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dcfda24abf565c442d058cbf81b2180d847a1b3eAutomatic Updater - Copyright (C) 2004-2013 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
75c0816e8295e180f4bc7f10db3d0d880383bc1cMark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<title>Chapter�6.�BIND 9 Configuration Reference</title>
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71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</th></tr>
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<a name="Bv9ARM.ch06"></a>Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</h2></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements">Configuration File Elements</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists">Address Match Lists</a></span></dt>
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574754">Comment Syntax</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Configuration_File_Grammar">Configuration File Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575414"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#acl"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575657"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575948"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575965"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2576057"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2576081"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2576171"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2576502"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578497"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578570"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578634"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578814"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578836"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2591505"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#trusted-keys"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2591856"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2591902"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#managed-keys"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2592412"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2594193"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2597777">Zone File</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them">Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2600075">Discussion of MX Records</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Setting_TTLs">Setting TTLs</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2600691">Inverse Mapping in IPv4</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2600818">Other Zone File Directives</a></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2601022"><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</a></span></dt>
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format">Additional File Formats</a></span></dt>
507151045be68c671ffd4e2f37e17cdfa0376fc4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics">BIND9 Statistics</a></span></dt>
507151045be68c671ffd4e2f37e17cdfa0376fc4Automatic Updater<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics_counters">Statistics Counters</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration is broadly similar
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews to <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8; however, there are a few new
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews of configuration, such as views. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews 8 configuration files should work with few alterations in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 9, although more complex configurations should be reviewed to check
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if they can be more efficiently implemented using the new features
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews found in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4 configuration files can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein converted to the new format
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using the shell script
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">contrib/named-bootconf/named-bootconf.sh</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="configuration_file_elements"></a>Configuration File Elements</h2></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews Following is a list of elements used throughout the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file documentation:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The name of an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defined by the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A list of one or more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">ip_prefix</code>, <code class="varname">key_id</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <code class="varname">acl_name</code> elements, see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews A named list of one or more <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews with optional <code class="varname">key_id</code> and/or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews A <code class="varname">masters_list</code> may include other
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A quoted string which will be used as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a DNS name, for example "<code class="literal">my.test.domain</code>".
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater A list of one or more <code class="varname">domain_name</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One to four integers valued 0 through
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 255 separated by dots (`.'), such as <span><strong class="command">123</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">45.67</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">89.123.45.67</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IPv4 address with exactly four elements
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <code class="varname">dotted_decimal</code> notation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IPv6 address, such as <span><strong class="command">2001:db8::1234</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews scope zones must be disambiguated by an appropriate
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews zone ID with the percent character (`%') as
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews delimiter. It is strongly recommended to use
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews string zone names rather than numeric identifiers,
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews in order to be robust against system configuration
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews changes. However, since there is no standard
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews mapping for such names and identifier values,
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews currently only interface names as link identifiers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews interfaces and links. For example, a link-local
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews address <span><strong class="command">fe80::1</strong></span> on the link
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews attached to the interface <span><strong class="command">ne0</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can be specified as <span><strong class="command">fe80::1%ne0</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews Note that on most systems link-local addresses
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews always have the ambiguity, and need to be
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews disambiguated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <code class="varname">ip4_addr</code> or <code class="varname">ip6_addr</code>.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews The <code class="varname">number</code> is limited to 0
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein through 65535, with values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews In some cases, an asterisk (`*') character can be used as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein placeholder to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein select a random high-numbered port.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IP network specified as an <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein followed by a slash (`/') and then the number of bits in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Trailing zeros in a <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may omitted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, <span><strong class="command">127/8</strong></span> is the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network <span><strong class="command">127.0.0.0</strong></span> with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein netmask <span><strong class="command">255.0.0.0</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0/28</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0</strong></span> with netmask <span><strong class="command">255.255.255.240</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews When specifying a prefix involving a IPv6 scoped address
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews the scope may be omitted. In that case the prefix will
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews match packets from any scope.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <code class="varname">domain_name</code> representing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A list of one or more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews A non-negative 32-bit integer
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Its acceptable value might further
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be limited by the context in which it is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A quoted string which will be used as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a pathname, such as <code class="filename">zones/master/my.test.domain</code>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater A list of an <code class="varname">ip_port</code> or a port
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater A port range is specified in the form of
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>range</code></strong> followed by
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater two <code class="varname">ip_port</code>s,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_high</code>, which represents
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater port numbers from <code class="varname">port_low</code> through
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_high</code>, inclusive.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_low</code> must not be larger than
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>range 1024 65535</code></strong> represents
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater ports from 1024 through 65535.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater In either case an asterisk (`*') character is not
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater allowed as a valid <code class="varname">ip_port</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A 64-bit unsigned integer, or the keywords
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>default</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Integers may take values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 0 <= value <= 18446744073709551615, though
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein certain parameters
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (such as <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span>) may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use a more limited range within these extremes.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews In most cases, setting a value to 0 does not
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews literally mean zero; it means "undefined" or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews "as big as possible", depending on the context.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the expalantions of particular parameters
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews that use <code class="varname">size_spec</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for details on how they interpret its use.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Numeric values can optionally be followed by a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein scaling factor:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>K</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>k</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for kilobytes,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>M</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>m</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for megabytes, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>G</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>g</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for gigabytes, which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 1024*1024*1024 respectively.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">unlimited</code> generally means
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "as big as possible", and is usually the best
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein way to safely set a very large number.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein uses the limit that was in force when the server was started.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Either <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The words <strong class="userinput"><code>true</code></strong> and <strong class="userinput"><code>false</code></strong> are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also accepted, as are the numbers <strong class="userinput"><code>1</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <strong class="userinput"><code>0</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One of <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When used in a zone, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>, and <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater are restricted to slave and stub zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="address_match_lists"></a>Address Match Lists</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574520"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><code class="varname">address_match_list</code> = address_match_list_element ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> address_match_list_element; ... </span>]
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews<code class="varname">address_match_list_element</code> = [<span class="optional"> ! </span>] (ip_address [<span class="optional">/length</span>] |
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574616"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Address match lists are primarily used to determine access
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein control for various server operations. They are also used in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements. The elements which constitute an address match
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list can be any of the following:
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews a key ID, as defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<li>the name of an address match list defined with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<li>a nested address match list enclosed in braces</li>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (`!'),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the match list names "any", "none", "localhost", and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "localnets" are predefined. More information on those names
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews can be found in the description of the acl statement.
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews to validate access without regard to a host or network address.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Nonetheless, the term "address match list" is still used
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater throughout the documentation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a given IP address or prefix is compared to an address
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews match list, the comparison takes place in approximately O(1)
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews time. However, key comparisons require that the list of keys
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews be traversed until a matching key is found, and therefore may
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews be somewhat slower.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews used for access control, defining <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> ports, or in a
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>, and whether the element was negated.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When used as an access control list, a non-negated match
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews allows access and a negated match denies access. If
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews there is no match, access is denied. The clauses
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span>,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>,
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span>,
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span>,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>, and
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span> all use address match
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews lists. Similarly, the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option will cause the
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews server to refuse queries on any of the machine's
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews addresses which do not match the list.
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews Order of insertion is significant. If more than one element
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews in an ACL is found to match a given IP address or prefix,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews preference will be given to the one that came
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span> in the ACL definition.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Because of this first-match behavior, an element that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a subset of another element in the list should
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein come before the broader element, regardless of whether
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein either is negated. For example, in
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13;</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the 1.2.3.13 element is completely useless because the
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews algorithm will match any lookup for 1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein element. Using <span><strong class="command">! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24</strong></span> fixes
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation, but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through.
7717ec7a6a898cdd3c35cbfba66010b7304ffd9bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574754"></a>Comment Syntax</h3></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 comment syntax allows for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein comments to appear
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein anywhere that whitespace may appear in a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews file. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574769"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">/* This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C */</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">// This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C++</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"># This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in common UNIX shells
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein# and perl</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574798"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Comments may appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a portion of a line or to span multiple lines.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is not valid because the entire comment ends with the first */:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">/* This is the start of a comment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is still part of the comment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein/* This is an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is no longer in any comment. */
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">// This is the start of a comment. The next line
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein// is a new comment, even though it is logically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein// part of the previous comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the character <code class="literal">#</code> (number sign)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and continue to the end of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein physical line, as in C++ comments.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"># This is the start of a comment. The next line
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein# is a new comment, even though it is logically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein# part of the previous comment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein You cannot use the semicolon (`;') character
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to start a comment such as you would in a zone file. The
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews semicolon indicates the end of a configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="Configuration_File_Grammar"></a>Configuration File Grammar</h2></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration consists of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements and comments.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein terminated with a semicolon.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following statements are supported:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a named IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching list, for access control and other uses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein declares control channels to be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein includes a file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies key information for use in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authentication and authorization using TSIG.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies what the server logs, and where
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews the log messages are sent.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configures <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater also act as a light-weight resolver daemon (<span><strong class="command">lwresd</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a named masters list for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein inclusion in stub and slave zones'
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> lists.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span></p>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater controls global server configuration
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater options and sets defaults for other statements.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span></p>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater sets certain configuration options on
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater a per-server basis.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein declares communication channels to get access to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> statistics.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span></p>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater defines trusted DNSSEC keys.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lists DNSSEC keys to be kept up to date
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statements may only occur once
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2575414"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> acl-name {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address_match_list
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="acl"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement assigns a symbolic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that an address match list's name must be defined
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> before it can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein elsewhere; no forward references are allowed.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following ACLs are built-in:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">any</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches all hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">none</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches no hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interfaces on the system.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for which the system has an interface.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prefix
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein local IPv6 addresses.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater In such a case, <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only matches the local
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater IPv6 addresses, just like <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 is built with GeoIP support,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ACLs can also be used for geographic access restrictions.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is done by specifying an ACL element of the form:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">geoip [<span class="optional">db <em class="replaceable"><code>database</code></em></span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>field</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em></strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>field</code></em> indicates which field
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to search for a match. Available fields are "country",
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews "region", "city", "continent", "postal" (postal code),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "metro" (metro code), "area" (area code), "tz" (timezone),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "isp", "org", "asnum", "domain" and "netspeed".
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is the value to searched for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein within the database. A string may be quoted if it contains
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews spaces or other special characters. If this is a "country"
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews search and the string is two characters long, then it must be a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews standard ISO-3166-1 two-letter country code, and if it is three
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews characters long then it must be an ISO-3166-1 three-letter
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews country code; otherwise it is the full name of the country.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Similarly, if this is a "region" search and the string is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews two characters long, then it must be a standard two-letter state
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or province abbreviation; otherwise it is the full name of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews state or province.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>database</code></em> field indicates which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein GeoIP database to search for a match. In most cases this is
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews unnecessary, because most search fields can only be found in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a single database. However, searches for country can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answered from the "city", "region", or "country" databases,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and searches for region (i.e., state or provice) can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answered from the "city" or "region" databases. For these
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein search types, specifying a <em class="replaceable"><code>database</code></em>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews will force the query to be answered from that database and no
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews other. If <em class="replaceable"><code>database</code></em> is not
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified, then these queries will be answered from the "city",
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein database if it is installed, or the "region" database if it is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein installed, or the "country" database, in that order.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Some example GeoIP ACLs:
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsgeoip country JAP;
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsgeoip db country country Canada;
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsgeoip db region region WA;
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsgeoip city "San Francisco";
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsgeoip region Oklahoma;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeingeoip postal 95062;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeingeoip org "Internet Systems Consortium";
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="id2575657"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> }
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ inet ...; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ unix <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> perm <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> owner <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> group <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ unix ...; ]
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement declares control
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channels to be used by system administrators to control the
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews operation of the name server. These control channels are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility to send
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews commands to and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code> (asterisk) is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you will only use <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> on the local host,
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews using the loopback address (<code class="literal">127.0.0.1</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <code class="literal">::1</code>) is recommended for maximum security.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no port is specified, port 953 is used. The asterisk
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The ability to issue commands over the control channel is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein restricted by the <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clauses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Connections to the control channel are permitted based on the
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>. This is for simple
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews IP address based filtering only; any <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews elements of the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <span><strong class="command">unix</strong></span> control channel is a UNIX domain
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews socket listening at the specified path in the file system.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Access to the socket is specified by the <span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">owner</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">group</strong></span> clauses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note on some platforms (SunOS and Solaris) the permissions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (<span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>) are applied to the parent directory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as the permissions on the socket itself are ignored.
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews The primary authorization mechanism of the command
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channel is the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>, which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contains a list of <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>s.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> in the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater is authorized to execute commands over the control channel.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#rndc">Remote Name Daemon Control application</a> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#admin_tools" title="Administrative Tools">the section called “Administrative Tools”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for information about configuring keys in <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement is present,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will set up a default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and its IPv6 counterpart ::1.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In this case, and also when the <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is present but does not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to load the command channel key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from the file <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc</code> (or whatever <code class="varname">sysconfdir</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was specified as when <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> was built).
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater To create a <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file, run
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature was created to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ease the transition of systems from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which did not have digital signatures on its command channel
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages and thus did not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater It makes it possible to use an existing <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration file in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 unchanged,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and still have <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> work the same way
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ndc</strong></span> worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein command <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong> after BIND 9 is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Since the <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 configuration files, this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein feature does not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have a high degree of configurability. You cannot easily change
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> with your own key if you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein wish to change
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein those things. The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also has its
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein permissions set such that only the owner of the file (the user that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running as) can access it.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein desire greater flexibility in allowing other users to access
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> commands, then you need to create
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> file and make it group
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein readable by a group
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that contains the users who should have access.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To disable the command channel, use an empty
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">controls { };</strong></span>.
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews<a name="id2575948"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>;</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews<a name="id2575965"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> statement inserts the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified file at the point where the <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement is encountered. The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater statement facilitates the administration of configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not
cf3f55777b86527d5b00bb39d661c5fe6f9625f2Automatic Updater others. For example, the statement could include private keys
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that are readable only by the name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2576057"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein algorithm <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein secret <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2576081"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement defines a shared
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein secret key for use with TSIG (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or the command channel
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement can occur at the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement. Keys defined in top-level <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein must be defined at the top level.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em>, also known as the
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson be used in a <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson statement to cause requests sent to that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews matching this name, algorithm, and secret.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm_id</code></em> is a string
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that specifies a security/authentication algorithm. Named
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">hmac-sha1</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha224</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha384</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <code class="literal">hmac-sha512</code> TSIG authentication.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Truncated hashes are supported by appending the minimum
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number of required bits preceded by a dash, e.g.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>secret_string</code></em> is the secret
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein encoded string.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2576171"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ( <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> ( <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> | <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> ) ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein | <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>syslog_facility</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein | <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein | <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> );
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> (<code class="option">critical</code> | <code class="option">error</code> | <code class="option">warning</code> | <code class="option">notice</code> |
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">info</code> | <code class="option">debug</code> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em> ] | <code class="option">dynamic</code> ); ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>category_name</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; [ <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; ... ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2576502"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement configures a
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews variety of logging options for the name server. Its <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> phrase
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associates output methods, format options and severity levels with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a name that can then be used with the <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> phrase
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to select how various classes of messages are logged.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only one <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement is used to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the logging configuration will be:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category unmatched { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the logging configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is only established when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the entire configuration file has been parsed. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, it was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein established as soon as the <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein regarding syntax errors in the configuration file go to the default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channels, or to standard error if the "<code class="option">-g</code>" option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was specified.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2576554"></a>The <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All log output goes to one or more <span class="emphasis"><em>channels</em></span>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein you can make as many of them as you want.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Every channel definition must include a destination clause that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein says whether messages selected for the channel go to a file, to a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce discarded. It can optionally also limit the message severity level
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that will be accepted by the channel (the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span>), and whether to include a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>-generated time stamp, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and/or severity level (the default is not to include any).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> destination clause
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> destination clause directs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to a disk file. It can include limitations
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein both on how large the file is allowed to become, and how many
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the file will be saved each time the file is opened.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you use the <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> log file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option, then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will retain that many backup
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein versions of the file by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein three old versions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the file <code class="filename">lamers.log</code>, then just
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein before it is opened
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code> is renamed to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">lamers.log.2</code>, <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code> is renamed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code>, and <code class="filename">lamers.log</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein renamed to <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein You can say <span><strong class="command">versions unlimited</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the number of versions.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option is associated with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the log file,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then renaming is only done when the file being opened exceeds the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein log file is simply appended.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option for files is used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to limit log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein growth. If the file ever exceeds the size, then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stop writing to the file unless it has a <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the files are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein described above and a new one begun. If there is no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option, no more data will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be written to the log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein less than the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Example usage of the <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> options:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel an_example_channel {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m;
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews print-time yes;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein print-category yes;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> destination clause
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channel to the system log. Its argument is a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce syslog facility as described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> man
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein page. Known facilities are <span><strong class="command">kern</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">user</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">mail</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">auth</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">lpr</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">news</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">uucp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">cron</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">authpriv</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ftp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local0</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local1</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local2</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local3</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local4</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local5</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local6</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local7</strong></span>, however not all facilities
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are supported on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all operating systems.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein How <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> will handle messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this facility is described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> man
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> that
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater only uses two arguments to the <span><strong class="command">openlog()</strong></span> function,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then this clause is silently ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> clause works like <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>'s
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "priorities", except that they can also be used if you are writing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein straight to a file rather than using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be accepted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you are using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, then the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> priorities
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will also determine what eventually passes through. For example,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defining a channel facility and severity as <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only logging <span><strong class="command">daemon.warning</strong></span> via <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause messages of severity <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notice</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> writing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages of only <span><strong class="command">warning</strong></span> or higher,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then <span><strong class="command">syslogd</strong></span> would
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater print all messages it received from the channel.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span> destination clause
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson channel to the server's standard error stream. This is intended
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater use when the server is running as a foreground process, for
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater when debugging a configuration.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server can supply extensive debugging information when
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson it is in debugging mode. If the server's global debug level is
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater level is set either by starting the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater with the <code class="option">-d</code> flag followed by a positive integer,
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater or by running <span><strong class="command">rndc trace</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The global debug level
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running <span><strong class="command">rndc
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafssonnotrace</strong></span>. All debugging messages in the server have a debug
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater that specify a specific debug severity, for example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel specific_debug_level {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity debug 3;
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein level. Channels with <span><strong class="command">dynamic</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity use the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's global debug level to determine what messages to print.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> has been turned on,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the date and time will be logged. <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be specified for a <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> channel,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but is usually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein pointless since <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> also logs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the date and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein time. If <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requested, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein three <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="computeroutput">28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein There are four predefined channels that are used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>'s default logging as follows.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein How they are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_category_phrase" title="The category Phrase">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel default_syslog {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // send to syslog's daemon facility
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein syslog daemon;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // only send priority info and higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel default_debug {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // write to named.run in the working directory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Note: stderr is used instead of "named.run" if
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // the server is started with the '-f' option.
