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990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User - Copyright (C) 2004-2015 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
75c0816e8295e180f4bc7f10db3d0d880383bc1cMark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
4a14ce5ba00ab7bc55c99ffdcf59c7a4ab902721Automatic Updater - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<title>Chapter�6.�BIND 9 Configuration Reference</title>
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71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</th></tr>
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<a name="Bv9ARM.ch06"></a>Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</h2></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements">Configuration File Elements</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists">Address Match Lists</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2573297">Comment Syntax</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Configuration_File_Grammar">Configuration File Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574162"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#acl"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574420"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574779"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574796"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574888"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574912"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575005"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575141"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577347"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577444"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577608"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577725"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577747"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2592436"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#trusted-keys"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2592785"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2592838"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#managed-keys"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2593205"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2595221"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2598983">Zone File</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them">Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2601145">Discussion of MX Records</a></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Setting_TTLs">Setting TTLs</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2601761">Inverse Mapping in IPv4</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2601888">Other Zone File Directives</a></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2602229"><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</a></span></dt>
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format">Additional File Formats</a></span></dt>
507151045be68c671ffd4e2f37e17cdfa0376fc4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics">BIND9 Statistics</a></span></dt>
507151045be68c671ffd4e2f37e17cdfa0376fc4Automatic Updater<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics_counters">Statistics Counters</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration is broadly similar
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews to <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8; however, there are a few new
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews of configuration, such as views. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews 8 configuration files should work with few alterations in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 9, although more complex configurations should be reviewed to check
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if they can be more efficiently implemented using the new features
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews found in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4 configuration files can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein converted to the new format
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using the shell script
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">contrib/named-bootconf/named-bootconf.sh</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="configuration_file_elements"></a>Configuration File Elements</h2></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews Following is a list of elements used throughout the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file documentation:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The name of an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defined by the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A list of one or more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">ip_prefix</code>, <code class="varname">key_id</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <code class="varname">acl_name</code> elements, see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews A named list of one or more <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews with optional <code class="varname">key_id</code> and/or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews A <code class="varname">masters_list</code> may include other
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A quoted string which will be used as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a DNS name, for example "<code class="literal">my.test.domain</code>".
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater A list of one or more <code class="varname">domain_name</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One to four integers valued 0 through
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 255 separated by dots (`.'), such as <span><strong class="command">123</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">45.67</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">89.123.45.67</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IPv4 address with exactly four elements
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <code class="varname">dotted_decimal</code> notation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IPv6 address, such as <span><strong class="command">2001:db8::1234</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews scope zones must be disambiguated by an appropriate
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews zone ID with the percent character (`%') as
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews delimiter. It is strongly recommended to use
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews string zone names rather than numeric identifiers,
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews in order to be robust against system configuration
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews changes. However, since there is no standard
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews mapping for such names and identifier values,
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews currently only interface names as link identifiers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews interfaces and links. For example, a link-local
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews address <span><strong class="command">fe80::1</strong></span> on the link
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews attached to the interface <span><strong class="command">ne0</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can be specified as <span><strong class="command">fe80::1%ne0</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews Note that on most systems link-local addresses
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews always have the ambiguity, and need to be
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews disambiguated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <code class="varname">ip4_addr</code> or <code class="varname">ip6_addr</code>.
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User A <code class="varname">number</code> between 0 and 63, used
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User to select a differentiated services code point (DSCP)
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User value for use with outgoing traffic on operating systems
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User that support DSCP.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews The <code class="varname">number</code> is limited to 0
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein through 65535, with values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews In some cases, an asterisk (`*') character can be used as a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein placeholder to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein select a random high-numbered port.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An IP network specified as an <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein followed by a slash (`/') and then the number of bits in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Trailing zeros in a <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may omitted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, <span><strong class="command">127/8</strong></span> is the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network <span><strong class="command">127.0.0.0</strong></span> with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein netmask <span><strong class="command">255.0.0.0</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0/28</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0</strong></span> with netmask <span><strong class="command">255.255.255.240</strong></span>.
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews When specifying a prefix involving a IPv6 scoped address
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews the scope may be omitted. In that case the prefix will
ceeb18e6907a10547859faa340ecad83bedae90cMark Andrews match packets from any scope.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <code class="varname">domain_name</code> representing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A list of one or more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews A non-negative 32-bit integer
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Its acceptable value might further
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be limited by the context in which it is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A quoted string which will be used as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a pathname, such as <code class="filename">zones/master/my.test.domain</code>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater A list of an <code class="varname">ip_port</code> or a port
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater A port range is specified in the form of
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>range</code></strong> followed by
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater two <code class="varname">ip_port</code>s,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_high</code>, which represents
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater port numbers from <code class="varname">port_low</code> through
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_high</code>, inclusive.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">port_low</code> must not be larger than
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>range 1024 65535</code></strong> represents
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater ports from 1024 through 65535.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater In either case an asterisk (`*') character is not
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater allowed as a valid <code class="varname">ip_port</code>.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User A 64-bit unsigned integer, or the keywords
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong> or
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>default</code></strong>.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User Integers may take values
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User 0 <= value <= 18446744073709551615, though
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User certain parameters
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User (such as <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span>) may
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User use a more limited range within these extremes.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User In most cases, setting a value to 0 does not
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User literally mean zero; it means "undefined" or
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User "as big as possible", depending on the context.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User See the explanations of particular parameters
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User that use <code class="varname">size_spec</code>
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User for details on how they interpret its use.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User Numeric values can optionally be followed by a
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User scaling factor:
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>K</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>k</code></strong>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for kilobytes,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>M</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>m</code></strong>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for megabytes, and
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>G</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>g</code></strong>
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User for gigabytes, which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User 1024*1024*1024 respectively.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <code class="varname">unlimited</code> generally means
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User "as big as possible", and is usually the best
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User way to safely set a very large number.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User uses the limit that was in force when the server was started.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Either <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The words <strong class="userinput"><code>true</code></strong> and <strong class="userinput"><code>false</code></strong> are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also accepted, as are the numbers <strong class="userinput"><code>1</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <strong class="userinput"><code>0</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein One of <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When used in a zone, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>, and <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are restricted to slave and stub zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="address_match_lists"></a>Address Match Lists</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2573131"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><code class="varname">address_match_list</code> = address_match_list_element ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> address_match_list_element; ... </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<code class="varname">address_match_list_element</code> = [<span class="optional"> ! </span>] (ip_address [<span class="optional">/length</span>] |
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2573159"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Address match lists are primarily used to determine access
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein control for various server operations. They are also used in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews statements. The elements which constitute an address match
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews list can be any of the following:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a key ID, as defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<li>the name of an address match list defined with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<li>a nested address match list enclosed in braces</li>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (`!'),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the match list names "any", "none", "localhost", and
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews "localnets" are predefined. More information on those names
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews can be found in the description of the acl statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to validate access without regard to a host or network address.
