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505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<div class="chapter" lang="en">
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<a name="Bv9ARM.ch07"></a>Chapter�7.�<span class="acronym">BIND</span> 9 Security Considerations</h2></div></div></div>
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<div class="toc">
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher<dl>
45f75fc8e98092fa48faa3d180fd42f7efd51486Stephen Gallagher<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#Access_Control_Lists">Access Control Lists</a></span></dt>
45f75fc8e98092fa48faa3d180fd42f7efd51486Stephen Gallagher<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2573793"><span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span></a></span></dt>
45f75fc8e98092fa48faa3d180fd42f7efd51486Stephen Gallagher<dd><dl>
45f75fc8e98092fa48faa3d180fd42f7efd51486Stephen Gallagher<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2573937">The <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> Environment</a></span></dt>
45f75fc8e98092fa48faa3d180fd42f7efd51486Stephen Gallagher<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#id2573996">Using the <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> Function</a></span></dt>
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher</dl></dd>
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security">Dynamic Update Security</a></span></dt>
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher</dl>
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher</div>
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher<div class="sect1" lang="en">
8be5e4497e5008f7807178acdfcbf97365ec4e73Stephen Gallagher<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
b2c7b6fe7a6b9ef3af8d4d3037fe83d6e9bfd6a5Sumit Bose<a name="Access_Control_Lists"></a>Access Control Lists</h2></div></div></div>
fdda4b659fa3be3027df91a2b053835186ec2c59Sumit Bose<p>
b2c7b6fe7a6b9ef3af8d4d3037fe83d6e9bfd6a5Sumit Bose Access Control Lists (ACLs), are address match lists that
b2c7b6fe7a6b9ef3af8d4d3037fe83d6e9bfd6a5Sumit Bose you can set up and nickname for future use in <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span>,
505e75ba28b42bb3de7a6d55de825091b70cc2b2Stephen Gallagher <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>,
<span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>,
etc.
</p>
<p>
Using ACLs allows you to have finer control over who can access
your name server, without cluttering up your config files with huge
lists of IP addresses.
</p>
<p>
It is a <span class="emphasis"><em>good idea</em></span> to use ACLs, and to
control access to your server. Limiting access to your server by
outside parties can help prevent spoofing and DoS attacks against
your server.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example of how to properly apply ACLs:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
// Set up an ACL named "bogusnets" that will block RFC1918 space
// and some reserved space, which is commonly used in spoofing attacks.
acl bogusnets {
0.0.0.0/8; 1.0.0.0/8; 2.0.0.0/8; 192.0.2.0/24; 224.0.0.0/3;
10.0.0.0/8; 172.16.0.0/12; 192.168.0.0/16;
};
// Set up an ACL called our-nets. Replace this with the real IP numbers.
acl our-nets { x.x.x.x/24; x.x.x.x/21; };
options {
...
...
allow-query { our-nets; };
allow-recursion { our-nets; };
...
blackhole { bogusnets; };
...
};
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "m/example.com";
allow-query { any; };
};
</pre>
<p>
This allows recursive queries of the server from the outside
unless recursion has been previously disabled.
</p>
<p>
For more information on how to use ACLs to protect your server,
see the <span class="emphasis"><em>AUSCERT</em></span> advisory at:
</p>
<p>
<a href="ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos" target="_top">ftp://ftp.auscert.org.au/pub/auscert/advisory/AL-1999.004.dns_dos</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="id2573793"></a><span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span></h2></div></div></div>
<p>
On UNIX servers, it is possible to run <span class="acronym">BIND</span> in a <span class="emphasis"><em>chrooted</em></span> environment
(<span><strong class="command">chroot()</strong></span>) by specifying the "<code class="option">-t</code>"
option. This can help improve system security by placing <span class="acronym">BIND</span> in
a "sandbox", which will limit the damage done if a server is
compromised.
</p>
<p>
Another useful feature in the UNIX version of <span class="acronym">BIND</span> is the
ability to run the daemon as an unprivileged user ( <code class="option">-u</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> ).
We suggest running as an unprivileged user when using the <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> feature.
</p>
<p>
Here is an example command line to load <span class="acronym">BIND</span> in a <span><strong class="command">chroot()</strong></span> sandbox,
<span><strong class="command">/var/named</strong></span>, and to run <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> to
user 202:
</p>
<p>
<strong class="userinput"><code>/usr/local/bin/named -u 202 -t /var/named</code></strong>
</p>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2573937"></a>The <span><strong class="command">chroot</strong></span> Environment</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In order for a <span><strong class="command">chroot()</strong></span> environment
to
work properly in a particular directory
(for example, <code class="filename">/var/named</code>),
you will need to set up an environment that includes everything
<span class="acronym">BIND</span> needs to run.
From <span class="acronym">BIND</span>'s point of view, <code class="filename">/var/named</code> is
the root of the filesystem. You will need to adjust the values of
options like
like <span><strong class="command">directory</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">pid-file</strong></span> to account
for this.
</p>
<p>
Unlike with earlier versions of BIND, you will typically
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> need to compile <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
statically nor install shared libraries under the new root.
However, depending on your operating system, you may need
to set up things like
<code class="filename">/dev/zero</code>,
<code class="filename">/dev/random</code>,
<code class="filename">/dev/log</code>, and/or
<code class="filename">/etc/localtime</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="id2573996"></a>Using the <span><strong class="command">setuid</strong></span> Function</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Prior to running the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> daemon,
use
the <span><strong class="command">touch</strong></span> utility (to change file
access and
modification times) or the <span><strong class="command">chown</strong></span>
utility (to
set the user id and/or group id) on files
to which you want <span class="acronym">BIND</span>
to write.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
Note that if the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> daemon is running as an
unprivileged user, it will not be able to bind to new restricted
ports if the server is reloaded.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="dynamic_update_security"></a>Dynamic Update Security</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
Access to the dynamic
update facility should be strictly limited. In earlier versions of
<span class="acronym">BIND</span> the only way to do this was
based on the IP
address of the host requesting the update, by listing an IP address
or
network prefix in the <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
zone option.
This method is insecure since the source address of the update UDP
packet
is easily forged. Also note that if the IP addresses allowed by the
<span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> option include the
address of a slave
server which performs forwarding of dynamic updates, the master can
be
trivially attacked by sending the update to the slave, which will
forward it to the master with its own source IP address causing the
master to approve it without question.
</p>
<p>
For these reasons, we strongly recommend that updates be
cryptographically authenticated by means of transaction signatures
(TSIG). That is, the <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
option should
list only TSIG key names, not IP addresses or network
prefixes. Alternatively, the new <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
option can be used.
</p>
<p>
Some sites choose to keep all dynamically updated DNS data
in a subdomain and delegate that subdomain to a separate zone. This
way, the top-level zone containing critical data such as the IP
addresses
of public web and mail servers need not allow dynamic update at
all.
</p>
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