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson // log at the server's current debug level
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson severity dynamic;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel default_stderr {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // writes to stderr
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // only send priority info and higher
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel null {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // toss anything sent to this channel
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">default_debug</strong></span> channel has the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein property that it only produces output when the server's debug
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein nonzero. It normally writes to a file called <code class="filename">named.run</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the server's working directory.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For security reasons, when the "<code class="option">-u</code>"
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein command line option is used, the <code class="filename">named.run</code> file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is created only after <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein new UID, and any debug output generated while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to capture this output, you must run the server with the "<code class="option">-g</code>"
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option and redirect standard error to a file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Once a channel is defined, it cannot be redefined. Thus you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="the_category_phrase"></a>The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you don't want. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein you don't specify a list of channels for a category, then log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in that category will be sent to the <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span> category
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein instead. If you don't specify a default category, the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "default default" is used:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As an example, let's say you want to log security events to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a file, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. You'd
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify the following:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel my_security_channel {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file "my_security_file";
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeincategory security {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein my_security_channel;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default_syslog;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default_debug;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To discard all messages in a category, specify the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">category xfer-out { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeincategory notify { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Following are the available categories and brief descriptions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the types of log information they contain. More
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein categories may be added in future <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> releases.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">default</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default category defines the logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options for those categories where no specific
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration has been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">general</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The catch-all. Many things still aren't
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein classified into categories, and they all end up here.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Messages relating to the databases used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein internally by the name server to store zone and cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">security</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Approval and denial of requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">config</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Configuration file parsing and processing.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">resolver</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS resolution, such as the recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-in</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone transfers the server is receiving.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-out</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone transfers the server is sending.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The NOTIFY protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">client</strong></span></p>
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews Processing of client requests.
64affc54f96a2c71cbd10ed71e246ce0746259aaAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">unmatched</strong></span></p>
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews Messages that <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> was unable to determine the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein class of or for which there was no matching <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A one line summary is also logged to the <span><strong class="command">client</strong></span> category.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This category is best sent to a file or stderr, by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default it is sent to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">network</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Network operations.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">update</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Dynamic updates.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">update-security</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Approval and denial of update requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify where queries should be logged to.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein At startup, specifying the category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span> will also
cbf7f1435f332b31f51a98611ccbfcd07c42c032Automatic Updater enable query logging unless <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> option has been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The query log entry reports the client's IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address and port number, and the query name,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein class and type. Next it reports whether the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Recursion Desired flag was set (+ if set, -
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if not set), if the query was signed (S),
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater EDNS was in use (E), if TCP was used (T), if
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater DO (DNSSEC Ok) was set (D), or if CD (Checking
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater Disabled) was set (C). After this the
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater destination address the query was sent to is
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#62536 (www.example.com): query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE</code>
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews <code class="computeroutput">client ::1#62537 (www.example.net): query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE</code>
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews (The first part of this log message, showing the
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews repeated in all subsequent log messages related
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews to the same query.)
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span></p>
12351e0500dff39f56844401fd191a36bcc4a7adMark Andrews Information about queries that resulted in some
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">dispatch</strong></span></p>
12351e0500dff39f56844401fd191a36bcc4a7adMark Andrews Dispatching of incoming packets to the
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews server modules where they are to be processed.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">dnssec</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">lame-servers</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Lame servers. These are misconfigurations
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater query those servers during resolution.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Delegation only. Logs queries that have been
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater delegation-only zone or a
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span> in a hint
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater or stub zone declaration.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">edns-disabled</strong></span></p>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Log queries that have been forced to use plain
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater DNS due to timeouts. This is often due to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the remote servers not being RFC 1034 compliant
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater (not always returning FORMERR or similar to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater EDNS queries and other extensions to the DNS
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater when they are not understood). In other words, this is
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater targeted at servers that fail to respond to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater DNS queries that they don't understand.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Note: the log message can also be due to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater packet loss. Before reporting servers for
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater non-RFC 1034 compliance they should be re-tested
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater to determine the nature of the non-compliance.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This testing should prevent or reduce the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater number of false-positive reports.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Note: eventually <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will have to stop
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater treating such timeouts as due to RFC 1034 non
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater compliance and start treating it as plain
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater packet loss. Falsely classifying packet
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater loss as due to RFC 1034 non compliance impacts
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater on DNSSEC validation which requires EDNS for
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the DNSSEC records to be returned.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RPZ</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Information about errors in response policy zone files,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater rewritten responses, and at the highest
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> levels, mere rewriting
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The start, periodic, and final notices of the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater rate limiting of a stream of responses are logged at
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span> severity in this category.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater These messages include a hash value of the domain name
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater of the response and the name itself,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater except when there is insufficient memory to record
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the name for the final notice
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The final notice is normally delayed until about one
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater minute after rate limit stops.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater A lack of memory can hurry the final notice,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater in which case it starts with an asterisk (*).
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Various internal events are logged at debug 1 level
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Rate limiting of individual requests
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater is logged in the <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span> category
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater and can be controlled with the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> option.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<a name="id2577909"></a>The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> Category</h4></div></div></div>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> category is
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater specifically intended for debugging purposes: To identify
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater why and how specific queries result in responses which
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater indicate an error.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Messages of this category are therefore only logged
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> levels.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 1 or higher, each response with the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater rcode of SERVFAIL is logged as follows:
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#61502: query failed (SERVFAIL) for www.example.com/IN/AAAA at query.c:3880</code>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This means an error resulting in SERVFAIL was
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater detected at line 3880 of source file
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Log messages of this level will particularly
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater help identify the cause of SERVFAIL for an
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater authoritative server.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 2 or higher, detailed context
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater information of recursive resolutions that resulted in
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater SERVFAIL is logged.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The log message will look like as follows:
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterfetch completed at resolver.c:2970 for www.example.com/A
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterin 30.000183: timed out/success [domain:example.com,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterreferral:2,restart:7,qrysent:8,timeout:5,lame:0,neterr:0,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterbadresp:1,adberr:0,findfail:0,valfail:0]
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The first part before the colon shows that a recursive
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater resolution for AAAA records of www.example.com completed
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater in 30.000183 seconds and the final result that led to the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater SERVFAIL was determined at line 2970 of source file
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The following part shows the detected final result and the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater latest result of DNSSEC validation.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The latter is always success when no validation attempt
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In this example, this query resulted in SERVFAIL probably
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater because all name servers are down or unreachable, leading
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater to a timeout in 30 seconds.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater DNSSEC validation was probably not attempted.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The last part enclosed in square brackets shows statistics
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater information collected for this particular resolution
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The <code class="varname">domain</code> field shows the deepest zone
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater that the resolver reached;
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater it is the zone where the error was finally detected.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The meaning of the other fields is summarized in the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater following table.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">referral</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of referrals the resolver received
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater throughout the resolution process.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In the above example this is 2, which are most
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">restart</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of cycles that the resolver tried
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater remote servers at the <code class="varname">domain</code>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In each cycle the resolver sends one query
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater (possibly resending it, depending on the response)
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater to each known name server of
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">qrysent</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of queries the resolver sent at the
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">timeout</code></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The number of timeouts since the resolver
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein received the last response.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The number of lame servers the resolver detected
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A server is detected to be lame either by an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein invalid response or as a result of lookup in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein BIND9's address database (ADB), where lame
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews servers are cached.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The number of erroneous results that the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolver encountered in sending queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One common case is the remote server is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unreachable and the resolver receives an ICMP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unreachable error message.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The number of unexpected responses (other than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">lame</code>) to queries sent by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolver at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Failures in finding remote server addresses
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone in the ADB.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One common case of this is that the remote
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's name does not have any address records.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Failures of resolving remote server addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is a total number of failures throughout
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the resolution process.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Failures of DNSSEC validation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Validation failures are counted throughout
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the resolution process (not limited to
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone), but should
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only happen in <code class="varname">domain</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein At the debug levels of 3 or higher, the same messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as those at the debug 1 level are logged for other errors
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein than SERVFAIL.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that negative responses such as NXDOMAIN are not
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater regarded as errors here.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews At the debug levels of 4 or higher, the same messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as those at the debug 2 level are logged for other errors
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein than SERVFAIL.
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews Unlike the above case of level 3, messages are logged for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein negative responses.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater This is because any unexpected results can be difficult to
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews debug in the recursion case.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2578497"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> view <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> search { <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ndots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater<a name="id2578570"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statement configures the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater server to also act as a lightweight resolver server. (See
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch05.html#lwresd" title="Running a Resolver Daemon">the section called “Running a Resolver Daemon”</a>.) There may be multiple
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statements configuring
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lightweight resolver servers with different properties.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statement specifies a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight resolver
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews should accept requests on. If no port is specified, port 921 is
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement binds this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement in
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It provides a
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater list of domains
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews which are appended to relative names in queries.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It indicates the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews exact match lookup before search path elements are appended.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="id2578634"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> |
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2578814"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span>
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater lists allow for a common set of masters to be easily used by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein multiple stub and slave zones in their <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> lists.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2578836"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> {
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> attach-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> version <em class="replaceable"><code>version_string</code></em>; </span>]
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> hostname <em class="replaceable"><code>hostname_string</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> server-id <em class="replaceable"><code>server_id_string</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> managed-keys-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> named-xfer <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-keytab <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-credential <em class="replaceable"><code>principal</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-domain <em class="replaceable"><code>domainname</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-dhkey <em class="replaceable"><code>key_name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_tag</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> cache-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dump-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> bindkeys-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> secroots-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> session-keyfile <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> session-keyname <em class="replaceable"><code>key_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> session-keyalg <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm_id</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> memstatistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> memstatistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> pid-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> recursing-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> statistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> auth-nxdomain <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> deallocate-on-exit <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> fake-iquery <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> fetch-glue <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> flush-zones-on-shutdown <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> has-old-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> host-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> host-statistics-max <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> minimal-responses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> multiple-cnames <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> recursion <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> rfc2308-type1 <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-id-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">master</code> | <code class="constant">slave</code>); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-validation (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">auto</code>); </span>]
cd0df9459e87097d01fc6c0de0a283c7e8d3c401Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-lookaside ( <em class="replaceable"><code>auto</code></em> |
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>no</code></em> |
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> trust-anchor <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> ); </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-must-be-secure <em class="replaceable"><code>domain yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-accept-expired <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forward ( <em class="replaceable"><code>only</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>first</code></em> ); </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
66edf659b7e4db8a36edec0beaf507ff3199fc22Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dual-stack-servers [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] {
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater ( <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] |
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ) ;
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater ... }; </span>]
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-names ( <em class="replaceable"><code>master</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>slave</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>response</code></em> )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-dup-records ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-mx ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-mx-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-srv-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-sibling <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-new-zones { <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
538a83db7509d598da95a93bd7b74ef3112123a4Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
538a83db7509d598da95a93bd7b74ef3112123a4Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-update-mode ( <em class="replaceable"><code>maintain</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>no-resign</code></em> ); </span>]
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0c487f4b6eade1440ea40f5a5ffc9b5fd4c41ed1Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-v6-synthesis { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> blackhole { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> avoid-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> avoid-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> </span>] { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on-v6 [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> </span>] { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> query-source ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] |
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] ) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] |
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] ) ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> tcp-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> reserved-sockets <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> recursive-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> serial-query-rate <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> serial-queries <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> tcp-listen-queue <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfers-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfers-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfers-per-ns <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>keyname</code></em></span>] ;
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>keyname</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> coresize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> datasize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> files <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> stacksize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> heartbeat-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> interface-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> statistics-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> topology { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sortlist { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> rrset-order { <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; ... </span>] </span>] };
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> lame-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-ncache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-cache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-roots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> treat-cr-as-space <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> additional-from-auth <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> additional-from-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> random-device <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-cache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> match-mapped-addresses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa-on-v4 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>break-dnssec</code></em> ); </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa-on-v6 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>break-dnssec</code></em> ); </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dns64 <em class="replaceable"><code>IPv6-prefix</code></em> {
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> mapped { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> suffix IPv6-address; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> break-dnssec <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dns64-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dns64-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> preferred-glue ( <em class="replaceable"><code>A</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>AAAA</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>NONE</code></em> ); </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-rsa-exponent-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> root-delegation-only [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> querylog <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> disable-algorithms <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> { <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>; </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> disable-ds-digests <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> { <em class="replaceable"><code>digest_type</code></em>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>digest_type</code></em>; </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> acache-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> acache-cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-acache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-zones-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> disable-empty-zone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> resolver-query-timeout <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-addresses { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-aliases { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> responses-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> errors-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> nxdomains-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> all-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> window <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> log-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> qps-scale <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> IPv4-prefix-length <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> IPv6-prefix-length <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> slip <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> exempt-clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> } ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-table-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-table-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein } ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> response-policy { <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> policy given | disabled | passthru | nxdomain | nodata | cname <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> </span>]
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> max-policy-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>] ;
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews } [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> max-policy-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>]
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> break-dnssec <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> min-ns-dots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>]
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> qname-wait-recurse <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>] ; </span>]
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater<a name="options"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement sets up global
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews to be used by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>. This statement
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews may appear only
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews once in a configuration file. If there is no <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews statement, an options block with each option set to its default will
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater Allows multiple views to share a single cache
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater Each view has its own cache database by default, but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if multiple views have the same operational policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for name resolution and caching, those views can
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein share a single cache to save memory and possibly
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews improve resolution efficiency by using this option.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater statements, in which case it overrides the
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews global <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews The <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em> specifies
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews the cache to be shared.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews When the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server configures
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews views which are supposed to share a cache, it
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater creates a cache with the specified name for the
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater first view of these sharing views.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The rest of the views will simply refer to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein already created cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One common configuration to share a cache would be to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allow all views to share a single cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This can be done by specifying
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> as a global
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option with an arbitrary name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Another possible operation is to allow a subset of
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews all views to share a cache while the others to
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews retain their own caches.
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews For example, if there are three views A, B, and C,
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews and only A and B should share a cache, specify the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option as a view A (or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein B)'s option, referring to the other view name:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view has its own cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view refers to A's cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein attach-cache "A";
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view has its own cache
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater Views that share a cache must have the same policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on configurable parameters that may affect caching.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The current implementation requires the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configurable options be consistent among these
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span>,
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span>,
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span>,
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span>, and
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span>.
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews Note that there may be other parameters that may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause confusion if they are inconsistent for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein different views that share a single cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, if these views define different sets of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarders that can return different answers for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein same question, sharing the answer does not make
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sense or could even be harmful.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is administrator's responsibility to ensure
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews configuration differences in different views do
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not cause disruption with a shared cache.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">directory</strong></span></span></dt>
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater The working directory of the server.
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater Any non-absolute pathnames in the configuration file will be
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater as relative to this directory. The default location for most
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater output files (e.g. <code class="filename">named.run</code>)
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater is this directory.
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater If a directory is not specified, the working directory
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater defaults to `<code class="filename">.</code>', the directory from
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater which the server
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater was started. The directory specified should be an absolute
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater directory where the public and private DNSSEC key files
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater should be found, if different than the current working
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater directory. (Note that this option has no effect on the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater paths for files containing non-DNSSEC keys such as
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">session.key</code>.)
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Specifies the directory in which to store the files that
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater track managed DNSSEC keys. By default, this is the working
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is not configured to use views,
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater then managed keys for the server will be tracked in a single
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater file called <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Otherwise, managed keys will be tracked in separate files,
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater one file per view; each file name will be the SHA256 hash
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater of the view name, followed by the extension
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete.</em></span> It
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the pathname to the <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein program. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, no separate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span> program is needed;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein its functionality is built into the name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-keytab</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The KRB5 keytab file to use for GSS-TSIG updates. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this option is set and tkey-gssapi-credential is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set, then updates will be allowed with any key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching a principal in the specified keytab.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-credential</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The security credential with which the server should
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authenticate keys requested by the GSS-TSIG protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Currently only Kerberos 5 authentication is available
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the credential is a Kerberos principal which the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server can acquire through the default system key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file, normally <code class="filename">/etc/krb5.keytab</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The location keytab file can be overridden using the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein tkey-gssapi-keytab option. Normally this principal is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the form "<strong class="userinput"><code>DNS/</code></strong><code class="varname">server.domain</code>".
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To use GSS-TSIG, <span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span> must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be set if a specific keytab is not set with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein tkey-gssapi-keytab.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The domain appended to the names of all shared keys
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews generated with <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. When a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client requests a <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span> exchange,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it may or may not specify the desired name for the
285254345ce5ab270848f8c11f7be146793f1e00Mark Andrews key. If present, the name of the shared key will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be <code class="varname">client specified part</code> +
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>. Otherwise, the
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater name of the shared key will be <code class="varname">random hex
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater digits</code> + <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In most cases, the <span><strong class="command">domainname</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should be the server's domain name, or an otherwise
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater non-existent subdomain like
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater "_tkey.<code class="varname">domainname</code>". If you are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using GSS-TSIG, this variable must be defined, unless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein you specify a specific keytab using tkey-gssapi-keytab.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-dhkey</strong></span></span></dt>
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater The Diffie-Hellman key used by the server
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater to generate shared keys with clients using the Diffie-Hellman
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater of <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. The server must be
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater able to load the
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater public and private keys from files in the working directory.