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews Nonetheless, the term "address match list" is still used
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews throughout the documentation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a given IP address or prefix is compared to an address
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews match list, the comparison takes place in approximately O(1)
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews time. However, key comparisons require that the list of keys
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews be traversed until a matching key is found, and therefore may
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews be somewhat slower.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater used for access control, defining <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> ports, or in a
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>, and whether the element was negated.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When used as an access control list, a non-negated match
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews allows access and a negated match denies access. If
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews there is no match, access is denied. The clauses
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span>,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span>,
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span>,
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>,
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>,
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>, and
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span> all use address match
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater lists. Similarly, the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option will cause the
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews server to refuse queries on any of the machine's
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews addresses which do not match the list.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater Order of insertion is significant. If more than one element
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews in an ACL is found to match a given IP address or prefix,
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews preference will be given to the one that came
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span> in the ACL definition.
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews Because of this first-match behavior, an element that
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews defines a subset of another element in the list should
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews come before the broader element, regardless of whether
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews either is negated. For example, in
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13;</strong></span>
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews the 1.2.3.13 element is completely useless because the
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews algorithm will match any lookup for 1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews element. Using <span><strong class="command">! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24</strong></span> fixes
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation, but
4556ad3a270bf049b3225433a402666aaffe3c36Mark Andrews all other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2573297"></a>Comment Syntax</h3></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 comment syntax allows for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein comments to appear
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews anywhere that whitespace may appear in a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2573380"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">/* This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C */</pre>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">// This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C++</pre>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"># This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in common UNIX shells
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater# and perl</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2573410"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Comments may appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a portion of a line or to span multiple lines.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is not valid because the entire comment ends with the first */:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">/* This is the start of a comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is still part of the comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce/* This is an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is no longer in any comment. */
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">// This is the start of a comment. The next line
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce// is a new comment, even though it is logically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce// part of the previous comment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the character <code class="literal">#</code> (number sign)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and continue to the end of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein physical line, as in C++ comments.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"># This is the start of a comment. The next line
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce# is a new comment, even though it is logically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce# part of the previous comment.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein You cannot use the semicolon (`;') character
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to start a comment such as you would in a zone file. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein semicolon indicates the end of a configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="Configuration_File_Grammar"></a>Configuration File Grammar</h2></div></div></div>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews A <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration consists of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements and comments.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein terminated with a semicolon.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following statements are supported:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a named IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching list, for access control and other uses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein declares control channels to be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein includes a file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies key information for use in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authentication and authorization using TSIG.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies what the server logs, and where
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the log messages are sent.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configures <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews also act as a light-weight resolver daemon (<span><strong class="command">lwresd</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a named masters list for
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater inclusion in stub and slave zones'
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> or
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> lists.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein controls global server configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options and sets defaults for other statements.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span></p>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater sets certain configuration options on
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater a per-server basis.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span></p>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater declares communication channels to get access to
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> statistics.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines trusted DNSSEC keys.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span></p>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater lists DNSSEC keys to be kept up to date
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater using RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defines a zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statements may only occur once
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User<a name="id2574162"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> acl-name {
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews address_match_list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="acl"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement assigns a symbolic
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following ACLs are built-in:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">any</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches all hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">none</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches no hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interfaces on the system. When addresses are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein added or removed, the <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ACL element is updated to reflect the changes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for which the system has an interface.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When addresses are added or removed,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ACL element is updated to reflect the changes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prefix
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein local IPv6 addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In such a case, <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only matches the local
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 addresses, just like <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<a name="id2574420"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> {
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> }
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User [ inet ...; ]
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User [ unix <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> perm <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> owner <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> group <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User [ unix ...; ]
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<a name="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User The <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement declares control
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User channels to be used by system administrators to control the
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User operation of the name server. These control channels are
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User used by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility to send
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User commands to and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code> (asterisk) is
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
02bd0d97b8e0193e229b16446b65bdb4c84ce33eTinderbox User accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User If you will only use <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> on the local host,
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User using the loopback address (<code class="literal">127.0.0.1</code>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User or <code class="literal">::1</code>) is recommended for maximum security.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User If no port is specified, port 953 is used. The asterisk
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User The ability to issue commands over the control channel is
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User restricted by the <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> and
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clauses.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User Connections to the control channel are permitted based on the
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>. This is for simple
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User IP address based filtering only; any <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User elements of the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <span><strong class="command">unix</strong></span> control channel is a UNIX domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein socket listening at the specified path in the file system.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Access to the socket is specified by the <span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>,
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">owner</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">group</strong></span> clauses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note on some platforms (SunOS and Solaris) the permissions
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>) are applied to the parent directory
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater as the permissions on the socket itself are ignored.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The primary authorization mechanism of the command
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater channel is the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>, which
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews contains a list of <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>s.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> in the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is authorized to execute commands over the control channel.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#rndc">Remote Name Daemon Control application</a> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#admin_tools" title="Administrative Tools">the section called “Administrative Tools”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for information about configuring keys in <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement is present,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will set up a default
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and its IPv6 counterpart ::1.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In this case, and also when the <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is present but does not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to load the command channel key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from the file <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc</code> (or whatever <code class="varname">sysconfdir</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews was specified as when <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> was built).
