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97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span> — DNSSEC key generation tool</p>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-keygen</code> [<code class="option">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-3</code>] [<code class="option">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-C</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e</code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-G</code>] [<code class="option">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k</code>] [<code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] {name}</p></div>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd and RFC 4034. It can also generate keys for use with
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd The <code class="option">name</code> of the key is specified on the command
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd which the key is being generated.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd of <code class="option">algorithm</code> must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, or NSEC3DSA. For TSIG/TKEY, the value must
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd be DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512. These values are
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd case insensitive.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd default, unless the <code class="option">-3</code> option is specified,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd algorithm, and DSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd mandatory.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd automatically set the -T KEY option.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd size depends on the algorithm used. RSAMD5 / RSASHA1 keys must be
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd bits and an exact multiple of 64. HMAC-MD5 keys must be
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd between 1 and 512 bits.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd algorithm. The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd keys (ZSK's) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSK's,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd generated with <code class="option">-f KSK</code>). However, if an
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd algorithm is explicitly specified with the <code class="option">-a</code>,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd then there is no default key size, and the <code class="option">-b</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd must be used.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <code class="option">nametype</code> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd a host (KEY)),
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd These values are case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd generation.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd If this option is used and no algorithm is explicitly
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd any metadata. By default, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd with the private key, and other dates may be set there as well
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd (publication date, activation date, etc). Keys that include
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for random number
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd and, when supported, key generation. When compiled with PKCS#11
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd support it defaults to pcks11, the empty name resets it to
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd no engine.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd If generating an RSAMD5/RSASHA1 key, use a large exponent.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd option is incompatible with -P and -A.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Allowed values are 2 and 5. If no generator
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Other possible values for this argument are listed in
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd RFC 2535 and its successors.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd the name of a character device or file containing random
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd data to be used instead of the default. The special value
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd input should be used.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd purpose in DNSSEC.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>rrtype</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <code class="option">rrtype</code> must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Indicates the use of the key. <code class="option">type</code> must be
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the debugging level.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd If the argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd an offset from the present time. For convenience, if such an offset
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd is computed in seconds.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd After that date, the key will be included in the zone but will
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd not be used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd not been used, the default is "now".
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd date, the key will be included and the zone and used to sign
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd it. If not set, and if the -G option has not been used, the
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd default is "now".
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd date, the key will be flagged as revoked. It will be included
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd in the zone and will be used to sign it.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd date, the key will still be included in the zone, but it
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd will not be used to sign it.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd date, the key will no longer be included in the zone. (It
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd may remain in the key repository, however.)
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd When <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> completes
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd successfully,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd it prints a string of the form <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd to the standard output. This is an identification string for
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd the key it has generated.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<li><p><code class="filename">nnnn</code> is the key name.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<li><p><code class="filename">aaa</code> is the numeric representation
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd algorithm.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<li><p><code class="filename">iiiii</code> is the key identifier (or
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd footprint).
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd creates two files, with names based
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd on the printed string. <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd contains the public key, and
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</code> contains the
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd The <code class="filename">.key</code> file contains a DNS KEY record
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd statement).
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd algorithm-specific
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd general read permission.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd Both <code class="filename">.key</code> and <code class="filename">.private</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>, the following command would be
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><strong class="userinput"><code>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</code></strong>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd The command would print a string of the form:
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><strong class="userinput"><code>Kexample.com.+003+26160</code></strong>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd In this example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> creates
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd the files <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</code>
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</code>.
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-signzone</span>(8)</span>,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
97a3ecc40b65d5f8e865bbe0b1c9325d8c016e34nd<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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