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater most cases, the keyname should be the server's host name.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cache-file</strong></span></span></dt>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater This is for testing only. Do not use.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dump-file</strong></span></span></dt>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater The pathname of the file the server dumps
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater the database to when instructed to do so with
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb</strong></span>.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named_dump.db</code>.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater The pathname of the file the server writes memory
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater usage statistics to on exit. If not specified,
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater the default is <code class="filename">named.memstats</code>.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pid-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file the server writes its process ID
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in. If not specified, the default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The PID file is used by programs that want to send signals to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name server. Specifying <span><strong class="command">pid-file none</strong></span> disables the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use of a PID file — no file will be written and any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein existing one will be removed. Note that <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a keyword, not a filename, and therefore is not enclosed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein double quotes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursing-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file the server dumps
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the queries that are currently recursing when instructed
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater to do so with <span><strong class="command">rndc recursing</strong></span>.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.recursing</code>.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater The pathname of the file the server appends statistics
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater to when instructed to do so using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.stats</code> in the
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater server's current directory. The format of the file is
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span></span></dt>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater The pathname of a file to override the built-in trusted
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater keys provided by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater See the discussion of <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span> for details.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater <code class="filename">/etc/bind.keys</code>.
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">secroots-file</strong></span></span></dt>
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater The pathname of the file the server dumps
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater security roots to when instructed to do so with
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc secroots</strong></span>.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater If not specified, the default is
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">named.secroots</code>.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span></span></dt>
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater The pathname of the file into which to write a TSIG
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater session key generated by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> for use by
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span>. If not specified, the
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater default is <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater (See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>, and in
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater particular the discussion of the
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement's
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>local</code></strong> option for more
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater information about this feature.)
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span></span></dt>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater The key name to use for the TSIG session key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is "local-ddns".
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span></span></dt>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater The algorithm to use for the TSIG session key.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Valid values are hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256,
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater hmac-sha384, hmac-sha512 and hmac-md5. If not
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater specified, the default is hmac-sha256.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">port</strong></span></span></dt>
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater receiving and sending DNS protocol traffic.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater communicate with
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater the global DNS.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span></span></dt>
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater primarily needed
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater update of signed
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater zones. This options specifies the device (or file) from which
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater entropy. If this is a file, operations requiring entropy will
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater file has been exhausted. If not specified, the default value
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater (or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span> option takes
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater the initial configuration load at server startup time and
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater is ignored on subsequent reloads.
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">preferred-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater If specified, the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater before other glue
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater in the additional section of a query response.
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater The default is not to prefer any type (NONE).
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater<a name="root_delegation_only"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></span>
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater (top level domains) and root zones with an optional
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater DS queries are expected to be made to and be answered by
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater delegation only zones. Such queries and responses are
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater treated as an exception to delegation-only processing
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater and are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses provided
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater a CNAME is not discovered at the query name.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater If a delegation only zone server also serves a child
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater zone it is not always possible to determine whether
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater an answer comes from the delegation only zone or the
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater child zone. SOA NS and DNSKEY records are apex
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater only records and a matching response that contains
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater these records or DS is treated as coming from a
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater child zone. RRSIG records are also examined to see
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater if they are signed by a child zone or not. The
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater authority section is also examined to see if there
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater is evidence that the answer is from the child zone.
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater Answers that are determined to be from a child zone
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses. Despite
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater all these checks there is still a possibility of
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater false negatives when a child zone is being served.
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater Similarly false positives can arise from empty nodes
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater (no records at the name) in the delegation only zone
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater when the query type is not ANY.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater Note some TLDs are not delegation only (e.g. "DE", "LV",
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater "US" and "MUSEUM"). This list is not exhaustive.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; };
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Disable the specified DNSSEC algorithms at and below the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Multiple <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements are allowed.
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater Only the best match <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span>
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater clause will be used to determine which algorithms are used.
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater If all supported algorithms are disabled, the zones covered
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater by the <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span> will be treated
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Disable the specified DS/DLV digest types at and below the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified name.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews Multiple <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements are allowed.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only the best match <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clause will be used to determine which digest types are used.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews If all supported digest types are disabled, the zones covered
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span> will be treated
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews as insecure.
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span></span></dt>
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews When set, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> provides the
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews records at the top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews below a domain specified by the deepest
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>, and the normal DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein validation has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be appended to the key name and a DLV record will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein looked up to see if it can validate the key. If the DLV
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, then built-in default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values for the DLV domain and trust anchor will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used, along with a built-in key for validation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, then dnssec-lookaside
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is not used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default DLV key is stored in the file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will load that key at
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein startup if <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="constant">auto</code>. A copy of the file is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein installed along with <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, and is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein current as of the release date. If the DLV key expires, a
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews new copy of <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> can be downloaded
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from <a href="https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv/" target="_top">https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv/</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (To prevent problems if <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not found, the current key is also compiled in to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Relying on this is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recommended, however, as it requires <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be recompiled with a new key when the DLV key expires.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NOTE: <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only loads certain specific
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys from <code class="filename">bind.keys</code>: those for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DLV zone and for the DNS root zone. The file cannot be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to store keys for other zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-must-be-secure</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify hierarchies which must be or may not be secure
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (signed and validated). If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will only accept answers if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein they are secure. If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, then normal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC validation applies allowing for insecure answers to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be accepted. The specified domain must be under a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> must be active.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This directive instructs <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein return mapped IPv4 addresses to AAAA queries when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein there are no AAAA records. It is intended to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used in conjunction with a NAT64. Each
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> defines one DNS64 prefix.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Multiple DNS64 prefixes can be defined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Compatible IPv6 prefixes have lengths of 32, 40, 48, 56,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 64 and 96 as per RFC 6052.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Additionally a reverse IP6.ARPA zone will be created for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the prefix to provide a mapping from the IP6.ARPA names
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA names using synthesized
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein CNAMEs. <span><strong class="command">dns64-server</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dns64-contact</strong></span> can be used to specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name of the server and contact for the zones. These
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are settable at the view / options level. These are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not settable on a per-prefix basis.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">clients</strong></span> ACL that determines which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients are affected by this directive. If not defined,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it defaults to <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">mapped</strong></span> ACL that selects which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv4 addresses are to be mapped in the corresponding
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A RRset. If not defined it defaults to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Normally, DNS64 won't apply to a domain name that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein owns one or more AAAA records; these records will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein simply be returned. The optional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">exclude</strong></span> ACL allows specification
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of a list of IPv6 addresses that will be ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if they appear in a domain name's AAAA records, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS64 will be applied to any A records the domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name owns. If not defined, <span><strong class="command">exclude</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defaults to none.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A optional <span><strong class="command">suffix</strong></span> can also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be defined to set the bits trailing the mapped
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv4 address bits. By default these bits are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set to <strong class="userinput"><code>::</code></strong>. The bits
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching the prefix and mapped IPv4 address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein must be zero.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">recursive-only</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> the DNS64 synthesis will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only happen for recursive queries. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> the DNS64 synthesis will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein happen even if the result, if validated, would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause a DNSSEC validation failure. If this option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> (the default), the DO
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is set on the incoming query, and there are RRSIGs on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the applicable records, then synthesis will not happen.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein dns64 64:FF9B::/96 {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients { any; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein mapped { !rfc1918; any; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If this option is set to its default value of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">maintain</code> in a zone of type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">master</code> which is DNSSEC-signed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and configured to allow dynamic updates (see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>), and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has access to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein private signing key(s) for the zone, then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will automatically sign all new
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or changed records and maintain signatures for the zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by regenerating RRSIG records whenever they approach
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein their expiration date.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the option is changed to <code class="literal">no-resign</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will sign all new or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed records, but scheduled maintenance of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signatures is disabled.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein With either of these settings, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will reject updates to a DNSSEC-signed zone when the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signing keys are inactive or unavailable to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. (A planned third option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">external</code>, will disable all automatic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signing and allow DNSSEC data to be submitted into a zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein via dyanmic update; this is not yet implemented.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>full</code></strong>, the server will collect
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statistical data on all zones (unless specifically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein turned off on a per-zone basis by specifying
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics terse</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics none</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>terse</code></strong>, providing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minimal statistics on zones (including name and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein current serial number, but not query type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These statistics may be accessed via the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">statistics-channel</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>, which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will dump them to the file listed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span>. See
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For backward compatibility with earlier versions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of BIND 9, the <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option can also accept <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>; <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein has the same meaning as <strong class="userinput"><code>full</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.10,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> has the same meaning
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as <strong class="userinput"><code>none</code></strong>; previously, it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was the same as <strong class="userinput"><code>terse</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="boolean_options"></a>Boolean Options</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-new-zones</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then zones can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein added at runtime via <span><strong class="command">rndc addzone</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or deleted via <span><strong class="command">rndc delzone</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the <span><strong class="command">AA</strong></span> bit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not actually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authoritative. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>;
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews a change from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8. If you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are using very old DNS software, you
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews may need to set it to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">deallocate-on-exit</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 8 to enable checking
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for memory leaks on exit. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option and always performs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Write memory statistics to the file specified by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span> at exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> unless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein '-m record' is specified on the command line in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which case it is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a dial-on-demand dialup link, which can be brought up by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein originating from this server. This has different effects
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein happens in a short interval, once every <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone maintenance traffic. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in which case it overrides the global <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the zone is a master zone, then the server will send out a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowing the slave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to verify the zone while the connection is active.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "zone up to date" (refresh) queries and only perform them
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> expires in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addition to sending
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews NOTIFY requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Finer control can be achieved by using
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong> which only sends NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong> which sends NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein suppresses the normal refresh queries, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expires, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong> which just disables normal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein normal refresh
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews heart-beat refresh
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews heart-beat notify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> (default)</p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">refresh</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">passive</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">notify-passive</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fake-iquery</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IQUERY. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 never does
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IQUERY simulation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, <strong class="userinput"><code>fetch-glue yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein didn't have when constructing the additional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data section of a response. This is now considered a bad
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and BIND 9 never does it.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein flush or do not flush any pending zone writes. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was incorrectly implemented
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, and is ignored by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To achieve the intended effect
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the two separate options <span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, this enables keeping of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statistics for every host that the name server interacts
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not implemented in BIND 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">maintain-ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determine whether a transaction log was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains a transaction
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater incremental zone
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater transfers, use <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">minimal-responses</strong></span></span></dt>
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then when generating
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater responses the server will only add records to the authority
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater and additional data sections when they are required (e.g.
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater delegations, negative responses). This may improve the
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater performance of the server.
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multiple-cnames</strong></span></span></dt>
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to allow
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater the DNS standards. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.2 onwards
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater always strictly enforces the CNAME rules both in master
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater files and dynamic updates.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> (the default),
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater authoritative for
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater changes, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#notify" title="Notify">the section called “Notify”</a>. The messages are
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater servers listed in the zone's NS records (except the master
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater server identified
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater in the SOA MNAME field), and to any servers listed in the
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> option.
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>master-only</code></strong>, notifies are only
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater for master zones.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>explicit</code></strong>, notifies are sent only
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater servers explicitly listed using <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, no notifies are sent.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> option may also be
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater in which case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options notify</strong></span> statement.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> do not check the nameservers
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater in the NS RRset against the SOA MNAME. Normally a NOTIFY
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater message is not sent to the SOA MNAME (SOA ORIGIN) as it is
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater supposed to contain the name of the ultimate master.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater Sometimes, however, a slave is listed as the SOA MNAME in
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater hidden master configurations and in that case you would
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater want the ultimate master to still send NOTIFY messages to
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater all the nameservers listed in the NS RRset.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, and a
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews and the server does not already know the answer, it will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein referral response. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that setting <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> does not prevent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients from getting data from the server's cache; it only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Caching may still occur as an effect the server's internal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See also <span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span> above.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Setting this to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein record for negative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answers. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not yet implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-id-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 always allocates query
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IDs from a pool.
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers, see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the information on the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater Usage”</a>.
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#incremental_zone_transfers" title="Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)">the section called “Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)”</a>.
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater See the description of
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> in
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater Usage”</a>.
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater See the description of
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> in
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">treat-cr-as-space</strong></span></span></dt>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater the server treat carriage return ("<span><strong class="command">\r</strong></span>") characters the same way
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater as a space or tab character,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews to facilitate loading of zone files on a UNIX system that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein were generated
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on an NT or DOS machine. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, both UNIX "<span><strong class="command">\n</strong></span>"
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater and NT/DOS "<span><strong class="command">\r\n</strong></span>" newlines
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews are always accepted,
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews and the option is ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-auth</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These options control the behavior of an authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answering queries which have additional data, or when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein following CNAME
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and DNAME chains.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When both of these options are set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (the default) and a
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configured into the server), the additional data section of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reply will be filled in using data from other authoritative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache,
72628d3a5ef809d995c759130a81a1b1ae1395e0Automatic Updater in servers where slave zones may be added and modified by
72628d3a5ef809d995c759130a81a1b1ae1395e0Automatic Updater untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the search for this additional data will speed up server
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein otherwise be provided in the additional section.
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host <code class="literal">foo.example.com</code>,
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater and the record found is "<code class="literal">MX 10 mail.example.net</code>", normally the address
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater records (A and AAAA) for <code class="literal">mail.example.net</code> will be provided as well,
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone.
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater Setting these options to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater disables this behavior and makes
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater the server only search for additional data in the zone it
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews answers from.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews These options are intended for use in authoritative-only
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews them to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> without also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> will cause the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ignore the options and log a warning message.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifying <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span> actually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disables the use of the cache not only for additional data
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews behavior in an authoritative-only server where the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews correctness of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the cached data is an issue.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name
dc91524e4b73ee70908a295e3f2f62305680c5c2Automatic Updater below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews "upwards referral" to the root servers or the servers of
dc91524e4b73ee70908a295e3f2f62305680c5c2Automatic Updater known parent of the query name. Since the data in an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews upwards referral
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews referrals when <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews has been specified. Instead, it will respond to such
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews upwards referrals are not required for the resolution
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">match-mapped-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then an
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews This option was introduced to work around a kernel quirk
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews in some operating systems that causes IPv4 TCP
01b18d4c7c14ccb93708ab7ffdece3ac67b15a7cAutomatic Updater connections, such as zone transfers, to be accepted on an
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews IPv6 socket using mapped addresses. This caused address
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match. However,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> now solves this problem
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews internally. The use of this option is discouraged.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span></span></dt>
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews This option is only available when
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 is compiled with the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>--enable-filter-aaaa</code></strong> option on the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater "configure" command line. It is intended to help the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by not giving IPv6 addresses
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater to DNS clients unless they have connections to the IPv6
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater Internet. This is not recommended unless absolutely
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater necessary. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span> option
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater to override the global <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater the DNS client is at an IPv4 address, in <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span>,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater and if the response does not include DNSSEC signatures,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater then all AAAA records are deleted from the response.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater This filtering applies to all responses and not only
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater authoritative responses.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>break-dnssec</code></strong>,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater then AAAA records are deleted even when DNSSEC is enabled.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater As suggested by the name, this makes the response not verify,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater because the DNSSEC protocol is designed detect deletions.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers to
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater not give AAAA records to their clients.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater A recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater that queries an authoritative server using this mechanism
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater via IPv4 will be denied AAAA records even if its client is
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater This mechanism is applied to authoritative as well as
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater non-authoritative records.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater A client using IPv4 that is not allowed recursion can
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater erroneously be given AAAA records because the server is not
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater allowed to check for A records.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater Some AAAA records are given to IPv4 clients in glue records.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater IPv4 clients that are servers can then erroneously
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater answer requests for AAAA records received via IPv4.
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater Identical to <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>,
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater except it filters AAAA responses to queries from IPv6
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater clients instead of IPv4 clients. To filter all
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater responses, set both options to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater When <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> and the server loads a new
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater version of a master zone from its zone file or receives a
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews new version of a slave file via zone transfer, it will
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews compare the new version to the previous one and calculate
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews a set of differences. The differences are then logged in
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews the zone's journal file such that the changes can be
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews transmitted to downstream slaves as an incremental zone
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater different from the previous one, the set of differences
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater old and new zone version, and the server will need to
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater difference set.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater also accepts <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> at the view and options
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater levels which causes
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> to be enabled for
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater all <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> or
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones respectively.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater It is off by default.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addresses refer to different machines. If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater when the serial number on the master is less than what <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein has. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Enable DNSSEC support in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Unless set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Enable DNSSEC validation in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note <span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span> also needs to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> to be effective.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is disabled. If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>,
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews DNSSEC validation is enabled, and a default
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews trust-anchor for the DNS root zone is used. If set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation is enabled,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but a trust anchor must be manually configured using
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Accept expired signatures when verifying DNSSEC signatures.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Setting this option to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein leaves <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> vulnerable to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein replay attacks.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify whether query logging should be started when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> is not specified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then the query logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is determined by the presence of the logging category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from the network. The default varies according to usage
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones the default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For answers received from the network (<span><strong class="command">response</strong></span>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the default is <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The rules for legal hostnames and mail domains are derived
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from RFC 952 and RFC 821 as modified by RFC 1123.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein applies to the owner names of A, AAAA and MX records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX, and SRV records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (the owner name ends in IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, or IP6.INT).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-dup-records</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Check master zones for records that are treated as different
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Check whether the MX record appears to refer to a IP address.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is used to check for non-terminal wildcards.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The use of non-terminal wildcards is almost always as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein result of a failure
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 1034).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein affects master zones. The default (<span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>) is to check
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for non-terminal wildcards and issue a warning.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews Perform post load zone integrity checks on master
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews zones. This checks that MX and SRV records refer
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews to address (A or AAAA) records and that glue
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews address records exist for delegated zones. For
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX and SRV records only in-zone hostnames are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked (for out-of-zone hostnames use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For NS records only names below top of zone are
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews checked (for out-of-zone names and glue consistency
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews checks use <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews fail, warn or ignore MX records that refer
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-srv-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews fail, warn or ignore SRV records that refer
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When performing integrity checks, also check that
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews sibling glue exists. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When returning authoritative negative responses to
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews SOA queries set the TTL of the SOA record returned in
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews the authority section to zero.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When caching a negative response to a SOA query
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews set the TTL to zero.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews When set to the default value of <code class="literal">yes</code>,
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater check the KSK bit in each key to determine how the key
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater should be used when generating RRSIGs for a secure zone.