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews To create a <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file, run
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong>.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature was created to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews ease the transition of systems from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which did not have digital signatures on its command channel
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews messages and thus did not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews It makes it possible to use an existing <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration file in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 unchanged,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and still have <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> work the same way
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">ndc</strong></span> worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews command <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong> after BIND 9 is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Since the <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 configuration files, this
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews feature does not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have a high degree of configurability. You cannot easily change
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> with your own key if you
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews wish to change
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews those things. The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews also has its
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews permissions set such that only the owner of the file (the user that
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running as) can access it.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews desire greater flexibility in allowing other users to access
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> commands, then you need to create
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> file and make it group
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein readable by a group
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that contains the users who should have access.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews To disable the command channel, use an empty
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement:
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">controls { };</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574779"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>;</pre>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="id2574796"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> statement inserts the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified file at the point where the <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement is encountered. The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement facilitates the administration of configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews others. For example, the statement could include private keys
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that are readable only by the name server.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574888"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein algorithm <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein secret <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2574912"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement defines a shared
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein secret key for use with TSIG (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or the command channel
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement can occur at the
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews of the configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews statement. Keys defined in top-level <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Usage”</a>)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews must be defined at the top level.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em>, also known as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be used in a <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User statement to cause requests sent to that
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching this name, algorithm, and secret.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm_id</code></em> is a string
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that specifies a security/authentication algorithm. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server supports <code class="literal">hmac-md5</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">hmac-sha1</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha224</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha384</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <code class="literal">hmac-sha512</code> TSIG authentication.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Truncated hashes are supported by appending the minimum
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number of required bits preceded by a dash, e.g.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>secret_string</code></em> is the secret
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein encoded string.
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2575005"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ( <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> ( <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> | <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> ) ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein | <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>syslog_facility</code></em>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User | <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein | <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> );
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> (<code class="option">critical</code> | <code class="option">error</code> | <code class="option">warning</code> | <code class="option">notice</code> |
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">info</code> | <code class="option">debug</code> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em> ] | <code class="option">dynamic</code> ); ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">buffered</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>category_name</code></em> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; [ <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; ... ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2575141"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement configures a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein variety of logging options for the name server. Its <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> phrase
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associates output methods, format options and severity levels with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a name that can then be used with the <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> phrase
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to select how various classes of messages are logged.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only one <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement is used to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement,
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews the logging configuration will be:
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews category unmatched { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is started with the
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews <code class="option">-L</code> option, it logs to the specified file
7329012471d165cd3dc4180ad2a0a43de91e7f01Mark Andrews at startup, instead of using syslog. In this case the logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration will be:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category default { default_logfile; default_debug; };
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User category unmatched { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the logging configuration
9aafbfaefbfcaef713dddbf4e83807c282f07b88Tinderbox User is only established when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the entire configuration file has been parsed. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, it was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein established as soon as the <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein regarding syntax errors in the configuration file go to the default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channels, or to standard error if the <code class="option">-g</code> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was specified.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2575206"></a>The <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All log output goes to one or more <span class="emphasis"><em>channels</em></span>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce you can make as many of them as you want.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Every channel definition must include a destination clause that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein says whether messages selected for the channel go to a file, to a
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein discarded. It can optionally also limit the message severity level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that will be accepted by the channel (the default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span>), and whether to include a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>-generated time stamp, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and/or severity level (the default is not to include any).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> destination clause
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> destination clause directs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to a disk file. It can include limitations
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson both on how large the file is allowed to become, and how many
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson of the file will be saved each time the file is opened.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews If you use the <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> log file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option, then
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will retain that many backup
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein versions of the file by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein three old versions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the file <code class="filename">lamers.log</code>, then just
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein before it is opened
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code> is renamed to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">lamers.log.2</code>, <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code> is renamed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code>, and <code class="filename">lamers.log</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein renamed to <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code>.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User You can say <span><strong class="command">versions unlimited</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the number of versions.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option is associated with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the log file,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then renaming is only done when the file being opened exceeds the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein log file is simply appended.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option for files is used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to limit log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein growth. If the file ever exceeds the size, then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stop writing to the file unless it has a <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the files are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein described above and a new one begun. If there is no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option, no more data will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be written to the log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein less than the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Example usage of the <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> options:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel an_example_channel {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein print-time yes;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein print-category yes;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> destination clause
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channel to the system log. Its argument is a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein syslog facility as described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> man
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein page. Known facilities are <span><strong class="command">kern</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">user</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">mail</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">auth</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">lpr</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">news</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">uucp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">cron</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">authpriv</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ftp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local0</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local1</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local2</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local3</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local4</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local5</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local6</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">local7</strong></span>, however not all facilities
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are supported on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all operating systems.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein How <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> will handle messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this facility is described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> man
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only uses two arguments to the <span><strong class="command">openlog()</strong></span> function,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then this clause is silently ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein On Windows machines syslog messages are directed to the EventViewer.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> clause works like <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>'s
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "priorities", except that they can also be used if you are writing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein straight to a file rather than using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be accepted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you are using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, then the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> priorities
