CPU.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
72938578c985138165e7a4b0a38f16daacbad95eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater is assumed to be the origin.
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
1c51f79aba598e5e20bde66aea0237e347f6d5ceAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
1c51f79aba598e5e20bde66aea0237e347f6d5ceAutomatic Updater format suitable for processing by external scripts;
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
1c51f79aba598e5e20bde66aea0237e347f6d5ceAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
6283056805887de88040698685b8e1936a1f7a2dAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater but less secure, than using real random data. This option
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater source is limited.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater Disable post sign verification tests.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option skips these tests.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater that are still within their validity period are retained.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater the name of a character device or file containing random
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater data to be used instead of the default. The special value
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater input should be used.
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater determine how it should be used, according to the following
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
a3f8c8e20780e488141d200acdfea6c5f3303513Automatic Updater published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key is published in the zone.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater key is published (regardless of publication date) and
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater used to sign the zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is used to sign the zone.
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater zone, regardless of any other metadata.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater into the zone from the key repository. If not
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater record. This option is ignored when signing without
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
66fec05962ae85e63c4aa568d44a962db5bbc902Automatic Updater in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater imported keys, the shortest one is used.
66fec05962ae85e63c4aa568d44a962db5bbc902Automatic Updater Print statistics at completion.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
66fec05962ae85e63c4aa568d44a962db5bbc902Automatic Updater zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
731cc132f22dbc9e0ecd7035dce314a61076d31bAutomatic Updater be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater retain the existing chain when re-signing.
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
f3d1a0ba5228251d902a6acf3c8b05cb6842f992Automatic Updater Sets the debugging level.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater default is 10.
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews delegations.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews The file containing the zone to be signed.
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
c6c78f699b55b3344fb6b17ddc854cbae4610468Automatic Updater there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews then these will be used for signing.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
c3dc968140ab7f04795acc7835e4e89ccb0c0a27Tinderbox User<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
0a7ed88633a680bb881868b75ded4d09a7bbbc50Automatic Updater In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
c3dc968140ab7f04795acc7835e4e89ccb0c0a27Tinderbox User file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.