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews Ordinarily, zone-signing keys (that is, keys without the
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews KSK bit set) are used to sign the entire zone, while
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews key-signing keys (keys with the KSK bit set) are only
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews used to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews However, if this option is set to <code class="literal">no</code>,
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews then the KSK bit is ignored; KSKs are treated as if they
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews were ZSKs and are used to sign the entire zone. This is
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews similar to the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -z</strong></span>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews command line option.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When this option is set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, there
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews must be at least two active keys for every algorithm
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews represented in the DNSKEY RRset: at least one KSK and one
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews ZSK per algorithm. If there is any algorithm for which
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews this requirement is not met, this option will be ignored
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews for that algorithm.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When this option and <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews are both set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, only key-signing
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews keys (that is, keys with the KSK bit set) will be used
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex. Zone-signing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys (keys without the KSK bit set) will be used to sign
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the remainder of the zone, but not the DNSKEY RRset.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is similar to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -x</strong></span> command line option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> is set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">no</code>, this option is ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a zone is configured with <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maintain;</strong></span> its key repository must be checked
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein periodically to see if any new keys have been added
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or any existing keys' timing metadata has been updated
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="man.dnssec-keygen.html" title="dnssec-keygen"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></span>(8)</a> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="man.dnssec-settime.html" title="dnssec-settime"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-settime</span></span>(8)</a>). The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sets the frequency of autoatic repository checks, in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minutes. The default is <code class="literal">60</code> (1 hour),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the minimum is <code class="literal">1</code> (1 minute), and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum is <code class="literal">1440</code> (24 hours); any higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is silently reduced.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Try to refresh the zone using TCP if UDP queries fail.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For BIND 8 compatibility, the default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow a dynamic zone to transition from secure to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein insecure (i.e., signed to unsigned) by deleting all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the DNSKEY records. The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, and if the DNSKEY RRset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at the zone apex is deleted, all RRSIG and NSEC records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be removed from the zone as well.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the zone uses NSEC3, then it is also necessary to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delete the NSEC3PARAM RRset from the zone apex; this will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause the removal of all corresponding NSEC3 records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (It is expected that this requirement will be eliminated
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a future release.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that if a zone has been configured with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain</strong></span> and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein private keys remain accessible in the key repository,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then the zone will be automatically signed again the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is started.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2584857"></a>Forwarding</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache on a few servers, reducing traffic over links to external
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater This option is only meaningful if the
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater forwarders list is not empty. A value of <code class="varname">first</code>,
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater the default, causes the server to query the forwarders
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater first — and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if that doesn't answer the question, the server will then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the answer itself. If <code class="varname">only</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, the
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater server will only query the forwarders.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater Specifies the IP addresses to be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarding).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Forwarding can also be configured on a per-domain basis, allowing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of ways. You can set particular domains to use different
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or have a different <span><strong class="command">forward only/first</strong></span> behavior,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or not forward at all, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar" title="zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Statement Grammar”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2584916"></a>Dual-stack Servers</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the host machine.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies host names or addresses of machines with access to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server must be able
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein machine is dual
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stacked, then the <span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span> have no effect unless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein access to a transport has been disabled on the command line
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (e.g. <span><strong class="command">named -4</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="access_control"></a>Access Control</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the requesting system. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a> for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein details on how to specify IP address lists.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which hosts are allowed to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the zone masters.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> may also be
3eb9ec750c9088869170dda63e8899b2ba462823Mark Andrews specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement, in which case
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it overrides the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options allow-notify</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement. It is only meaningful
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for a slave zone. If not specified, the default is to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein process notify messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only from a zone's master.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which hosts are allowed to ask ordinary
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS questions. <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
24e79a68e1b16324e17364fcd8959379ff6e20e9Mark Andrews statement, in which case it overrides the
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">options allow-query</strong></span> statement.
24e79a68e1b16324e17364fcd8959379ff6e20e9Mark Andrews If not specified, the default is to allow queries
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater from all hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is now
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to specify access to the cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which local addresses can accept ordinary
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater DNS questions. This makes it possible, for instance,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater to allow queries on internal-facing interfaces but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disallow them on external-facing ones, without
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater necessarily knowing the internal network's addresses.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Note that <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> is only
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater checked for queries that are permitted by
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>. A query must be
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater allowed by both ACLs, or it will be refused.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> may
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater statement, in which case it overrides the
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">options allow-query-on</strong></span> statement.
3970098dcd2a7122541667b4b56cea8abce8ccf2Mark Andrews If not specified, the default is to allow queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on all addresses.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater used to specify access to the cache.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to get answers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater from the cache. If <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is not set then <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set unless <span><strong class="command">recursion no;</strong></span> is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater set in which case <span><strong class="command">none;</strong></span> is used,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater otherwise the default (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which local addresses can give answers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater from the cache. If not specified, the default is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater to allow cache queries on any address,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span> and
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to make recursive
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater queries through this server. If
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span> is not set
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater then <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set, otherwise the default
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which local addresses can accept recursive
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater queries. If not specified, the default is to allow
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater recursive queries on all addresses.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater on the requestor's IP address is insecure; see
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a> for details.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater master. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong>,
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews means that no update forwarding will be performed. To
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater update forwarding, specify
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>allow-update-forwarding { any; };</code></strong>.
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews Specifying values other than <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong> or
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>{ any; }</code></strong> is usually
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater counterproductive, since
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews the responsibility for update access control should rest
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews master server, not the slaves.
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein access control to attacks; see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for more details.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-v6-synthesis</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was introduced for the smooth transition from
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews to A6 and from "nibble labels" to binary labels.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews However, since both A6 and binary labels were then
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews this option was also deprecated.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews It is now ignored with some warning messages.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which hosts are allowed to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein receive zone transfers from the server. <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement, in which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options allow-transfer</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is to allow transfers to all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a list of addresses that the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query. Queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from these addresses will not be responded to. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <strong class="userinput"><code>none</code></strong>.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a list of addresses to which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is applies. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>any</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">resolver-query-timeout</strong></span></span></dt>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater The amount of time the resolver will spend attempting
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater to resolve a recursive query before failing. The default
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater and minimum is <code class="literal">10</code> and the maximum is
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">30</code>. Setting it to <code class="literal">0</code>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater will result in the default being used.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<a name="id2585409"></a>Interfaces</h4></div></div></div>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from may be specified using the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option. <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> takes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an optional port and an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match list. If a port is not specified, port 53 will be used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statements are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example,
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">listen-on { 5.6.7.8; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> is specified, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server will listen on port 53 on all IPv4 interfaces.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option is used to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein listen for incoming queries sent using IPv6. If not specified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server will listen on port 53 on all IPv6 interfaces.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein support for IPv6 (specifically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard address.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however,
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater the behavior is the same as that for IPv4.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specified, in
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater the server listens on a separate socket for each specified
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> options can
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { any; };
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updaterlisten-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; };
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater (with a single wildcard socket),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prefix
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { none; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="query_address"></a>Query Address</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the server doesn't know the answer to a question, it will
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews query other name servers. <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> specifies
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews IPv6, there is a separate <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">address</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> (asterisk) or is omitted,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a wildcard IP address (<span><strong class="command">INADDR_ANY</strong></span>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be used.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If <span><strong class="command">port</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> or is omitted,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a random port number from a pre-configured
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews range is picked up and will be used for each query.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews The port range(s) is that specified in
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews the <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv4)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv6)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews options, excluding the ranges specified in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options, respectively.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">query-source address * port *;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinquery-source-v6 address * port *;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> is unspecified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will check if the operating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system provides a programming interface to retrieve the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system's default range for ephemeral ports.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If such an interface is available,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will use the corresponding system
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default range; otherwise, it will use its own defaults:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">use-v4-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinuse-v6-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: make sure the ranges be sufficiently large for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein security. A desirable size depends on various parameters,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but we generally recommend it contain at least 16384 ports
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (14 bits of entropy).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note also that the system's default range when used may be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein too small for this purpose, and that the range may even be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running; the new
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein range will automatically be applied when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is reloaded.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is encouraged to
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews configure <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> explicitly so that the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews ranges are sufficiently large and are reasonably
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein independent from the ranges used by other applications.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: the operational configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein where <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs may prohibit the use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of some ports. For example, UNIX systems will not allow
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> running without a root privilege
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to use ports less than 1024.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If such ports are included in the specified (or detected)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set of query ports, the corresponding query attempts will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fail, resulting in resolution failures or delay.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is therefore important to configure the set of ports
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can be safely used in the expected operational environment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">avoid-v4-udp-ports {};
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrewsavoid-v6-udp-ports {};
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Note: BIND 9.5.0 introduced
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews the <span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews option to support a pool of such random ports, but this
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews option is now obsolete because reusing the same ports in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the pool may not be sufficiently secure.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For the same reason, it is generally strongly discouraged to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify a particular port for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it implicitly disables the use of randomized port numbers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-ports</strong></span></span></dt>
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews This option is obsolete.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-updateinterval</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option is obsolete.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The address specified in the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unprivileged port.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address for TCP sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews See also <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews<a name="zone_transfers"></a>Zone Transfers</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> has mechanisms in place to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein facilitate zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system. The following options apply to zone transfers.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Defines a global list of IP addresses of name servers
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone's NS records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein quickly converge on stealth servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Optionally, a port may be specified with each
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> address to send
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the notify messages to a port other than the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default of 53.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An optional TSIG key can also be specified with each
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address to cause the notify messages to be signed; this
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater can be useful when sending notifies to multiple views.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater In place of explicit addresses, one or more named
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> lists can be used.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater If an <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is given in a <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater it will override
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">options also-notify</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater statement. When a <span><strong class="command">zone notify</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>, the IP
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater addresses in the global <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list will
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater list (no global notification list).
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Inbound zone transfers running longer than
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Inbound zone transfers making no progress
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Outbound zone transfers running longer than
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Outbound zone transfers making no progress
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Slave servers will periodically query master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers to find out if zone serial numbers have
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed. Each such query uses a minute amount of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the slave server's network bandwidth. To limit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews rate at which queries are sent. The value of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option, an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein integer, is the maximum number of queries sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per second. The default is 20.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In addition to controlling the rate SOA refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein queries are issued at
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> also controls
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the rate at which NOTIFY messages are sent from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein both master and slave zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowed to be outstanding at any given time.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein serial queries and ignores the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as defined using the <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option is used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the master server to determine which format it sends.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> uses one DNS message per
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resource record transferred.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs as many resource
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein records as possible into a message.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is more efficient, but is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only supported by relatively new slave servers,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein such as <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 8.x and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.5 onwards.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> format is also supported by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recent Microsoft Windows nameservers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> may be overridden on a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can be running concurrently. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein speed up the convergence
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein local system.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of outbound zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the limit will be refused. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span></span></dt>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default value is <code class="literal">2</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span>
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the load on the remote name server. <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be overridden on a per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> phrase
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews of the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determines which local address will be bound to IPv4
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TCP connections used to fetch zones transferred
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein inbound by the server. It also determines the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used for the refresh queries and forwarded dynamic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein updates. If not set, it defaults to a system
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein controlled value which will usually be the address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the interface "closest to" the remote end. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address must appear in the remote end's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> option for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone being transferred, if one is specified. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> for all zones,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but can be overridden on a per-view or per-zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein basis by including a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> statement within
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> block in the configuration
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater source address for TCP sockets.
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater The same as <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>,
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater except zone transfers are performed using IPv6.
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> fails and
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater If you do not wish the alternate transfer source
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater to be used, you should set
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span>
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater appropriately and you should not depend upon
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater getting an answer back to the first refresh
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> fails and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified this defaults to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein otherwise it defaults to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> (for BIND 8
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein compatibility).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determines which local source address, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein optionally UDP port, will be used to send NOTIFY
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater messages. This address must appear in the slave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> zone clause or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in an <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> clause. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement sets the <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone or
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater per-view basis by including a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> statement within
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein source address for TCP sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Like <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2586675"></a>UDP Port Lists</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used or not used as source ports for UDP messages.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#query_address" title="Query Address">the section called “Query Address”</a> about how the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein available ports are determined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, with the following configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinuse-v6-udp-ports { range 32768 65535; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinavoid-v6-udp-ports { 40000; range 50000 60000; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein UDP ports of IPv6 messages sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will be in one
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the following ranges: 32768 to 39999, 40001 to 49999,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and 60001 to 65535.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to prevent <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> from choosing as its random source port a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein port that is blocked by your firewall or a port that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used by other applications;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if a query went out with a source port blocked by a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein firewall, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answer would not get by the firewall and the name server would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have to query again.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: the desired range can also be represented only with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-</strong></span> options are redundant in that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sense; they are provided for backward compatibility and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to possibly simplify the port specification.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2586803"></a>Operating System Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server's usage of many system resources can be limited.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein example, <span><strong class="command">1G</strong></span> can be used instead of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">1073741824</strong></span> to specify a limit of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein gigabyte. <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> requests
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce unlimited use, or the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum available amount. <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce uses the limit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that was in force when the server was started. See the description
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <span><strong class="command">size_spec</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements" title="Configuration File Elements">the section called “Configuration File Elements”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following options set operating system resource limits for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name server process. Some operating systems don't support
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsupported limit is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">coresize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum size of a core dump. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">datasize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of data memory the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is a hard limit on server memory usage.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to raise an operating system data size limit that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of memory used by the server, use the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">files</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of files the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may have open concurrently. The default is <code class="literal">unlimited</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">stacksize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of stack memory the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="server_resource_limits"></a>Server Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following options set limits on the server's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resource consumption that are enforced internally by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server rather than the operating system.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ixfr-log-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete; it is accepted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> performs a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein similar function in BIND 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets a maximum size for each journal file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#journal" title="The journal file">the section called “The journal file”</a>). When the journal file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the specified size, some of the oldest transactions in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be automatically removed. The largest permitted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is 2 gigabytes. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">unlimited</code>, which also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein means 2 gigabytes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This may also be set on a per-zone basis.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics-max</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, specifies the maximum number of host statistics
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein entries to be kept.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not implemented in BIND 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">1000</code>. Because each recursing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client uses a fair
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span> option may
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater have to be decreased
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater on hosts with limited memory.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater connections that the server will accept.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">reserved-sockets</strong></span></span></dt>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The number of file descriptors reserved for TCP, stdio,
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater etc. This needs to be big enough to cover the number of
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater interfaces <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> listens on, <span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span> as well as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to provide room for outgoing TCP queries and incoming zone
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater transfers. The default is <code class="literal">512</code>.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The minimum value is <code class="literal">128</code> and the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum value is <code class="literal">128</code> less than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maxsockets (-S). This option may be removed in the future.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option has little effect on Windows.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of memory to use for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's cache, in bytes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the amount of data in the cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reaches this limit, the server will cause records to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expire prematurely based on an LRU based strategy so
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that the limit is not exceeded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The keyword <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or the value 0, will place no limit on cache size;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records will be purged from the cache only when their
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TTLs expire.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Any positive values less than 2MB will be ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and reset to 2MB.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separately to the cache of each view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-listen-queue</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 3.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the kernel supports the accept filter "dataready" this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also controls how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein some data before being passed to accept. Values less than 3
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein silently raised.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2587160"></a>Periodic Task Intervals</h4></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This interval is effectively obsolete. Previously,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server would remove expired resource records
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews from the cache every <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 now manages cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein memory in a more sophisticated manner and does not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rely on the periodic cleaning any more.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifying this option therefore has no effect on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server's behavior.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will perform zone maintenance tasks
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for all zones marked as <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> whenever this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are up
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will scan the network interface list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein every <span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minutes. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the configuration file is loaded. After the scan, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein begin listening for queries on any newly discovered
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interfaces (provided they are allowed by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> configuration), and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stop listening on interfaces that have gone away.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Name server statistics will be logged
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein every <span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minutes. The default is
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater 60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
767c53c304b86460d72eeec7d3304172cdd904bdEvan Hunt If set to 0, no statistics will be logged.
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater Not yet implemented in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="topology"></a>Topology</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein topologically closest to itself. The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein takes an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interprets it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is preferred least of all.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default topology is
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"> topology { localhost; localnets; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> option
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews is not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<a name="the_sortlist_statement"></a>The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement</h4></div></div></div>
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The name server will normally return the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews (but see the <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein other addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a client is using a local server, the sorting can be performed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the server, based on the client's address. This only requires
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuring the name servers, not all the clients.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement (see below)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
cd3ee12f1d34107678bde7be68b1d7f0f45cf2c9Automatic Updater interprets it even
cd3ee12f1d34107678bde7be68b1d7f0f45cf2c9Automatic Updater more specifically than the <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span>
cd3ee12f1d34107678bde7be68b1d7f0f45cf2c9Automatic Updater does (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#topology" title="Topology">the section called “Topology”</a>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each top level statement in the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein itself be an explicit <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one or two elements. The first element (which may be an IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an IP prefix, an ACL name or a nested <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of each top level list is checked against the source address of
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews the query until a match is found.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Once the source address of the query has been matched, if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the top level statement contains only one element, the actual
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews element that matched the source address is used to select the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein treated the same as the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> in
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater a <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement. Each top
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater distance is moved to the beginning of the response.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater In the following example, any queries received from any of
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater 192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater 192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater their directly connected networks.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater // IF the local host
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater // THEN first fit on the following nets
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater // IF on class C 192.168.1 THEN use .1, or .2 or .3
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // IF on class C 192.168.2 THEN use .2, or .1 or .3
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater // IF on class C 192.168.3 THEN use .3, or .1 or .2
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater // IF .4 or .5 THEN prefer that net
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater The following example will give reasonable behavior for the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater to the behavior of the address sort in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.x. Responses sent
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein connected network will prefer addresses on that same network.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to other queries will not be sorted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein { localhost; localnets; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein { localnets; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="rrset_ordering"></a>RRset Ordering</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein useful to configure the order of the records placed into the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement permits
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See also the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement,
fde6bfde6ec1d7a5f9907aeea8618db9dbd02f4cAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a>.
fde6bfde6ec1d7a5f9907aeea8618db9dbd02f4cAutomatic Updater An <span><strong class="command">order_spec</strong></span> is defined as
fde6bfde6ec1d7a5f9907aeea8618db9dbd02f4cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional">class <em class="replaceable"><code>class_name</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">type <em class="replaceable"><code>type_name</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">name <em class="replaceable"><code>"domain_name"</code></em></span>]
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater order <em class="replaceable"><code>ordering</code></em>
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater If no class is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
87ff79ee66e85519d7f75195a5345e5f5e09c895Automatic Updater If no type is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater If no name is specified, the default is "<span><strong class="command">*</strong></span>" (asterisk).