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will also determine what eventually passes through. For example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defining a channel facility and severity as <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only logging <span><strong class="command">daemon.warning</strong></span> via <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cause messages of severity <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notice</strong></span> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> writing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages of only <span><strong class="command">warning</strong></span> or higher,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then <span><strong class="command">syslogd</strong></span> would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein print all messages it received from the channel.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span> destination clause
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein channel to the server's standard error stream. This is intended
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use when the server is running as a foreground process, for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when debugging a configuration.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server can supply extensive debugging information when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it is in debugging mode. If the server's global debug level is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein level is set either by starting the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the <code class="option">-d</code> flag followed by a positive integer,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or by running <span><strong class="command">rndc trace</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The global debug level
8a8a1fe98c89d0c683387b15a93b36ee7fe34b77Tinderbox User can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running <span><strong class="command">rndc
8a8a1fe98c89d0c683387b15a93b36ee7fe34b77Tinderbox Usernotrace</strong></span>. All debugging messages in the server have a debug
8a8a1fe98c89d0c683387b15a93b36ee7fe34b77Tinderbox User level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that specify a specific debug severity, for example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel specific_debug_level {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity debug 3;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein level. Channels with <span><strong class="command">dynamic</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity use the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's global debug level to determine what messages to print.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> has been turned on,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the date and time will be logged. <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be specified for a <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> channel,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but is usually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein pointless since <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> also logs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the date and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein time. If <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requested, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein three <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="computeroutput">28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">buffered</strong></span> has been turned on the output
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to files will not be flushed after each log entry. By default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all log messages are flushed.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein There are four predefined channels that are used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>'s default logging as follows.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is started with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce fifth channel <span><strong class="command">default_logfile</strong></span> is added.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce How they are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_category_phrase" title="The category Phrase">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel default_syslog {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // send to syslog's daemon facility
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein syslog daemon;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // only send priority info and higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel default_debug {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // write to named.run in the working directory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // Note: stderr is used instead of "named.run" if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // the server is started with the '-g' option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // log at the server's current debug level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity dynamic;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel default_stderr {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // writes to stderr
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // only send priority info and higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel null {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // toss anything sent to this channel
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinchannel default_logfile {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this channel is only present if named is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // started with the -L option, whose argument
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // provides the file name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // log at the server's current debug level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity dynamic;
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">default_debug</strong></span> channel has the
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson property that it only produces output when the server's debug
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater nonzero. It normally writes to a file called <code class="filename">named.run</code>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater in the server's working directory.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater For security reasons, when the <code class="option">-u</code>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater command line option is used, the <code class="filename">named.run</code> file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is created only after <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson changed to the
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson new UID, and any debug output generated while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater to capture this output, you must run the server with the <code class="option">-L</code>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater option to specify a default logfile, or the <code class="option">-g</code>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater option to log to standard error which you can redirect to a file.
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson Once a channel is defined, it cannot be redefined. Thus you
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="the_category_phrase"></a>The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you don't want. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein you don't specify a list of channels for a category, then log
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in that category will be sent to the <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span> category
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein instead. If you don't specify a default category, the following
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "default default" is used:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you start <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">-L</code> option then the default category is:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">category default { default_logfile; default_debug; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As an example, let's say you want to log security events to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a file, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. You'd
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify the following:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">channel my_security_channel {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file "my_security_file";
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein severity info;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeincategory security {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein my_security_channel;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default_syslog;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default_debug;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To discard all messages in a category, specify the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">category xfer-out { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeincategory notify { null; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Following are the available categories and brief descriptions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the types of log information they contain. More
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein categories may be added in future <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> releases.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">default</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default category defines the logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options for those categories where no specific
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration has been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">general</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The catch-all. Many things still aren't
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein classified into categories, and they all end up here.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Messages relating to the databases used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein internally by the name server to store zone and cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">security</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Approval and denial of requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">config</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Configuration file parsing and processing.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">resolver</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS resolution, such as the recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-in</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone transfers the server is receiving.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-out</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zone transfers the server is sending.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The NOTIFY protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">client</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Processing of client requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">unmatched</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Messages that <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> was unable to determine the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein class of or for which there was no matching <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A one line summary is also logged to the <span><strong class="command">client</strong></span> category.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This category is best sent to a file or stderr, by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default it is sent to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">network</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Network operations.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">update</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Dynamic updates.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">update-security</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Approval and denial of update requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify where queries should be logged to.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein At startup, specifying the category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span> will also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein enable query logging unless <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> option has been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The query log entry reports the client's IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address and port number, and the query name,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein class and type. Next it reports whether the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Recursion Desired flag was set (+ if set, -
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if not set), if the query was signed (S),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein EDNS was in use (E), if TCP was used (T), if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DO (DNSSEC Ok) was set (D), or if CD (Checking
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Disabled) was set (C). After this the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein destination address the query was sent to is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#62536 (www.example.com): query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE</code>
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews <code class="computeroutput">client ::1#62537 (www.example.net): query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE</code>
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews (The first part of this log message, showing the
919c99b7a47dadd4564eb2b48be2f59216d932fcAutomatic Updater client address/port number and query name, is
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews repeated in all subsequent log messages related
47b6d855e3a569e46ec2481dd1abb62e99752817Mark Andrews to the same query.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information about queries that resulted in some
3c9cf7efb97991f9871bc5633e7ed1cae0932a37Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">dispatch</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Dispatching of incoming packets to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server modules where they are to be processed.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">dnssec</strong></span></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">lame-servers</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Lame servers. These are misconfigurations
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query those servers during resolution.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Delegation only. Logs queries that have been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delegation-only zone or a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span> in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forward, hint or stub zone declaration.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">edns-disabled</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Log queries that have been forced to use plain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS due to timeouts. This is often due to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the remote servers not being RFC 1034 compliant
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (not always returning FORMERR or similar to
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater EDNS queries and other extensions to the DNS
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater when they are not understood). In other words, this is
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater targeted at servers that fail to respond to
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater DNS queries that they don't understand.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: the log message can also be due to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein packet loss. Before reporting servers for
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews non-RFC 1034 compliance they should be re-tested
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews to determine the nature of the non-compliance.
