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4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="refentry" lang="en">
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="refnamediv">
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<h2>Name</h2>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync</div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<h2>Synopsis</h2>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync</div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<a name="id2610242"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signs a zone. It generates
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync determined by the presence or absence of a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync</div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<a name="id2610807"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="variablelist"><dl>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Verify all generated signatures.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Generate DS records for child zones from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync file. Existing DS records will be removed.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The domain is appended to the name of the records.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the start time. A time relative to the current time is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync input filename.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync </p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p>
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
between the signature end and start times. So if neither
<code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the input zone file.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be signed directly.
The use of this option does not make much sense for
non-dynamic zones.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
</p>
<p>
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the TTL of new DNSKEY records imported to the zone
from the key repository. Only useful with the -S option.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate a NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating a NSEC3 chain use this many interations. The
default is 100.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating a NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2660497"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). The zone's keys must be in the master
file (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">keyset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be generated from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2660637"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2660662"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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