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater The legal values for <span><strong class="command">ordering</strong></span> are:
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">fixed</strong></span></p>
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater Records are returned in the order they
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater are defined in the zone file.
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">random</strong></span></p>
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Records are returned in some random order.
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span></p>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Records are returned in a cyclic round-robin order.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> is configured with the
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews "--enable-fixed-rrset" option at compile time, then
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the initial ordering of the RRset will match the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews one specified in the zone file.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews For example:
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random;
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews order cyclic;
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews have "<code class="literal">host.example.com</code>" as a
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater suffix, to always be returned
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order.
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews If multiple <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statements
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater appear, they are not combined — the last one applies.
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews By default, all records are returned in random order.
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews In this release of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement does not support
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews "fixed" ordering by default. Fixed ordering can be enabled
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews at compile time by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" on
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews the "configure" command line.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews<a name="tuning"></a>Tuning</h4></div></div></div>
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">lame-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews Sets the number of seconds to cache a
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews <span class="bold"><strong>NOT</strong></span> recommended.)
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews The default is <code class="literal">600</code> (10 minutes) and the
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews maximum value is
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater <code class="literal">1800</code> (30 minutes).
4a5d8786edaff5f9f022c117b4da084bcb4a0b71Automatic Updater Lame-ttl also controls the amount of time DNSSEC
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater validation failures are cached. There is a minimum
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater of 30 seconds applied to bad cache entries if the
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater lame-ttl is set to less than 30 seconds.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To reduce network traffic and increase performance,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server stores negative answers. <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in seconds. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is <code class="literal">10800</code> seconds (3 hours).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> cannot exceed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 7 days and will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the maximum time for which the server will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache ordinary (positive) answers. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one week (7 days).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A value of zero may cause all queries to return
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SERVFAIL, because of lost caches of intermediate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRsets (such as NS and glue AAAA/A records) in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolution process.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-roots</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The minimum number of root servers that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is required for a request for the root servers to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein accepted. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <strong class="userinput"><code>2</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the number of days into the future when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein result of dynamic updates (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#dynamic_update" title="Dynamic Update">the section called “Dynamic Update”</a>) will expire. There
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews is an optional second field which specifies how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein long before expiry that the signatures will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein regenerated. If not specified, the signatures will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be regenerated at 1/4 of base interval. The second
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field is specified in days if the base interval is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein greater than 7 days otherwise it is specified in hours.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default base interval is <code class="literal">30</code> days
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein giving a re-signing interval of 7 1/2 days. The maximum
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater values are 10 years (3660 days).
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater The signature inception time is unconditionally
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set to one hour before the current time to allow
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for a limited amount of clock skew.
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews should be, at least, several multiples of the SOA
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expire interval to allow for reasonable interaction
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein between the various timer and expiry dates.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Specify the maximum number of nodes to be
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews examined in each quantum when signing a zone with
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews a new DNSKEY. The default is
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Specify a threshold number of signatures that
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews will terminate processing a quantum when signing
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews a zone with a new DNSKEY. The default is
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater Specify a private RDATA type to be used when generating
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews key signing records. The default is
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews It is expected that this parameter may be removed
824f38c0310fddef55f0f691580154022a7852f5Automatic Updater in a future version once there is a standard type.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews These records can be removed from the zone once named
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater has completed signing the zone with the matching key
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater using <span><strong class="command">nsupdate</strong></span> or
824f38c0310fddef55f0f691580154022a7852f5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc signing -clear</strong></span>.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">rndc signing -clear</strong></span> is the only supported
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews way to remove these records from
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">inline-signing</strong></span> zones.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews These options control the server's behavior on refreshing a
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews (querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews are set by the master, giving slave server administrators
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews control over their contents.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews These options are valid for slave and stub zones,
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specified
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews The following defaults apply.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span> 300 seconds,
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span> 2419200 seconds
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews (4 weeks), <span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span> 500 seconds,
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews and <span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span> 1209600 seconds
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Sets the advertised EDNS UDP buffer size in bytes
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews to control the size of packets received.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this range
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews will be silently adjusted). The default value
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews is 4096. The usual reason for setting
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will fallback to using 512 bytes
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews if it get a series of timeout at the initial value. 512
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews bytes is not being offered to encourage sites to fix their
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater firewalls. Small EDNS UDP sizes will result in the
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews excessive use of TCP.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Sets the maximum EDNS UDP message size
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will send in bytes.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews range will be silently adjusted). The default
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews value is 4096. The usual reason for setting
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This is independent of the advertised receive
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews buffer (<span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span>).
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Setting this to a low value will encourage additional
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews TCP traffic to the nameserver.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the file format of zone files (see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format" title="Additional File Formats">the section called “Additional File Formats”</a>).
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The default value is <code class="constant">text</code>, which is the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein standard textual representation, except for slave zones,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in which the default value is <code class="constant">raw</code>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Files in other formats than <code class="constant">text</code> are
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews typically expected to be generated by the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> tool, or dumped by
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Note that when a zone file in a different format than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="constant">text</code> is loaded, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may omit some of the checks which would be performed for a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews file in the <code class="constant">text</code> format. In particular,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span> checks do not apply
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the <code class="constant">raw</code> format. This means
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a zone file in the <code class="constant">raw</code> format
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews must be generated with the same check level as that
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified in the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews file. Also, <code class="constant">map</code> format files are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein loaded directly into memory via memory mapping, with only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minimal checking.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This statement sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> for all zones,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews by including a <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews statement within the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="clients-per-query"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p>These set the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews initial value (minimum) and maximum number of recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein simultaneous clients for any given query
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (<qname,qtype,qclass>) that the server will accept
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein before dropping additional clients. <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews self tune this value and changes will be logged. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default values are 10 and 100.
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews This value should reflect how many queries come in for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a given name in the time it takes to resolve that name.
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews If the number of queries exceed this value, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews assume that it is dealing with a non-responsive zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and will drop additional queries. If it gets a response
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein after dropping queries, it will raise the estimate. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein estimate will then be lowered in 20 minutes if it has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein remained unchanged.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews then there is no limit on the number of clients per query
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and no queries will be dropped.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews If <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then there is no upper bound other than imposed by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
276e28f813ffef042d5a6e9f3373ef4e2ad37996Mark Andrews The delay, in seconds, between sending sets of notify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages for a zone. The default is five (5) seconds.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The overall rate that NOTIFY messages are sent for all
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater zones is controlled by <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-rsa-exponent-size</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The maximum RSA exponent size, in bits, that will
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater be accepted when validating. Valid values are 35
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater to 4096 bits. The default zero (0) is also accepted
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater and is equivalent to 4096.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<a name="builtin"></a>Built-in server information zones</h4></div></div></div>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The server provides some helpful diagnostic information
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater through a number of built-in zones under the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater pseudo-top-level-domain <code class="literal">bind</code> in the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> class. These zones are part
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater built-in view (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar" title="view Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>) of
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> which is separate from the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater default view of class <span><strong class="command">IN</strong></span>. Most global
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater configuration options (<span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater etc) will apply to this view, but some are locally
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater overridden: <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span>,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span> and
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-new-zones</strong></span> are
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater always set to <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, and
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> is set to allow
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater three responses per second.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater If you need to disable these zones, use the options
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater below, or hide the built-in <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater defining an explicit view of class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater that matches all clients.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">version</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The version the server should report
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater via a query of the name <code class="literal">version.bind</code>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default is the real version number of this server.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Specifying <span><strong class="command">version none</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">hostname</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The hostname the server should report via a query of
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater the name <code class="filename">hostname.bind</code>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater name server as
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater found by the gethostname() function. The primary purpose of such queries
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">hostname none;</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The ID the server should report when receiving a Name
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Server Identifier (NSID) query, or a query of the name
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <code class="filename">ID.SERVER</code> with type
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The primary purpose of such queries is to
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id none;</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id hostname;</strong></span> will cause <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater use the hostname as found by the gethostname() function.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default <span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<a name="empty"></a>Built-in Empty Zones</h4></div></div></div>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Named has some built-in empty zones (SOA and NS records only).
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater These are for zones that should normally be answered locally
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater and which queries should not be sent to the Internet's root
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater servers. The official servers which cover these namespaces
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater return NXDOMAIN responses to these queries. In particular,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater these cover the reverse namespaces for addresses from
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater RFC 1918, RFC 4193, RFC 5737 and RFC 6598. They also include the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater reverse namespace for IPv6 local address (locally assigned),
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater IPv6 link local addresses, the IPv6 loopback address and the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater IPv6 unknown address.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Named will attempt to determine if a built-in zone already exists
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater or is active (covered by a forward-only forwarding declaration)
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater and will not create an empty zone in that case.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The current list of empty zones is:
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<li>0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<li>1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Empty zones are settable at the view level and only apply to
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater views of class IN. Disabled empty zones are only inherited
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater from options if there are no disabled empty zones specified
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater at the view level. To override the options list of disabled
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater zones, you can disable the root zone at the view level, for example:
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater disable-empty-zone ".";
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater If you are using the address ranges covered here, you should
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater already have reverse zones covering the addresses you use.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater In practice this appears to not be the case with many queries
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater being made to the infrastructure servers for names in these
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater spaces. So many in fact that sacrificial servers were needed
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater to be deployed to channel the query load away from the
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater infrastructure servers.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater The real parent servers for these zones should disable all
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater empty zone under the parent zone they serve. For the real
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater root servers, this is all built-in empty zones. This will
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater enable them to return referrals to deeper in the tree.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-server</strong></span></span></dt>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Specify what server name will appear in the returned
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater the zone's name will be used.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-contact</strong></span></span></dt>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Specify what contact name will appear in the returned
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater "." will be used.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-zones-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Enable or disable all empty zones. By default, they
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-empty-zone</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Disable individual empty zones. By default, none are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disabled. This option can be specified multiple times.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews<a name="acache"></a>Additional Section Caching</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The additional section cache, also called <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is an internal cache to improve the response performance of BIND 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When additional section caching is enabled, BIND 9 will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache an internal short-cut to the additional section content for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein each answer RR.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews Note that <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is an internal caching
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews mechanism of BIND 9, and is not related to the DNS caching
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater server function.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Additional section caching does not change the
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews response content (except the RRsets ordering of the additional
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews section, see below), but can improve the response performance
b3c2030de4cc02b8e881ca4e6f62b385d4b41b0fAutomatic Updater significantly.
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews It is particularly effective when BIND 9 acts as an authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server for a zone that has many delegations with many glue RRs.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In order to obtain the maximum performance improvement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from additional section caching, setting
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> is recommended, since the current
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein implementation of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein does not short-cut of additional section information from the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS cache data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One obvious disadvantage of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that it requires much more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein memory for the internal cached data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Thus, if the response performance does not matter and memory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein consumption is much more critical, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> mechanism can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disabled by setting <span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is also possible to specify the upper limit of memory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for acache by using <span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Additional section caching also has a minor effect on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRset ordering in the additional section.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Without <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span> order is effective for the additional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein section as well as the answer and authority sections.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein However, additional section caching fixes the ordering when it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein first caches an RRset for the additional section, and the same
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ordering will be kept in succeeding responses, regardless of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein setting of <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The effect of this should be minor, however, since an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRset in the additional section
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein typically only contains a small number of RRs (and in many cases
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it only contains a single RR), in which case the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ordering does not matter much.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following is a summary of options related to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, additional section caching is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein enabled. The default value is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will remove stale cache entries, based on an LRU
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein algorithm, every <span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is 60 minutes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of memory in bytes to use for the server's acache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the amount of data in the acache reaches this limit,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will clean more aggressively so that the limit is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separately to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein acache of each view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <code class="literal">16M</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2589614"></a>Content Filtering</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides the ability to filter
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews out DNS responses from external DNS servers containing
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews certain types of data in the answer section.
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews Specifically, it can reject address (A or AAAA) records if
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews the corresponding IPv4 or IPv6 addresses match the given
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews It can also reject CNAME or DNAME records if the "alias"
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews name (i.e., the CNAME alias or the substituted query name
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews due to DNAME) matches the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews given <code class="varname">namelist</code> of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span> option, where
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "match" means the alias name is a subdomain of one of
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews the <code class="varname">name_list</code> elements.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews If the optional <code class="varname">namelist</code> is specified
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span>, records whose query name
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews matches the list will be accepted regardless of the filter
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Likewise, if the alias name is a subdomain of the
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater corresponding zone, the <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews filter will not apply;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for example, even if "example.com" is specified for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">www.example.com. CNAME xxx.example.com.</pre>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews returned by an "example.com" server will be accepted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option, only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are meaningful;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any <code class="varname">key_id</code> will be silently ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a response message is rejected due to the filtering,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the entire message is discarded without being cached, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a SERVFAIL error will be returned to the client.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This filtering is intended to prevent "DNS rebinding attacks," in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which an attacker, in response to a query for a domain name the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein attacker controls, returns an IP address within your own network or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an alias name within your own domain.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A naive web browser or script could then serve as an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unintended proxy, allowing the attacker
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to get access to an internal node of your local network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that couldn't be externally accessed otherwise.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the paper available at
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298" target="_top">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for more details about the attacks.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, if you own a domain named "example.net" and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein your internal network uses an IPv4 prefix 192.0.2.0/24,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein you might specify the following rules:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">deny-answer-addresses { 192.0.2.0/24; } except-from { "example.net"; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeindeny-answer-aliases { "example.net"; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If an external attacker lets a web browser in your local
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network look up an IPv4 address of "attacker.example.com",
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the attacker's DNS server would return a response like this:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">attacker.example.com. A 192.0.2.1</pre>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews in the answer section.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Since the rdata of this record (the IPv4 address) matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the specified prefix 192.0.2.0/24, this response will be
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews On the other hand, if the browser looks up a legitimate
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews internal web server "www.example.net" and the
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews following response is returned to
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 server
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">www.example.net. A 192.0.2.2</pre>
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews it will be accepted since the owner name "www.example.net"
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews matches the <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span> element,
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews Note that this is not really an attack on the DNS per se.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews In fact, there is nothing wrong for an "external" name to
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews be mapped to your "internal" IP address or domain name
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews from the DNS point of view.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews It might actually be provided for a legitimate purpose,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein such as for debugging.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As long as the mapping is provided by the correct owner,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it is not possible or does not make sense to detect
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater whether the intent of the mapping is legitimate or not
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater within the DNS.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The "rebinding" attack must primarily be protected at the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater application that uses the DNS.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater For a large site, however, it may be difficult to protect
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater all possible applications at once.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater This filtering feature is provided only to help such an
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater operational environment;
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater it is generally discouraged to turn it on unless you are
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater very sure you have no other choice and the attack is a
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater real threat for your applications.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Care should be particularly taken if you want to use this
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater option for addresses within 127.0.0.0/8.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater These addresses are obviously "internal", but many
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater applications conventionally rely on a DNS mapping from
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater some name to such an address.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Filtering out DNS records containing this address
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater spuriously can break such applications.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater<a name="id2589877"></a>Response Policy Zone (RPZ) Rewriting</h4></div></div></div>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 includes a limited
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater mechanism to modify DNS responses for requests
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater analogous to email anti-spam DNS blacklists.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Responses can be changed to deny the existence of domains(NXDOMAIN),
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater deny the existence of IP addresses for domains (NODATA),
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater or contain other IP addresses or data.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Response policy zones are named in the
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option for the view or among the
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater global options if there is no response-policy option for the view.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Response policy zones are ordinary DNS zones containing RRsets
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater that can be queried normally if allowed.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater It is usually best to restrict those queries with something like
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query { localhost; };</strong></span>.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Four policy triggers are encoded in RPZ records, QNAME, IP, NSIP,
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater QNAME RPZ records triggered by query names of requests and targets
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater of CNAME records resolved to generate the response.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The owner name of a QNAME RPZ record is the query name relativized
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The second kind of RPZ trigger is an IP address in an A and AAAA
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater record in the ANSWER section of a response.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater IP address triggers are encoded in records that have owner names
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater that are subdomains of <strong class="userinput"><code>rpz-ip</code></strong> relativized
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater to the RPZ origin name and encode an IP address or address block.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater IPv4 trigger addresses are represented as
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>prefixlength.B4.B3.B2.B1.rpz-ip</code></strong>.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The prefix length must be between 1 and 32.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater All four bytes, B4, B3, B2, and B1, must be present.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater B4 is the decimal value of the least significant byte of the
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater IPv4 address as in IN-ADDR.ARPA.
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews IPv6 addresses are encoded in a format similar to the standard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 text representation,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>prefixlength.W8.W7.W6.W5.W4.W3.W2.W1.rpz-ip</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each of W8,...,W1 is a one to four digit hexadecimal number
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein representing 16 bits of the IPv6 address as in the standard text
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein representation of IPv6 addresses, but reversed as in IN-ADDR.ARPA.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All 8 words must be present except when consecutive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zero words are replaced with <strong class="userinput"><code>.zz.</code></strong>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater analogous to double colons (::) in standard IPv6 text encodings.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The prefix length must be between 1 and 128.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews NSDNAME triggers match names of authoritative servers
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews for the query name, a parent of the query name, a CNAME for
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews query name, or a parent of a CNAME.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews They are encoded as subdomains of
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>rpz-nsdomain</code></strong> relativized
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews to the RPZ origin name.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews NSIP triggers match IP addresses in A and
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews AAAA RRsets for domains that can be checked against NSDNAME
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein policy records.
dcb551033f0b33eb5c113169750a61084d8250a1Mark Andrews NSIP triggers are encoded like IP triggers except as subdomains of
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>rpz-nsip</code></strong>.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews NSDNAME and NSIP triggers are checked only for names with at
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews least <span><strong class="command">min-ns-dots</strong></span> dots.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews The default value of <span><strong class="command">min-ns-dots</strong></span> is 1 to
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews exclude top level domains.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The query response is checked against all response policy zones, so
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews two or more policy records can be triggered by a response.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews Because DNS responses can be rewritten according to at most one
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews policy record, a single record encoding an action (other than
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">DISABLED</strong></span> actions) must be chosen.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater Triggers or the records that encode them are chosen in
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater the following order:
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<li>Choose the triggered record in the zone that appears
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater first in the response-policy option.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<li>Prefer QNAME to IP to NSDNAME to NSIP triggers
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater in a single zone.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<li>Among NSDNAME triggers, prefer the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater trigger that matches the smallest name under the DNSSEC ordering.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>Among IP or NSIP triggers, prefer the trigger
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater with the longest prefix.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>Among triggers with the same prefex length,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater prefer the IP or NSIP trigger that matches
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater the smallest IP address.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater When the processing of a response is restarted to resolve
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater DNAME or CNAME records and a policy record set has
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater not been triggered,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater all response policy zones are again consulted for the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater DNAME or CNAME names and addresses.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater RPZ record sets are sets of any types of DNS record except
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater DNAME or DNSSEC that encode actions or responses to queries.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>The <span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span> response is encoded
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater by a CNAME whose target is the root domain (.)