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews This testing should prevent or reduce the
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews number of false-positive reports.
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews Note: eventually <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will have to stop
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews treating such timeouts as due to RFC 1034 non
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews compliance and start treating it as plain
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews packet loss. Falsely classifying packet
12351e0500dff39f56844401fd191a36bcc4a7adMark Andrews loss as due to RFC 1034 non compliance impacts
12351e0500dff39f56844401fd191a36bcc4a7adMark Andrews on DNSSEC validation which requires EDNS for
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews the DNSSEC records to be returned.
12351e0500dff39f56844401fd191a36bcc4a7adMark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">RPZ</strong></span></p>
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews Information about errors in response policy zone files,
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews rewritten responses, and at the highest
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> levels, mere rewriting
f7b41fd9291b8f4dba27e2b57e1d93f0913a4f1dMark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span></p>
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater The start, periodic, and final notices of the
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater rate limiting of a stream of responses are logged at
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span> severity in this category.
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater These messages include a hash value of the domain name
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater of the response and the name itself,
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater except when there is insufficient memory to record
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater the name for the final notice
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater The final notice is normally delayed until about one
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater minute after rate limit stops.
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater A lack of memory can hurry the final notice,
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater in which case it starts with an asterisk (*).
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater Various internal events are logged at debug 1 level
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Rate limiting of individual requests
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User is logged in the <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> category.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">cname</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Logs nameservers that are skipped due to them being
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User a CNAME rather than A / AAAA records.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<a name="id2576827"></a>The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> Category</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> category is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifically intended for debugging purposes: To identify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein why and how specific queries result in responses which
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater indicate an error.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Messages of this category are therefore only logged
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User with <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> levels.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 1 or higher, each response with the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater rcode of SERVFAIL is logged as follows:
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#61502: query failed (SERVFAIL) for www.example.com/IN/AAAA at query.c:3880</code>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This means an error resulting in SERVFAIL was
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater detected at line 3880 of source file
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Log messages of this level will particularly
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater help identify the cause of SERVFAIL for an
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater authoritative server.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 2 or higher, detailed context
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater information of recursive resolutions that resulted in
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater SERVFAIL is logged.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The log message will look like as follows:
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterfetch completed at resolver.c:2970 for www.example.com/A
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterin 30.000183: timed out/success [domain:example.com,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterreferral:2,restart:7,qrysent:8,timeout:5,lame:0,neterr:0,
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updaterbadresp:1,adberr:0,findfail:0,valfail:0]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The first part before the colon shows that a recursive
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater resolution for AAAA records of www.example.com completed
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater in 30.000183 seconds and the final result that led to the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater SERVFAIL was determined at line 2970 of source file
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The following part shows the detected final result and the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater latest result of DNSSEC validation.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The latter is always success when no validation attempt
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In this example, this query resulted in SERVFAIL probably
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater because all name servers are down or unreachable, leading
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater to a timeout in 30 seconds.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater DNSSEC validation was probably not attempted.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The last part enclosed in square brackets shows statistics
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater information collected for this particular resolution
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The <code class="varname">domain</code> field shows the deepest zone
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater that the resolver reached;
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater it is the zone where the error was finally detected.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The meaning of the other fields is summarized in the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater following table.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">referral</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of referrals the resolver received
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater throughout the resolution process.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In the above example this is 2, which are most
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">restart</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of cycles that the resolver tried
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater remote servers at the <code class="varname">domain</code>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater In each cycle the resolver sends one query
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater (possibly resending it, depending on the response)
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater to each known name server of
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">qrysent</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of queries the resolver sent at the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">timeout</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of timeouts since the resolver
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater received the last response.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of lame servers the resolver detected
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater A server is detected to be lame either by an
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater invalid response or as a result of lookup in
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater BIND9's address database (ADB), where lame
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater servers are cached.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">neterr</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of erroneous results that the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater resolver encountered in sending queries
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater One common case is the remote server is
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater unreachable and the resolver receives an ICMP
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater unreachable error message.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">badresp</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater The number of unexpected responses (other than
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">lame</code>) to queries sent by the
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater resolver at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">adberr</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Failures in finding remote server addresses
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater of the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone in the ADB.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater One common case of this is that the remote
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater server's name does not have any address records.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">findfail</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Failures of resolving remote server addresses.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This is a total number of failures throughout
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the resolution process.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater <p><code class="varname">valfail</code></p>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Failures of DNSSEC validation.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Validation failures are counted throughout
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the resolution process (not limited to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone), but should
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater only happen in <code class="varname">domain</code>.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 3 or higher, the same messages
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater as those at the debug 1 level are logged for other errors
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater than SERVFAIL.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Note that negative responses such as NXDOMAIN are not
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater regarded as errors here.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater At the debug levels of 4 or higher, the same messages
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater as those at the debug 2 level are logged for other errors
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater than SERVFAIL.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater Unlike the above case of level 3, messages are logged for
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater negative responses.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This is because any unexpected results can be difficult to
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater debug in the recursion case.
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater<a name="id2577347"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span>
1fdd2470b625a58b57d0b155e6caf8c4fc0afe8aAutomatic Updater statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ;
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> view <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> search { <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ndots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> lwres-tasks <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> lwres-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2577444"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statement configures the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server to also act as a lightweight resolver server. (See
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User <a href="Bv9ARM.ch05.html#lwresd" title="Running a Resolver Daemon">the section called “Running a Resolver Daemon”</a>.) There may be multiple
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statements configuring
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lightweight resolver servers with different properties.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statement specifies a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv4 addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolver daemon
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should accept requests on. If no port is specified, port 921 is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement binds this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein instance of a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It provides a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list of domains
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which are appended to relative names in queries.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It indicates the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exact match lookup before search path elements are appended.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <code class="option">lwres-tasks</code> statement specifies the number
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of worker threads the lightweight resolver will dedicate to serving
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients. By default the number is the same as the number of CPUs on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the system; this can be overridden using the <code class="option">-n</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein command line option when starting the server.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User The <code class="option">lwres-clients</code> specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the number of client objects per thread the lightweight
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User resolver should create to serve client queries.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater By default, if the lightweight resolver runs as a part
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, 256 client objects are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein created for each task; if it runs as <span><strong class="command">lwresd</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 1024 client objects are created for each thread. The maximum
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is 32768; higher values will be silently ignored and
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User the maximum will be used instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that setting too high a value may overconsume
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system resources.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater The maximum number of client queries that the lightweight
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolver can handle at any one time equals
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">lwres-tasks</code> times <code class="option">lwres-clients</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2577608"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> |
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2577725"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lists allow for a common set of masters to be easily used by
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater multiple stub and slave zones in their <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews or <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> lists.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<a name="id2577747"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
54e57d8ff46096e9c6a9af95f2522b56cb3877b2Automatic Updater This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
54e57d8ff46096e9c6a9af95f2522b56cb3877b2Automatic Updater statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> attach-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> version <em class="replaceable"><code>version_string</code></em>; </span>]
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> hostname <em class="replaceable"><code>hostname_string</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> server-id <em class="replaceable"><code>server_id_string</code></em>; </span>]
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> geoip-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> managed-keys-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> named-xfer <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-keytab <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-credential <em class="replaceable"><code>principal</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-domain <em class="replaceable"><code>domainname</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tkey-dhkey <em class="replaceable"><code>key_name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_tag</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> cache-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dump-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> bindkeys-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> secroots-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> session-keyfile <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
53f41dd99da107af4e4e1e673d9c19a185463b24Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> session-keyname <em class="replaceable"><code>key_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> session-keyalg <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm_id</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> memstatistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> memstatistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> pid-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> recursing-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> statistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
36da16fa31fa2a582afe67010ba449a57177fd2fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
36da16fa31fa2a582afe67010ba449a57177fd2fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> auth-nxdomain <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> deallocate-on-exit <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em>; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> fake-iquery <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> fetch-glue <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> flush-zones-on-shutdown <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> has-old-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> host-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> host-statistics-max <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> minimal-responses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> multiple-cnames <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em>; </span>]
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> recursion <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> request-sit <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sit-secret <em class="replaceable"><code>secret_string</code></em>; </span>]
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> request-nsid <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> rfc2308-type1 <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> use-id-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">master</code> | <code class="constant">slave</code>); </span>]
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-validation (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">auto</code>); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-lookaside ( <em class="replaceable"><code>auto</code></em> |
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> trust-anchor <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> ); </span>]
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dnssec-must-be-secure <em class="replaceable"><code>domain yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-accept-expired <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forward ( <em class="replaceable"><code>only</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>first</code></em> ); </span>]
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dual-stack-servers [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ( <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] |
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>]) ;
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater ... }; </span>]
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-names ( <em class="replaceable"><code>master</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>slave</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>response</code></em> )
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-dup-records ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-mx ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-mx-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-srv-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> check-sibling <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-spf ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-new-zones { <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> automatic-interface-scan { <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> }; </span>]
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> geoip-use-ecs <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>;</span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> dnssec-update-mode ( <em class="replaceable"><code>maintain</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>no-resign</code></em> ); </span>]
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
b3c2030de4cc02b8e881ca4e6f62b385d4b41b0fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-v6-synthesis { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> blackhole { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> no-case-compress { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> avoid-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> avoid-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> listen-on-v6 [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein{ <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> query-source ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] |
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] )
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] |
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] )
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tcp-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> reserved-sockets <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> recursive-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-rate <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> startup-notify-rate <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> serial-query-rate <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> serial-queries <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> tcp-listen-queue <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfers-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfers-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfers-per-ns <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>keyname</code></em></span>] ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>keyname</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> coresize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> datasize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> files <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> stacksize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> heartbeat-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
cd0df9459e87097d01fc6c0de0a283c7e8d3c401Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> interface-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
4cfb5ea3a5dd28477df37004d6345992d5f41a3fTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> statistics-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> topology { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> sortlist { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> rrset-order { <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; ... </span>] </span>] };
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> lame-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-ncache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-cache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
66edf659b7e4db8a36edec0beaf507ff3199fc22Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-zone-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> servfail-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> min-roots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> use-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
edaa0648858316d9f4ad2a4093f16e05dbf2fe50Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> request-expire <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> treat-cr-as-space <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> nta-lifetime <em class="replaceable"><code>duration</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> nta-recheck <em class="replaceable"><code>duration</code></em> ; </span>]
538a83db7509d598da95a93bd7b74ef3112123a4Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em>; </span>]
538a83db7509d598da95a93bd7b74ef3112123a4Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ;
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> additional-from-auth <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> additional-from-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> random-device <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em> ; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-cache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> match-mapped-addresses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa-on-v4 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>break-dnssec</code></em> ); </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa-on-v6 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>break-dnssec</code></em> ); </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dns64 <em class="replaceable"><code>ipv6-prefix</code></em> {
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> mapped { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> suffix IPv6-address; </span>]
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> break-dnssec <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> dns64-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> dns64-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> preferred-glue ( <em class="replaceable"><code>A</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>AAAA</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>NONE</code></em> ); </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-rsa-exponent-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> root-delegation-only [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>] ; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> querylog <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> disable-algorithms <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> { <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>;
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>; </span>] }; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> disable-ds-digests <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> { <em class="replaceable"><code>digest_type</code></em>;
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>digest_type</code></em>; </span>] }; </span>]
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> acache-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> acache-cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-acache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-recursion-depth <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0c487f4b6eade1440ea40f5a5ffc9b5fd4c41ed1Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-recursion-queries <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (<code class="constant">relative</code>|<code class="constant">full</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> empty-zones-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> disable-empty-zone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> resolver-query-timeout <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-addresses { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-aliases { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> prefetch <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> responses-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> referrals-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> nodata-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> nxdomains-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> errors-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> all-per-second <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> window <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> log-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> qps-scale <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> ipv4-prefix-length <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> ipv6-prefix-length <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> slip <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> exempt-clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> } ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-table-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-table-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> response-policy {
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater zone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> ;
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> policy <em class="replaceable"><code>given | disabled | passthru | drop | tcp-only | nxdomain | nodata | cname</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-policy-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>] ;
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-policy-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> break-dnssec <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> min-ns-dots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> qname-wait-recurse <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> </span>] ; </span>]
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater<a name="options"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement sets up global
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater to be used by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>. This statement
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater may appear only
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater once in a configuration file. If there is no <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater statement, an options block with each option set to its default will
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater Allows multiple views to share a single cache
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater Each view has its own cache database by default, but
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater if multiple views have the same operational policy
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater for name resolution and caching, those views can
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater share a single cache to save memory and possibly
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater improve resolution efficiency by using this option.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater statements, in which case it overrides the
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater global <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater The <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em> specifies
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater the cache to be shared.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater When the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server configures
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater views which are supposed to share a cache, it
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater creates a cache with the specified name for the
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater first view of these sharing views.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater The rest of the views will simply refer to the
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater already created cache.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater One common configuration to share a cache would be to
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater allow all views to share a single cache.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater This can be done by specifying
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> as a global
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater option with an arbitrary name.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater Another possible operation is to allow a subset of
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater all views to share a cache while the others to
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater retain their own caches.