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>A CNAME whose target is the wildcard top-level
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater domain (*.) specifies the <span><strong class="command">NODATA</strong></span> action,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater which rewrites the response to NODATA or ANCOUNT=1.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>The <span><strong class="command">Local Data</strong></span> action is
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater represented by a set ordinary DNS records that are used
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater to answer queries. Queries for record types not the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater set are answered with NODATA.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater A special form of local data is a CNAME whose target is a
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater wildcard such as *.example.com.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater It is used as if were an ordinary CNAME after the astrisk (*)
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater has been replaced with the query name.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The purpose for this special form is query logging in the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater walled garden's authority DNS server.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<li>The <span><strong class="command">PASSTHRU</strong></span> policy is specified
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater by a CNAME whose target is <span><strong class="command">rpz-passthru.</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater It causes the response to not be rewritten
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater and is most often used to "poke holes" in policies for
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater (A CNAME whose target is the variable part of its owner name
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater is an obsolete specification of the PASSTHRU policy.)
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The actions specified in a policy zone can be overridden with a
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">policy</strong></span> clause in the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater An organization using a policy zone provided by another
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater organization might use this mechanism to redirect domains
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater to its own walled garden.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">GIVEN</strong></span> says "do not override but
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater perform the action specified in the zone."
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">DISABLED</strong></span> causes policy records to do
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater nothing but log what they might have done.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The response to the DNS query will be written according to
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater any triggered policy records that are not disabled.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Disabled policy zones should appear first,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater because they will often not be logged
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater if a higher precedence trigger is found first.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">PASSTHRU</strong></span> causes all policy records
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater to act as if they were CNAME records with targets the variable
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater part of their owner name. They protect the response from
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater being changed.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span> causes all RPZ records
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater to specify NXDOMAIN policies.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">NODATA</strong></span> overrides with the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<span><strong class="command">CNAME domain</strong></span> causes all RPZ
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater policy records to act as if they were "cname domain" records.
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater By default, the actions encoded in a response policy zone
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater are applied only to queries that ask for recursion (RD=1).
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater That default can be changed for a single policy zone or
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater all response policy zones in a view
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater with a <span><strong class="command">recursive-only no</strong></span> clause.
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater This feature is useful for serving the same zone files
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater both inside and outside an RFC 1918 cloud and using RPZ to
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater delete answers that would otherwise contain RFC 1918 values
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater on the externally visible name server or view.
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater Also by default, RPZ actions are applied only to DNS requests
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater that either do not request DNSSEC metadata (DO=0) or when no
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater DNSSEC records are available for request name in the original
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater zone (not the response policy zone). This default can be
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater changed for all response policy zones in a view with a
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec yes</strong></span> clause. In that case, RPZ
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater actions are applied regardless of DNSSEC. The name of the
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater clause option reflects the fact that results rewritten by RPZ
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater actions cannot verify.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater No DNS records are needed to trigger a QNAME action. The name
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater itself is sufficient, so in principle the query name need not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be recursively resolved. However, not resolving the requested
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name leaks the fact that response policy rewriting is in use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and that the name is listed in a policy zone to operators of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers for listed names. To prevent that information leak, by
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews default any recursion needed for a request is done before any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein policy triggers are considered. Because listed domains often
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews have slow authoritative servers, this default behavior can cost
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews significant time. The <span><strong class="command">qname-wait-recurse no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option overrides the default behavior when recursion cannot
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein change the response. <span><strong class="command">qname-wait-recurse no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein does not affect QNAME triggers in policy zones listed after
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce other zones containing IP, NSIP and NSDNAME triggers, because
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein those may depend on the A, AAAA, and NS records that would be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein found during recursive resolution. It also does not affect
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC requests (DO=1) unless <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec yes</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is in use, because the response would depend on whether or not
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater RRSIG records were found during resolution.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The TTL of a record modified by RPZ policies is set from the
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews TTL of the relevant record in policy zone. It is then limited
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to a maximum value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">max-policy-ttl</strong></span> clause changes that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum from its default of 5.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, you might use this option statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"> response-policy { zone "badlist"; };</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and this zone statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"> zone "badlist" {type master; file "master/badlist"; allow-query {none;}; };</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with this zone file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein@ SOA LOCALHOST. named-mgr.example.com (1 1h 15m 30d 2h)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NS LOCALHOST.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; QNAME policy records. There are no periods (.) after the owner names.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinnxdomain.domain.com CNAME . ; NXDOMAIN policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinnodata.domain.com CNAME *. ; NODATA policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinbad.domain.com A 10.0.0.1 ; redirect to a walled garden
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein AAAA 2001:2::1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; do not rewrite (PASSTHRU) OK.DOMAIN.COM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinok.domain.com CNAME rpz-passthru.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; redirect x.bzone.domain.com to x.bzone.domain.com.garden.example.com
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; IP policy records that rewrite all answers for 127/8 except 127.0.0.1
d01e14dc0bfc700a8d72e9676fc8aa66c237151fAutomatic Updater32.1.0.0.127.rpz-ip CNAME rpz-passthru.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; NSDNAME and NSIP policy records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RPZ can affect server performance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each configured response policy zone requires the server to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein perform one to four additional database lookups before a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query can be answered.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, a DNS server with four policy zones, each with all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein four kinds of response triggers, QNAME, IP, NSIP, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NSDNAME, requires a total of 17 times as many database
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lookups as a similar DNS server with no response policy zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <acronym class="acronym">BIND9</acronym> server with adequate memory and one
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein response policy zone with QNAME and IP triggers might achieve a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum queries-per-second rate about 20% lower.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A server with four response policy zones with QNAME and IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein triggers might have a maximum QPS rate about 50% lower.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Responses rewritten by RPZ are counted in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">RPZRewrites</strong></span> statistics.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2590456"></a>Rate Limiting</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Excessive essentially identical UDP <span class="emphasis"><em>responses</em></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can be discarded by configuring a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> clause in an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This mechanism keeps BIND 9 from being used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in amplifying reflection denial of service attacks
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as well as partially protecting BIND 9 itself from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein some denial of service attacks.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Very short truncated responses can be sent to provide
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rate-limited responses to legitimate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients within a range of attacked and forged IP addresses,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Legitimate clients react to truncated response by retrying
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson Rate limiting works by setting
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson to a number of repetitions per second for responses for a given name
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater and record type to a DNS client.
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">Responses-per-second</strong></span> is a limit on
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater identical responses instead of a limit on all responses or
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater even all responses to a single client.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 10 identical responses per second is a generous limit except perhaps
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when many clients are using a single IP address via network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address translation (NAT).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default limit of zero specifies an unbounded limit to turn off
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce rate-limiting in a view or to only rate-limit NXDOMAIN or other
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The notion of "identical responses"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and "single DNS client" cannot be simplistic.
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson All responses to a CIDR block with prefix
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson length specified with <span><strong class="command">IPv4-prefix-length</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (default 24) or <span><strong class="command">IPv6-prefix-length</strong></span>
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson (default 56) are assumed to come from a single DNS client.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Requests for a name that result in DNS NXDOMAIN
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater errors are considered identical.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This controls some attacks using random names, but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce accommodates servers that expect many legitimate NXDOMAIN responses
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce such as anti-spam blacklists.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce By default the limit on NXDOMAIN errors is the same as the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span> value,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but it can be set separately with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All requests for all names or types that result in DNS errors
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein such as SERVFAIL and FORMERR (but not NXDOMAIN) are considered
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This controls attacks using invalid requests or distant,
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews broken authoritative servers.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews By default the limit on errors is the same as the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span> value,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews but it can be set separately with
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Rate limiting uses a "credit" or "token bucket" scheme.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Each identical response has a conceptual account
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that is given <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>,
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span> credits every second.
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews A DNS request triggering some desired response debits
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the account by one.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Responses are not sent while the account is negative.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The account cannot become more positive than
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews the per-second limit
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater or more negative than <span><strong class="command">window</strong></span>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews times the per-second limit.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews A DNS client that sends requests that are not
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews answered can be penalized for up to <span><strong class="command">window</strong></span>
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater seconds (default 15).
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Responses generated from local wildcards are counted and limited
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews as if they were for the parent domain name.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews This prevents flooding by requesting random.wild.example.com.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews For similar reasons, NXDOMAIN responses are counted and rate
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews limited by the valid domain name nearest to the
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews query name with an SOA record.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Many attacks using DNS involve UDP requests with forged source
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Rate limiting prevents the use of BIND 9 to flood a network
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater with responses to requests with forged source addresses,
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater but could let a third party block responses to legitimate requests.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater There is a mechanism that can answer some legitimate
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews requests from a client whose address is being forged in a flood.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Setting <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> to 2 (its default) causes every
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews other UDP request to be answered with a small response
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews claiming that the response would have been truncated.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The small size and relative infrequency of the response make
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews it unattractive for abuse.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">Slip</strong></span> must be between 0 and 10.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews A value of 0 does not "slip"
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews or sends no rate limiting truncated responses.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Some error responses includinge REFUSED and SERVFAIL
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews cannot be replaced with truncated responses and are instead
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews leaked at the <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> rate.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When the approximate query per second rate exceeds
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews the <span><strong class="command">qps-scale</strong></span> value,
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews then the <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>,
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>,
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span> and
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> values are reduced by the
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater ratio of the current rate to the <span><strong class="command">qps-scale</strong></span> value.
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews This feature can tighten defenses during attacks.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater For example, with
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">qps-scale 250; responses-per-second 20;</strong></span> and
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater a total query rate of 1000 queries/second for all queries from
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews all DNS clients including via TCP,
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews then the effective responses/second limit changes to
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews Responses sent via TCP are not limited
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but are counted to compute the query per second rate.
7326ba2f542b89196323867a1457f596f99e315dMark Andrews Communities of DNS clients can be given their own parameters or no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rate limiting by putting
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statements in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements instead of the global <span><strong class="command">option</strong></span>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater A <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statement in a view replaces
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater instead of being merged with a <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater statement among the main options.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS clients within a view can be exempted from rate limits
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the <span><strong class="command">exempt-clients</strong></span> clause.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein UDP responses of all kinds can be limited with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> phrase.
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews This rate limiting is unlike the rate limiting provided by
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span> on a DNS server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which are often invisible to the victim of a DNS reflection attack.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Unless the forged requests of the attack are the same as the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater legitimate requests of the victim, the victim's requests are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Responses affected by an <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> limit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are always dropped; the <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> value has no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> limit should be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at least 4 times as large as the other limits,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein because single DNS clients often send bursts of legitimate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, the receipt of a single mail message can prompt
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests from an SMTP server for NS, PTR, A, and AAAA records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as the incoming SMTP/TCP/IP connection is considered.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews The SMTP server can need additional NS, A, AAAA, MX, TXT, and SPF
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews records as it considers the STMP <span><strong class="command">Mail From</strong></span>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Web browsers often repeatedly resolve the same names that
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews are repeated in HTML <IMG> tags in a page.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">All-per-second</strong></span> is similar to the
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews rate limiting offered by firewalls but often inferior.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Attacks that justify ignoring the
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews contents of DNS responses are likely to be attacks on the
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews DNS server itself.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews They usually should be discarded before the DNS server
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews spends resources make TCP connections or parsing DNS requesets,
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews but that rate limiting must be done before the
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews DNS server sees the requests.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The maximum size of the table used to track requests and
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews rate limit responses is set with <span><strong class="command">max-table-size</strong></span>.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Each entry in the table is between 40 and 80 bytes.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The table needs approximately as many entries as the number
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews of requests received per second.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The default is 20,000.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater To reduce the cold start of growing the table,
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">min-table-size</strong></span> (default 500)
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews can set the minimum table size.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Enable <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> category logging to monitor
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews expansions of the table and inform
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews choices for the initial and maximum table size.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Use <span><strong class="command">log-only yes</strong></span> to test rate limiting parameters
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater without actually dropping any requests.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Responses dropped by rate limits are included in the
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">RateDropped</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">QryDropped</strong></span>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Responses that truncated by rate limits are included in
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">RateSlipped</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">RespTruncated</strong></span>.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<a name="server_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr[/prefixlen]</code></em> {
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> bogus <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> transfers <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em> ; ]</span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> keys <em class="replaceable"><code>{ string ; [<span class="optional"> string ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>] }</code></em> ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> query-source [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]; </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]; </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="server_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement defines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein characteristics
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater to be associated with a remote name server. If a prefix length is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, then a range of servers is covered. Only the most
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server clause applies regardless of the order in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement can occur at
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the top level of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement contains
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one or more <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements, only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a view contains no <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any top-level <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value of <span><strong class="command">bogus</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the local server, acting as master, will respond with an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, incremental transfer
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein whenever possible. If set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the remote server will be non-incremental. If not set, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein global options block is used as a default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value of the <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> option in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the view or global options block is used as a default. It may
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews also be set in the zone block and, if set there, it will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein override the global or view setting for that zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatically
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> should always work.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The purpose of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clauses is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">edns</strong></span> clause determines whether
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the local server will attempt to use EDNS when communicating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the remote server. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the EDNS UDP size
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that is advertised by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> when querying the remote server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein silently adjusted). This option is useful when you wish to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein advertises a different value to this server than the value you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein advertise globally, for example, when there is a firewall at the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein remote site that is blocking large replies.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson maximum EDNS UDP message size <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will send. Valid
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be silently adjusted). This option is useful when you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein know that there is a firewall that is blocking large
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein replies from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server supports two zone transfer methods. The first, <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as many resource records as possible into a message. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews more efficient, but is only known to be understood by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 8.x, and patched versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 4.9.5. You can specify which method
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to use for a server with the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is used to limit the number of concurrent inbound zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers from the specified server. If no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> clause is specified, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein limit is set according to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause identifies a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be used for transaction security (TSIG, <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when talking to the remote server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be generated using the key specified here and appended to the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews message. A request originating from the remote server is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be signed by this key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Although the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater the IPv4 and IPv6 source
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater For an IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> can
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> can be
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater For more details, see the description of
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> and
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for notify
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater messages sent to remote servers, respectively. For an
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater only <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for queries
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater sent to remote servers, respectively. For an IPv4
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater remote server, only <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> can
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater only <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<a name="statschannels"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> {
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [ allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> } ]; ]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<a name="id2591505"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein declares communication channels to be used by system
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein administrators to get access to statistics information of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This statement intends to be flexible to support multiple
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein communication protocols in the future, but currently only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein HTTP access is supported.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It requires that BIND 9 be compiled with libxml2 and/or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein json-c (also known as libjson0); the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein still accepted even if it is built without the library,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but any HTTP access will fail with an error.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (asterisk) is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no port is specified, port 80 is used for HTTP channels.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The asterisk "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The attempt of opening a statistics channel is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein restricted by the optional <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Connections to the statistics channel are permitted based on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause is present,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> accepts connection
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein attempts from any address; since the statistics may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contain sensitive internal information, it is highly
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recommended to restrict the source of connection requests
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein appropriately.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is present,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will not open any communication channels.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The statistics are available in various formats and views
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein depending on the URI used to access them. For example, if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the statistics channel is configured to listen on 127.0.0.1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein port 8888, then the statistics are accessible in XML format at
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/</a> or
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml</a>. A CSS file is
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater included which can format the XML statistics into tables
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater when viewed with a stylesheet-capable browser, and into
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater charts and graphs using the Google Charts API when using a
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater javascript-capable browser.
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater Applications that depend on a particular XML schema
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v2" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v2</a> for version 2
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater of the statistics XML schema or
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3</a> for version 3.
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater If the requested schema is supported by the server, then
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater it will respond; if not, it will return a "page not found"
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater The full set of statistics can also be read in JSON format at
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Broken-out subsets of the statistics can be viewed at
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/server" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/server</a>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (server and resolver statistics),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/zones" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/zones</a>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (zone statistics),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/net" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/net</a>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (network status and socket statistics),
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/mem" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/mem</a>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater (memory manager statistics),
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/tasks" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/tasks</a>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater (task manager statistics).
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="trusted-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2591856"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement defines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#DNSSEC" title="DNSSEC">the section called “DNSSEC”</a>. A security root is defined when the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsigned. Once a key has been configured as a trusted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key, it is treated as if it had been validated and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All keys (and corresponding zones) listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> are deemed to exist regardless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of what parent zones say. Similarly for all keys listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> only those keys are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to validate the DNSKEY RRset. The parent's DS RRset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will not be used.