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater For example, if there are three views A, B, and C,
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater and only A and B should share a cache, specify the
0ddeab91cf922fd977f37318620b4c69dccf8364Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option as a view A (or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein B)'s option, referring to the other view name:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view has its own cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view refers to A's cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein attach-cache "A";
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // this view has its own cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Views that share a cache must have the same policy
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater on configurable parameters that may affect caching.
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater The current implementation requires the following
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater configurable options be consistent among these
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>,
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span>,
f8da2eefea1ea17bb233fa8c0c9b18404075dd9cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span>,
0284e57b9b9dfaf2517a2cc3282ecf766b8ad075Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span>,
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span>,
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span>, and
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span>.
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User Note that there may be other parameters that may
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User cause confusion if they are inconsistent for
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User different views that share a single cache.
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User For example, if these views define different sets of
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User forwarders that can return different answers for the
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User same question, sharing the answer does not make
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User sense or could even be harmful.
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User It is administrator's responsibility to ensure
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User configuration differences in different views do
b397f922936e9f73aa8c3ea40be3ad74285dacaaTinderbox User not cause disruption with a shared cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">directory</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews The working directory of the server.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews Any non-absolute pathnames in the configuration file will be
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews as relative to this directory. The default location for most
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews output files (e.g. <code class="filename">named.run</code>)
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater is this directory.
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater If a directory is not specified, the working directory
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater defaults to `<code class="filename">.</code>', the directory from
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater which the server
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater was started. The directory specified should be an absolute
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">geoip-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews Specifies the directory containing GeoIP
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews <code class="filename">.dat</code> database files for GeoIP
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews initialization. By default, this option is unset
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater and the GeoIP support will use libGeoIP's
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater built-in directory.
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater (For details, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#acl" title="acl Statement Definition and
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater Usage”</a> about the
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">geoip</strong></span> ACL.)
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein directory where the public and private DNSSEC key files
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should be found, if different than the current working
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews directory. (Note that this option has no effect on the
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews paths for files containing non-DNSSEC keys such as
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews Specifies the directory in which to store the files that
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews track managed DNSSEC keys. By default, this is the working
517ae3de96aaf870049c52f1224e38a85fe7f21aAutomatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is not configured to use views,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then managed keys for the server will be tracked in a single
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file called <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Otherwise, managed keys will be tracked in separate files,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one file per view; each file name will be the view name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (or, if it contains characters that are incompatible with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use as a file name, the SHA256 hash of the view name),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein followed by the extension
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (Note: in previous releases, file names for views
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein always used the SHA256 hash of the view name. To ensure
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews compatibility after upgrade, if a file using the old
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews name format is found to exist, it will be used instead
22c71c7b86fa57a19f7df0da4222eb8593e6ad12Mark Andrews of the new format.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete.</em></span> It
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the pathname to the <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein program. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, no separate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span> program is needed;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein its functionality is built into the name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-keytab</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The KRB5 keytab file to use for GSS-TSIG updates. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this option is set and tkey-gssapi-credential is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set, then updates will be allowed with any key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matching a principal in the specified keytab.
18fa75b694d056da4be3ebfc2185d007d4882752Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-credential</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The security credential with which the server should
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authenticate keys requested by the GSS-TSIG protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Currently only Kerberos 5 authentication is available
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the credential is a Kerberos principal which the
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews server can acquire through the default system key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file, normally <code class="filename">/etc/krb5.keytab</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The location keytab file can be overridden using the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein tkey-gssapi-keytab option. Normally this principal is
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews of the form "<strong class="userinput"><code>DNS/</code></strong><code class="varname">server.domain</code>".
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews To use GSS-TSIG, <span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span> must
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews also be set if a specific keytab is not set with
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews tkey-gssapi-keytab.