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement can contain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein multiple key entries, each consisting of the key's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain name, flags, protocol, algorithm, and the Base-64
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein representation of the key data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Spaces, tabs, newlines and carriage returns are ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the key data, so the configuration may be split up into
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater multiple lines.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> may be set at the top level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <code class="filename">named.conf</code> or within a view. If it is
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews set in both places, they are additive: keys defined at the top
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein level are inherited by all views, but keys defined in a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are only used within that view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<a name="id2591902"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> {
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <code class="literal">initial-key</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>flags</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key-data</code></em> ;
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <code class="literal">initial-key</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>flags</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key-data</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="managed-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, like
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, defines DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein security roots. The difference is that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> can be kept up to date
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatically, without intervention from the resolver
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Suppose, for example, that a zone's key-signing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key was compromised, and the zone owner had to revoke and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein replace the key. A resolver which had the old key in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement would be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unable to validate this zone any longer; it would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reply with a SERVFAIL response code. This would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein continue until the resolver operator had updated the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement with the new key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If, however, the zone were listed in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement instead, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone owner could add a "stand-by" key to the zone in advance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> would store the stand-by key, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the original key was revoked, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein would be able to transition smoothly to the new key. It would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also recognize that the old key had been revoked, and cease
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using that key to validate answers, minimizing the damage that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the compromised key could do.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater A <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement contains a list of
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater the keys to be managed, along with information about how the
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater keys are to be initialized for the first time. The only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein initialization method currently supported (as of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.7.0) is <code class="literal">initial-key</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This means the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contain a copy of the initializing key. (Future releases may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allow keys to be initialized by other methods, eliminating this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requirement.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Consequently, a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein appears similar to a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, differing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the presence of the second field, containing the keyword
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">initial-key</code>. The difference is, whereas the
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater keys listed in a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> continue to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein trusted until they are removed from
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, an initializing key listed
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews in a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement is only trusted
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews <span class="emphasis"><em>once</em></span>: for as long as it takes to load the
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews managed key database and start the RFC 5011 key maintenance
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The first time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs with a managed key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configured in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, it fetches the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSKEY RRset directly from the zone apex, and validates it
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews using the key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span>
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews statement. If the DNSKEY RRset is validly signed, then it is
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews used as the basis for a new managed keys database.
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews From that point on, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs, it
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews sees the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, checks to
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews make sure RFC 5011 key maintenance has already been initialized
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews for the specified domain, and if so, it simply moves on. The
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> is not
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews used to validate answers; it has been superseded by the key or
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews keys stored in the managed keys database.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews The next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs after a name
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews has been <span class="emphasis"><em>removed</em></span> from the
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, the corresponding
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews zone will be removed from the managed keys database,
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews and RFC 5011 key maintenance will no longer be used for that
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only maintains a single managed keys
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater database; consequently, unlike <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>,
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> may only be set at the top
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews level of <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, not within a view.
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews In the current implementation, the managed keys database is
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews stored as a master-format zone file called
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>. When the key database
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is changed, the zone is updated. As with any other dynamic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone, changes will be written into a journal file,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind.jnl</code>. They are committed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the master file as soon as possible afterward; in the case
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the managed key database, this will usually occur within 30
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein seconds. So, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is using
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatic key maintenance, those two files can be expected to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exist in the working directory. (For this reason among others,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the working directory should be always be writable by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span> option is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will automatically initialize a managed key for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein root zone. Similarly, if the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option is set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will automatically initialize
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a managed key for the zone <code class="literal">dlv.isc.org</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In both cases, the key that is used to initialize the key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maintenance process is built into <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and can be overridden from <span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="view_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match-clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match-destinations { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater match-recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_option</code></em>; ...</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_statement</code></em>; ...</span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<a name="id2592412"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement is a powerful
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 that lets a name server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answer a DNS query differently
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein implementing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement defines a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a view if its source IP address matches the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the view's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> clause and its
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein destination IP address matches
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span> clause. If not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, both
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can also take <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> which provide an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein mechanism for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client to select the view. A view can also be specified
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as <span><strong class="command">match-recursive-only</strong></span>, which
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews means that only recursive
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews requests from matching clients will match that view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The order of the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements is
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews significant —
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews a client request will be resolved in the context of the first
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> that it matches.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews Zones defined within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater statement will
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater only be accessible to clients that match the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater By defining a zone of the same name in multiple views, different
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater zone data can be given to different clients, for example,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and "external" clients in a split DNS setup.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Many of the options given in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can also be used within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement, and then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein view-specific
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is given, the value in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement; these
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein view-specific defaults
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein take precedence over those in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Views are class specific. If no class is given, class IN
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If there are no <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file, a default view that matches any client is automatically
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews in class IN. Any <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews specified on
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews the top level of the configuration file are considered to be part
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews this default view, and the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews statement will
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews apply to the default view. If any explicit <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews statements are present, all <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews statements must
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews occur inside <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews using <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // This should match our internal networks.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // Provide recursive service to internal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // clients only.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recursion yes;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // Provide a complete view of the example.com
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // zone including addresses of internal hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type master;
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updaterview "external" {
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater // Match all clients not matched by the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater // previous view.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater match-clients { any; };
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater // Refuse recursive service to external clients.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater // Provide a restricted view of the example.com
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater // zone containing only publicly accessible hosts.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<a name="zone_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-policy <em class="replaceable"><code>local</code></em> | { <em class="replaceable"><code>update_policy_rule</code></em> [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-mx (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> auto-dnssec <code class="constant">allow</code>|<code class="constant">maintain</code>|<code class="constant">off</code>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> inline-signing <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> serial-update-method <code class="constant">increment</code>|<code class="constant">unixtime</code>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updaterzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-update-mode ( <em class="replaceable"><code>maintain</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>no-resign</code></em> ); </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> also-notify [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> auto-dnssec <code class="constant">allow</code>|<code class="constant">maintain</code>|<code class="constant">off</code>; </span>]
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> inline-signing <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>] // Not Implemented.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updaterzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f7b2875691497b292eacb60609be23a813d14e63Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
b7ce89b8ca18904810265cc0074d7d517c9a5c5cAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3ce014e9afe4abc756f9aee363c8f4bfcded9b04Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updaterzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater type static-stub;
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> server-addresses { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> server-names { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> </span>] }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updaterzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrewszone <em class="replaceable"><code>"."</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews type redirect;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewszone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater type delegation-only;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2594193"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<a name="id2594200"></a>Zone Types</h4></div></div></div>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The server has a master copy of the data
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews A slave zone is a replica of a master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone. The <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies one or more IP addresses
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater of master servers that the slave contacts to update
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater its copy of the zone.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Masters list elements can also be names of other
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater masters lists.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater servers; this can
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater be changed for all servers by specifying a port number
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater the IP address.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Authentication to the master can also be done with
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater per-server TSIG keys.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater If a file is specified, then the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater replica will be written to this file whenever the zone
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater and reloaded from this file on a server restart. Use
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater recommended, since it often speeds server startup and
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater numbers (in the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater use a two-level naming scheme for zone filenames. For
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater a slave server for the zone <code class="literal">example.com</code> might place
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater the zone contents into a file called
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">ex/example.com</code> where <code class="filename">ex/</code> is
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater just the first two letters of the zone name. (Most
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein operating systems
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behave very slowly if you put 100000 files into
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater a single directory.)
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews A stub zone is similar to a slave zone,
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews except that it replicates only the NS records of a
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews master zone instead
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein they are a feature specific to the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> implementation.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews zone entry and
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews a set of name server addresses in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews This usage is not recommended for new configurations,
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews supports it only in a limited way.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4/8, zone
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews transfers of a parent zone
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews included the NS records from stub children of that
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews zone. This meant
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that, in some cases, users could get away with
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater configuring child stubs
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater only in the master server for the parent zone. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater 9 never mixes together zone data from different zones
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater way. Therefore, if a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 master serving a parent
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater zone has child stub zones configured, all the slave
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater servers for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein parent zone also need to have the same child stub
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews of a given domain to use a particular set of
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater authoritative servers.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater For example, the caching name servers on a private
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network using
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RFC1918 addressing may be configured with stub zones
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to use a set of internal name servers as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers for that domain.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A static-stub zone is similar to a stub zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the following exceptions:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone data is statically configured, rather
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein than transferred from a master server;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when recursion is necessary for a query that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matches a static-stub zone, the locally
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configured data (nameserver names and glue addresses)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is always used even if different authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein information is cached.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone data is configured via the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> and
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> zone options.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The zone data is maintained in the form of NS
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and (if necessary) glue A or AAAA RRs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein internally, which can be seen by dumping zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein databases by <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb -all</strong></span>.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater The configured RRs are considered local configuration
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater parameters rather than public data.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater Non recursive queries (i.e., those with the RD
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater bit off) to a static-stub zone are therefore
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater prohibited and will be responded with REFUSED.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater Since the data is statically configured, no
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater zone maintenance action takes place for a static-stub
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater For example, there is no periodic refresh
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater attempt, and an incoming notify message
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater will be rejected with an rcode of NOTAUTH.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater Each static-stub zone is configured with
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater internally generated NS and (if necessary)
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater glue A or AAAA RRs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A "forward zone" is a way to configure
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarding on a per-domain basis. A <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> can
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews contain a <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews and/or <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which will apply to queries within the domain given by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. If no <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement is present or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an empty list for <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span> is given, then no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any forwarders in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement. Thus
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if you want to use this type of zone to change the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behavior of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein global <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> option
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews (that is, "forward first"
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews to, then "forward only", or vice versa, but want to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use the same
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews global forwarders.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews The initial set of root name servers is
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews specified using a "hint zone". When the server starts
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews the root hints to find a root name server and get the
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews list of root name servers. If no hint zone is
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews specified for class
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews servers hints.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews Redirect zones are used to provide answers to
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews queries when normal resolution would result in
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews NXDOMAIN being returned.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews Only one redirect zone is supported
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews per view. <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> can be
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews used to restrict which clients see these answers.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater If the client has requested DNSSEC records (DO=1) and
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater the NXDOMAIN response is signed then no substitution
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater To redirect all NXDOMAIN responses to
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater 100.100.100.2 and
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater 2001:ffff:ffff::100.100.100.2, one would
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater configure a type redirect zone named ".",
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater with the zone file containing wildcard records
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater that point to the desired addresses:
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <code class="literal">"*. IN A 100.100.100.2"</code>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <code class="literal">"*. IN AAAA 2001:ffff:ffff::100.100.100.2"</code>.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater To redirect all Spanish names (under .ES) one
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater would use similar entries but with the names
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater "*.ES." instead of "*.". To redirect all
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater commercial Spanish names (under COM.ES) one
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater would use wildcard entries called "*.COM.ES.".
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater Note that the redirect zone supports all
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater possible types; it is not limited to A and
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <code class="varname">delegation-only</code>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater This is used to enforce the delegation-only
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM,
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater NET, ORG). Any answer that is received
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater without an explicit or implicit delegation
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater in the authority section will be treated
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater zone apex. This should not be applied to
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <code class="varname">delegation-only</code> has no
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater effect on answers received from forwarders.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<a name="id2594795"></a>Class</h4></div></div></div>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater The zone's name may optionally be followed by a class. If
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater a class is not specified, class <code class="literal">IN</code> (for <code class="varname">Internet</code>),
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews The <code class="literal">hesiod</code> class is
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews named for an information service from MIT's Project Athena. It
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews used to share information about various systems databases, such
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews a synonym for hesiod.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews Another MIT development is Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specified with the <code class="literal">CHAOS</code> class.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<a name="id2594897"></a>Zone Options</h4></div></div></div>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater Specifies a "Simple Secure Update" policy. See
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater Only meaningful if <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater active for this zone. The set of machines that will
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">DNS NOTIFY</code> message
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>. A port
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater may be specified
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater with each <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater address to send the notify
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater messages to a port other than the default of 53.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater A TSIG key may also be specified to cause the
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">NOTIFY</code> to be signed by the
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> is not
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater meaningful for stub zones.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater The default is the empty list.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater This option is used to restrict the character set and
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater received from the
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater network. The default varies according to zone type. For <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>. For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater zones the default is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater It is not implemented for <span><strong class="command">hint</strong></span> zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater See the description of
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span></span></dt>
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify the type of database to be used for storing the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone data. The string following the <span><strong class="command">database</strong></span> keyword
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The first word
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein identifies the database type, and any subsequent words are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the database type.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>"rbt"</code></strong>, BIND 9's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein native in-memory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein red-black-tree database. This database does not take
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Other values are possible if additional database drivers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the distribution but none are linked in by default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The flag only applies to hint and stub zones. If set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the zone will also be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein treated as if it is also a delegation-only type zone.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list. The <span><strong class="command">only</strong></span> value causes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the lookup to fail
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while <span><strong class="command">first</strong></span> would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allow a normal lookup to be tried.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used to override the list of global forwarders.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If it is not specified in a zone of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein no forwarding is done for the zone and the global options are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify the name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the transaction log (journal) file for dynamic update
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and constructs the name of the journal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file by appending "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>"
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the name of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-tmp-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Was an undocumented option in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Ignored in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">journal</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow the default journal's filename to be overridden.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is the zone's filename with "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>" appended.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is applicable to <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_resource_limits" title="Server Resource Limits">the section called “Server Resource Limits”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pubkey</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein intended for specifying
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a public zone key for verification of signatures in DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zones when they are loaded from disk. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 does not verify signatures
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on load and ignores the option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, the server will keep
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein information for this zone, which can be dumped to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> defined in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server options.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is a list of IP addresses to which queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should be sent in recursive resolution for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A non empty list for this option will internally
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews configure the apex NS RR with associated glue A or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein static-stub zone with 192.0.2.1 and 2001:db8::1234
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the following RRs will be internally configured.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS example.com.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews These records are internally used to resolve
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein names under the static-stub zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For instance, if the server receives a query for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will initiate recursive resolution and send
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is a list of domain names of nameservers that
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews act as authoritative servers of the static-stub
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These names will be resolved to IP addresses when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> needs to send queries to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein these servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To make this supplemental resolution successful,
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater these names must not be a subdomain of the origin
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater name of static-stub zone.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater That is, when "example.net" is the origin of a
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater static-stub zone, "ns.example" and
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater "master.example.com" can be specified in the
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option, but
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater "ns.example.net" cannot, and will be rejected by
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater the configuration parser.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater A non empty list for this option will internally
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater configure the apex NS RR with the specified names.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein static-stub zone with "ns1.example.net" and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the following RRs will be internally configured.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS ns1.example.net.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These records are internally used to resolve
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein names under the static-stub zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For instance, if the server receives a query for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein initiate recursive resolution,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "ns2.example.net" to IP addresses, and then send
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein queries to (one or more of) these addresses.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater See the description of
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater See the description in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (Note that the <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>master</code></strong> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>slave</code></strong> choices are not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein available at the zone level.)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zones configured for dynamic DNS may also use this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option to allow varying levels of automatic DNSSEC key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein management. There are three possible settings:
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec allow;</strong></span> permits
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews keys to be updated and the zone fully re-signed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein whenever the user issues the command <span><strong class="command">rndc sign
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain;</strong></span> includes the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein above, but also automatically adjusts the zone's DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys on schedule, according to the keys' timing metadata
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="man.dnssec-keygen.html" title="dnssec-keygen"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></span>(8)</a> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="man.dnssec-settime.html" title="dnssec-settime"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-settime</span></span>(8)</a>). The command
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein repository and sign the zone with all keys that are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein repository and schedule key maintenance events to occur
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the future, but it does not sign the full zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein immediately. Note: once keys have been loaded for a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone the first time, the repository will be searched
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for changes periodically, regardless of whether
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">rndc loadkeys</strong></span> is used. The recheck
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval is defined by
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span>.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default setting is <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec off</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-update-method</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zones configured for dynamic DNS may use this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option to set the update method that will be used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone serial number in the SOA record.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews With the default setting of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-update-method increment;</strong></span>, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SOA serial number will be incremented by one each time
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone is updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-update-method unixtime;</strong></span>, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SOA serial number will be set to the number of seconds
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein since the UNIX epoch, unless the serial number is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein already greater than or equal to that value, in which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case it is simply incremented by one.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">inline-signing</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <code class="literal">yes</code>, this enables
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "bump in the wire" signing of a zone, where a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsigned zone is transferred in or loaded from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disk and a signed version of the zone is served,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with possibly, a different serial number. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behaviour is disabled by default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span> in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="dynamic_update_policies"></a>Dynamic Update Policies</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 supports two alternative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein methods of granting clients the right to perform
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews dynamic updates to a zone, configured by the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> option, respectively.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> clause works the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews same way as in previous versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews It grants given clients the permission to update any
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews record of any name in the zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> clause
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews allows more fine-grained control over what updates are
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews allowed. A set of rules is specified, where each rule
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews either grants or denies permissions for one or more
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews names to be updated by one or more identities. If
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the dynamic update request message is signed (that is,
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater it includes either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater identity of the signer can be determined.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Rules are specified in the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater zone option, and are only meaningful for master zones.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater When the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater is present, it is a configuration error for the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> statement to be
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater present. The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater only examines the signer of a message; the source
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater address is not relevant.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater There is a pre-defined <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater rule which can be switched on with the command
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-policy local;</strong></span>.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Switching on this rule in a zone causes
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to generate a TSIG session
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater key and place it in a file, and to allow that key
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater to update the zone. (By default, the file is
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>, the key
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater name is "local-ddns" and the key algorithm is HMAC-SHA256,
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater but these values are configurable with the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span>,
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span> and
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span> options, respectively).
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater A client running on the local system, and with appropriate
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater permissions, may read that file and use the key to sign update
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater requests. The zone's update policy will be set to allow that
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater key to change any record within the zone. Assuming the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater key name is "local-ddns", this policy is equivalent to:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">update-policy { grant local-ddns zonesub any; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The command <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span> sends update
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests to localhost, and signs them using the session key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Other rule definitions look like this:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein( <span><strong class="command">grant</strong></span> | <span><strong class="command">deny</strong></span> ) <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>types</code></em> </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein granted or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is matched when the signer matches the identity field, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name matches the name field in accordance with the nametype
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field, and the type matches the types specified in the type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein No signer is required for <em class="replaceable"><code>tcp-self</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <em class="replaceable"><code>6to4-self</code></em> however the standard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reverse mapping / prefix conversion must match the identity
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The identity field specifies a name or a wildcard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. Normally, this is the name of the TSIG or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the identity of the shared secret is the same as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein identity of the key used to authenticate the TKEY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exchange. TKEY is also the negotiation method used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by GSS-TSIG, which establishes an identity that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the Kerberos principal of the client, such as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>"user@host.domain"</code></strong>. When the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expansion, so the rule will apply to multiple identities.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contain a fully-qualified domain name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For nametypes <code class="varname">krb5-self</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">ms-self</code>, <code class="varname">krb5-subdomain</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <code class="varname">ms-subdomain</code> the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the Windows or Kerberos realm of the machine belongs to.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> field has 13
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">name</code>, <code class="varname">subdomain</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">wildcard</code>, <code class="varname">self</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">selfsub</code>, <code class="varname">selfwild</code>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="varname">krb5-self</code>, <code class="varname">ms-self</code>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="varname">tcp-self</code>, <code class="varname">6to4-self</code>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="varname">zonesub</code>, and <code class="varname">external</code>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Exact-match semantics. This rule matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the name being updated is identical
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the contents of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This rule matches when the name being updated
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is a subdomain of, or identical to, the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews contents of the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This rule is similar to subdomain, except that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it matches when the name being updated is a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein subdomain of the zone in which the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein appears. This obviates the need to type the zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name twice, and enables the use of a standard
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement in
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater multiple zones without modification.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater When this rule is used, the
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field is omitted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this rule matches when the name being updated
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews name is a valid expansion of the wildcard.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater This rule matches when the name being updated
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater matches the contents of the
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater is ignored, but should be the same as the
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater The <code class="varname">self</code> nametype is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein most useful when allowing using one key per
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name to update, where the key has the same
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name as the name to be updated. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be specified as <code class="constant">*</code> (an asterisk) in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein except that subdomains of <code class="varname">self</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews can also be updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein except that only subdomains of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="varname">self</code> can be updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Windows machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Windows machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be matched is specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be matched is specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow updates that have been sent via TCP and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for which the standard mapping from the initiating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein namespaces match the name to be updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow the 6to4 prefix to be update by any TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein connection from the 6to4 network or from the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein corresponding IPv4 address. This is intended
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to allow NS or DNAME RRsets to be added to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reverse tree.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule allows <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to defer the decision of whether to allow a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein given update to an external daemon.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The method of communicating with the daemon is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field, the format of which is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "<code class="constant">local:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>",
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein where <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is the location
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of a UNIX-domain socket. (Currently, "local" is the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only supported mechanism.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Requests to the external daemon are sent over the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein UNIX-domain socket as datagrams with the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Protocol version number (4 bytes, network byte order, currently 1)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Request length (4 bytes, network byte order)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Signer (null-terminated string)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Name (null-terminated string)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TCP source address (null-terminated string)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Rdata type (null-terminated string)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Key (null-terminated string)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TKEY token length (4 bytes, network byte order)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TKEY token (remainder of packet)</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The daemon replies with a four-byte value in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network byte order, containing either 0 or 1; 0
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein indicates that the specified update is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein permitted, and 1 indicates that it is.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In all cases, the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field must specify a fully-qualified domain name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no types are explicitly specified, this rule matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all types except RRSIG, NS, SOA, NSEC and NSEC3. Types
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may be specified by name, including "ANY" (ANY matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all types except NSEC and NSEC3, which can never be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein updated). Note that when an attempt is made to delete
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all records associated with a name, the rules are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked for each existing record type.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2597777"></a>Zone File</h2></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them"></a>Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and implemented in the DNS. These are also included.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2597795"></a>Resource Records</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A domain name identifies a node. Each node has a set of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein information associated with a particular name is composed of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not significant and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that a particular nearby server be tried first. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a> and <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The components of a Resource Record are:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The domain name where the RR is found.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An encoded 16-bit value that specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the type of the resource record.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The time-to-live of the RR. This field
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a 32-bit integer in units of seconds, and is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein primarily used by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein long a RR can
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be cached before it should be discarded.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An encoded 16-bit value that identifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a protocol family or instance of a protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The resource data. The format of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data is type (and sometimes class) specific.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following are <span class="emphasis"><em>types</em></span> of valid RRs:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A host address. In the IN class, this is a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 address. This can be a partial
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address (a suffix) and an indirection to the name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein where the rest of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address (the prefix) can be found. Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2874.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Location of AFS database servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Address prefix list. Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 3123.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Holds a digital certificate.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2538.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the canonical name of an alias.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Is used for identifying which DHCP client is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associated with this name. Described in RFC 4701.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Replaces the domain name specified with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein subtree of the domain name space rather than a single
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as in the case of the CNAME RR.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2672.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores a public key associated with a signed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores the hash of a public key associated with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signed DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the global position. Superseded by LOC.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the CPU and OS used by a host.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Provides a method for storing IPsec keying material in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS. Described in RFC 4025.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Representation of ISDN addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores a public key associated with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS name. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by DNSKEY in DNSSECbis, but still used with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SIG(0). Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies a key exchanger for this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS name. Described in RFC 2230.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies a mail exchange for the domain with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a 16-bit preference value (lower is better)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein followed by the host name of the mail exchange.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A network service access point.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1706.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The authoritative name server for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not exist in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein existing name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs with an owner name in a certain name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval do not exist in a zone and indicate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein what RR types are present for an existing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. NSEC3 differs from NSEC in that it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein prevents zone enumeration but is more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein computationally expensive on both the server
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews and the client than NSEC. Described in RFC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSECbis to tell the authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server which NSEC3 chains are available to use.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 5155.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater Used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater existing name.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by NSEC in
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater Described in RFC 2535.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater A pointer to another part of the domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name space. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addresses. Described in RFC 2163.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information on persons responsible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Contains DNSSECbis signature data. Described
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Route-through binding for hosts that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein do not have their own direct wide area network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Contains DNSSEC signature data. Used in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein original DNSSEC; replaced by RRSIG in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSECbis, but still used for SIG(0).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the start of a zone of authority.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Contains the Sender Policy Framework information
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for a given email domain. Described in RFC 4408.
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater Information about well known network
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782.
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater Provides a way to securely publish a secure shell key's
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater fingerprint. Described in RFC 4255.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Text records. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information about which well known
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network services, such as SMTP, that a domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein supports. Historical.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Representation of X.25 network addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following <span class="emphasis"><em>classes</em></span> of resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are currently valid in the DNS:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The Internet.
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein built-in server information zones, e.g.,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Hesiod, an information service
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein about various systems databases, such as users,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein groups, printers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The remaining RR parts are the fixed header (type, class, TTL)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fits the needs of the resource being described.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The meaning of the TTL field is a time limit on how long an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein order of days for the typical host. If a change can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein inconsistency
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein during the change, and then increased back to its former value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used as "pointers" to other data in the DNS.
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews<a name="id2599282"></a>Textual expression of RRs</h4></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master files was
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews using parentheses.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews readability.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews RR. Class and type use the mnemonics defined above, and TTL is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews an integer before the type field. In order to avoid ambiguity
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews knowledge of the typical representation for the data.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">10 VENERA.ISI.EDU.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">10 VAXA.ISI.EDU</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">VENERA.ISI.EDU</code>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16-bit
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IP address format to contain a 32-bit internet address.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater The above example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Similarly we might see:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">XX.LCS.MIT.EDU.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">MIT.EDU. 2420</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This example shows two addresses for
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">XX.LCS.MIT.EDU</code>, each of a different class.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600075"></a>Discussion of MX Records</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater As described above, domain servers store information as a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater series of resource records, each of which contains a particular
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and stored with some additional type information to help systems
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater determine when the RR is relevant.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater specified in the record is a priority and a domain name. The
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater lowest number first. If two priorities are the same, a server is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning — they are
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater It <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have an associated address record
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (A or AAAA) — CNAME is not sufficient.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the mail will be delivered to the server specified in the MX
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater pointed to by the CNAME.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail2.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail.backup.org.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail2.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Mail delivery will be attempted to <code class="literal">mail.example.com</code> and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail2.example.com</code> (in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to <code class="literal">mail.backup.org</code> will
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="Setting_TTLs"></a>Setting TTLs</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The time-to-live of the RR field is a 32-bit integer represented
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater used in a zone file.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The last field in the SOA is the negative
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater cache no-such-domain
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (NXDOMAIN) responses from you.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The maximum time for
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater negative caching is 3 hours (3h).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The $TTL directive at the top of the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a specific TTL set.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each RR can have a TTL as the second
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater field in the RR, which will control how long other
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater servers can cache
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater can be explicitly specified, for example, <code class="literal">1h30m</code>.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600691"></a>Inverse Mapping in IPv4</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to name) is achieved by means of the <span class="emphasis"><em>in-addr.arpa</em></span> domain
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater least-to-most significant order, read left to right. This is the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater 3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater whose data field is the name of the machine or, optionally,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in the [<span class="optional">example.com</span>] domain:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">2.1.10.in-addr.arpa</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">IN PTR foo.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> lines in the examples
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are for providing context to the examples only — they do not
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that the example is relative to the listed origin.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600818"></a>Other Zone File Directives</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The Master File Format was initially defined in RFC 1035 and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Master File Directives include <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">$TTL.</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600840"></a>The <span><strong class="command">@</strong></span> (at-sign)</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater When used in the label (or name) field, the asperand or
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater at-sign (@) symbol represents the current origin.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater At the start of the zone file, it is the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>> (followed by
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater trailing dot).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600856"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>domain-name</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater sets the domain name that will be appended to any
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater unqualified records. When a zone is first read in there
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is an implicit <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>><span><strong class="command">.</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (followed by trailing dot).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the domain specified in the <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater argument if it is not absolute.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic UpdaterWWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is equivalent to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic UpdaterWWW.EXAMPLE.COM. CNAME MAIN-SERVER.EXAMPLE.COM.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600917"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Read and process the file <code class="filename">filename</code> as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater if it were included into the file at this point. If <span><strong class="command">origin</strong></span> is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater specified the file is processed with <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> set
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to that value, otherwise the current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The origin and the current domain name
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater revert to the values they had prior to the <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> once
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the file has been read.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater RFC 1035 specifies that the current origin should be restored
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater an <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>, but it is silent
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater on whether the current
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater feature, or both.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2600986"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>default-ttl</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with undefined TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is defined in RFC 2308.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2601022"></a><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>range</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>lhs</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>rhs</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is used to create a series of resource records that only
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater differ from each other by an
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater iterator. <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> can be used to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater easily generate the sets of records required to support
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">$ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-2 @ NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0</pre>
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater is equivalent to
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER2.EXAMPLE.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Generate a set of A and MX records. Note the MX's right hand
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater side is a quoted string. The quotes will be stripped when the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater right hand side is processed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$ORIGIN EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ A 1.2.3.$
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ MX "0 ."</pre>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is equivalent to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">HOST-1.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.1
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">range</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This can be one of two forms: start-stop
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater or start-stop/step. If the first form is used, then step
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater 1. All of start, stop and step must be positive.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater describes the owner name of the resource records
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to be created. Any single <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater symbols within the <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> string
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are replaced by the iterator value.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater To get a $ in the output, you need to escape the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> using a backslash
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">\</strong></span>,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater e.g. <span><strong class="command">\$</strong></span>. The
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> may optionally be followed
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater by modifiers which change the offset from the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater iterator, field width and base.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Modifiers are introduced by a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">{</strong></span> (left brace) immediately following the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">${offset[,width[,base]]}</strong></span>.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For example, <span><strong class="command">${-20,3,d}</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater subtracts 20 from the current value, prints the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater result as a decimal in a zero-padded field of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Available output forms are decimal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">d</strong></span>), octal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">o</strong></span>), hexadecimal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">x</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">X</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for uppercase) and nibble
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">n</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">N</strong></span>\
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for uppercase). The default modifier is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">${0,0,d}</strong></span>. If the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> is not absolute, the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater In nibble mode the value will be treated as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater if it was a reversed hexadecimal string
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with each hexadecimal digit as a separate
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater label. The width field includes the label
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For compatibility with earlier versions,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$$</strong></span> is still recognized as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater indicating a literal $ in the output.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Specifies the time-to-live of the generated records. If
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater not specified this will be inherited using the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater normal TTL inheritance rules.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater entered in either order.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Specifies the class of the generated records.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This must match the zone class if it is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater entered in either order.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">type</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Any valid type.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span>, optionally, quoted string.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> directive is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> extension
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and not part of the standard zone file format.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS fields.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="zonefile_format"></a>Additional File Formats</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater In addition to the standard textual format, BIND 9
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater supports the ability to read or dump to zone files in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater other formats.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <code class="constant">raw</code> format is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a binary representation of zone data in a manner similar
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to that used in zone transfers. Since it does not require
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater parsing text, load time is significantly reduced.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater An even faster alternative is the <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater format, which is an image of a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in-memory zone database; it is capable of being loaded
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater directly into memory via the <span><strong class="command">mmap()</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater function; the zone can begin serving queries almost
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For a primary server, a zone file in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">raw</code> or <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater format is expected to be generated from a textual zone
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater file by the <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For a secondary server or for a dynamic zone, it is automatically
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater generated (if this format is specified by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> option) when
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> dumps the zone contents after
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone transfer or when applying prior updates.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater If a zone file in a binary format needs manual modification,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater it first must be converted to a textual form by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command. All
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater necessary modification should go to the text file, which
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater should then be converted to the binary form by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command again.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Note that <span><strong class="command">map</strong></span> format is extremely
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater architecture-specific. A <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater file <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> be used on a system
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with different pointer size, endianness or data alignment
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater than the system on which it was generated, and should in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater general be used only inside a single system.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater While <code class="constant">raw</code> format uses
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater network byte order and avoids architecture-dependent
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater data alignment so that it is as portable as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater possible, it is also primarily expected to be used
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater inside the same single system. To export a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone file in either <code class="constant">raw</code> or
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">map</code> format, or make a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater portable backup of such a file, conversion to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">text</code> format is recommended.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statistics"></a>BIND9 Statistics</h2></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains lots of statistics
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater information and provides several interfaces for users to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater get access to the statistics.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The available statistics include all statistics counters
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that were available in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are meaningful in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and other information that is considered useful.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The statistics information is categorized into the following
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of incoming DNS requests for each OPCODE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of incoming queries for each RR type.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of outgoing queries for each RR
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater type sent from the internal resolver.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about incoming request processing.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters regarding zone maintenance
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater operations such as zone transfers.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about name resolution
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater performed in the internal resolver.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of RRsets per RR type and nonexistent
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater names stored in the cache database.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater If the exclamation mark (!) is printed for a RR
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater type, it means that particular type of RRset is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater known to be nonexistent (this is also known as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater "NXRRSET"). If a hash mark (#) is present then
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the RRset is marked for garbage collection.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about network related events.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater A subset of Name Server Statistics is collected and shown
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater per zone for which the server has the authority when
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span> is set to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater These statistics counters are shown with their zone and view
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater In some cases the view names are omitted for the default view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater There are currently two user interfaces to get access to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater One is in the plain text format dumped to the file specified
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater by the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> configuration option.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The other is remotely accessible via a statistics channel
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater when the <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is specified in the configuration file
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels" title="statistics-channels Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>.)
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statsfile"></a>The Statistics File</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The text format statistics dump begins with a line, like:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">+++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949)</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number in parentheses is a standard
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that line is a set of statistics information, which is categorized
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater as described above.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each section begins with a line, like:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">++ Name Server Statistics ++</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each section consists of lines, each containing the statistics
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater counter value followed by its textual description.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater See below for available counters.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For brevity, counters that have a value of 0 are not shown
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in the statistics file.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The statistics dump ends with the line where the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater number is identical to the number in the beginning line; for example:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">--- Statistics Dump --- (973798949)</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statistics_counters"></a>Statistics Counters</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The following tables summarize statistics counters that
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For each row of the tables, the leftmost column is the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater abbreviated symbol name of that counter.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater These symbols are shown in the statistics information
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater accessed via an HTTP statistics channel.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The rightmost column gives the description of the counter,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater which is also shown in the statistics file
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (but, in this document, possibly with slight modification
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for better readability).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Additional notes may also be provided in this column.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater When a middle column exists between these two columns,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater it gives the corresponding counter name of the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 statistics, if applicable.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2602017"></a>Name Server Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND8 Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv4</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater IPv4 requests received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Note: this also counts non query requests.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv6</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater IPv6 requests received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Note: this also counts non query requests.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqEdns0</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requests with EDNS(0) received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadEDNSVer</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Requests with unsupported EDNS version received.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTSIG</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Requests with TSIG received.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqSIG0</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Requests with SIG(0) received.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadSIG</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Requests with invalid (TSIG or SIG(0)) signature.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTCP</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RTCP</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater TCP requests received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Authoritative (non recursive) queries rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RURQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Recursive queries rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">XfrRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUXFR</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Zone transfer requests rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUUpd</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic update requests rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Response</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SAns</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespTruncated</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Truncated responses sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespEDNS0</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Responses with EDNS(0) sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespTSIG</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Responses with TSIG sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespSIG0</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Responses with SIG(0) sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QrySuccess</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in a successful answer.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This means the query which returns a NOERROR response
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater with at least one answer RR.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">success</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryAuthAns</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in authoritative answer.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNoauthAns</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SNaAns</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in non authoritative answer.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryReferral</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in referral answer.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">referral</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNxrrset</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in NOERROR responses with no data.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxrrset</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QrySERVFAIL</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFail</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in SERVFAIL.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryFORMERR</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFErr</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in FORMERR.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNXDOMAIN</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SNXD</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries resulted in NXDOMAIN.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxdomain</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryRecursion</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RFwdQ</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries which caused the server
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater to perform recursion in order to find the final answer.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryDuplicate</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RDupQ</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Queries which the server attempted to
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater recurse but discovered an existing query with the same
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IP address, port, query ID, name, type and class
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater already being processed.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">duplicate</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryDropped</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Recursive queries for which the server
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater discovered an excessive number of existing
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater recursive queries for the same name, type and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater class and were subsequently dropped.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This is the number of dropped queries due to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the reason explained with the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (see the description about
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#clients-per-query"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span></a>.)
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dropped</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryFailure</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Other query failures.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This corresponds to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">failure</strong></span> counter
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of previous versions of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: this counter is provided mainly for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein backward compatibility with the previous versions.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Normally a more fine-grained counters such as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews that would also fall into this counter are provided,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and so this counter would not be of much
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews interest in practice.
<a name="id2605705"></a>Compatibility with <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND</em></span> 8 Counters</h4></div></div></div>
<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter�5.�The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Lightweight Resolver�</td>