1224c3b69b3d18f7127aa042644936af25a2d679Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The domain appended to the names of all shared keys
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein generated with <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. When a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client requests a <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span> exchange,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it may or may not specify the desired name for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key. If present, the name of the shared key will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be <code class="varname">client specified part</code> +
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>. Otherwise, the
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews name of the shared key will be <code class="varname">random hex
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein digits</code> + <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater In most cases, the <span><strong class="command">domainname</strong></span>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater should be the server's domain name, or an otherwise
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater non-existent subdomain like
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater "_tkey.<code class="varname">domainname</code>". If you are
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater using GSS-TSIG, this variable must be defined, unless
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater you specify a specific keytab using tkey-gssapi-keytab.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-dhkey</strong></span></span></dt>
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater The Diffie-Hellman key used by the server
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater to generate shared keys with clients using the Diffie-Hellman
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater of <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. The server must be
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater able to load the
54e57d8ff46096e9c6a9af95f2522b56cb3877b2Automatic Updater public and private keys from files in the working directory.
1238b38c9f0ab563b762dc0fd00ac6c34c2b7295Automatic Updater most cases, the keyname should be the server's host name.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cache-file</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater This is for testing only. Do not use.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dump-file</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The pathname of the file the server dumps
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater the database to when instructed to do so with
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb</strong></span>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named_dump.db</code>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The pathname of the file the server writes memory
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater usage statistics to on exit. If not specified,
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater the default is <code class="filename">named.memstats</code>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pid-file</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The pathname of the file the server writes its process ID
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater in. If not specified, the default is
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The PID file is used by programs that want to send signals to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name server. Specifying <span><strong class="command">pid-file none</strong></span> disables the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use of a PID file — no file will be written and any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein existing one will be removed. Note that <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a keyword, not a filename, and therefore is not enclosed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein double quotes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursing-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file the server dumps
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the queries that are currently recursing when instructed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to do so with <span><strong class="command">rndc recursing</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.recursing</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file the server appends statistics
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to when instructed to do so using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.stats</code> in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's current directory. The format of the file is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of a file to override the built-in trusted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys provided by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the discussion of <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span> for details.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">secroots-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file the server dumps
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater security roots to when instructed to do so with
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc secroots</strong></span>.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The pathname of the file into which to write a TSIG
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein session key generated by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> for use by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span>. If not specified, the
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater default is <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater (See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>, and in
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater particular the discussion of the
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement's
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>local</code></strong> option for more
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater information about this feature.)
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span></span></dt>
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater The key name to use for the TSIG session key.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater If not specified, the default is "local-ddns".
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span></span></dt>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater The algorithm to use for the TSIG session key.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater Valid values are hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256,
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater hmac-sha384, hmac-sha512 and hmac-md5. If not
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater specified, the default is hmac-sha256.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">port</strong></span></span></dt>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater The UDP/TCP port number the server uses for
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater receiving and sending DNS protocol traffic.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater communicate with
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater the global DNS.
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein primarily needed
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic
3970098dcd2a7122541667b4b56cea8abce8ccf2Mark Andrews update of signed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zones. This options specifies the device (or file) from which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein entropy. If this is a file, operations requiring entropy will
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User fail when the
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User file has been exhausted. If not specified, the default value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span> option takes
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User effect during
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User the initial configuration load at server startup time and
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User is ignored on subsequent reloads.
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">preferred-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User If specified, the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User before other glue
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User in the additional section of a query response.
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User The default is not to prefer any type (NONE).
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User<a name="root_delegation_only"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></span>
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User (top level domains) and root zones with an optional
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User exclude list.
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User DS queries are expected to be made to and be answered by
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User delegation only zones. Such queries and responses are
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User treated as an exception to delegation-only processing
aa444144ad14bdd909fe5b70e1f7730b46ec6072Tinderbox User and are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a CNAME is not discovered at the query name.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If a delegation only zone server also serves a child
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater zone it is not always possible to determine whether
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater an answer comes from the delegation only zone or the
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater child zone. SOA NS and DNSKEY records are apex
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater only records and a matching response that contains
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater these records or DS is treated as coming from a
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater child zone. RRSIG records are also examined to see
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater if they are signed by a child zone or not. The
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater authority section is also examined to see if there
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater is evidence that the answer is from the child zone.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Answers that are determined to be from a child zone
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses. Despite
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater all these checks there is still a possibility of
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater false negatives when a child zone is being served.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Similarly false positives can arise from empty nodes
36da16fa31fa2a582afe67010ba449a57177fd2fAutomatic Updater (no records at the name) in the delegation only zone
36da16fa31fa2a582afe67010ba449a57177fd2fAutomatic Updater when the query type is not ANY.
36da16fa31fa2a582afe67010ba449a57177fd2fAutomatic Updater Note some TLDs are not delegation only (e.g. "DE", "LV",
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater "US" and "MUSEUM"). This list is not exhaustive.
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; };
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span></span></dt>
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater Disable the specified DNSSEC algorithms at and below the
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater specified name.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater Multiple <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span>
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater statements are allowed.
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater Only the best match <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span>
d060d8669f5558690e7faf4a1c12fe5c02a7c60dAutomatic Updater clause will be used to determine which algorithms are used.
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater If all supported algorithms are disabled, the zones covered
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater by the <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span> will be treated
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span></span></dt>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Disable the specified DS/DLV digest types at and below the
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater specified name.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Multiple <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater statements are allowed.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater Only the best match <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span>
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater clause will be used to determine which digest types are used.
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If all supported digest types are disabled, the zones covered
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the <span><strong class="command">disable-ds-digests</strong></span> will be treated
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span></span></dt>
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater When set, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> provides the
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater records at the top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater below a domain specified by the deepest
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>, and the normal DNSSEC
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater validation has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater will be appended to the key name and a DLV record will be
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater looked up to see if it can validate the key. If the DLV
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted.
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, then built-in default
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater values for the DLV domain and trust anchor will be
65ad89971ee9973074cd11c207af92bf5440df01Automatic Updater used, along with a built-in key for validation.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, then dnssec-lookaside
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater The default DLV key is stored in the file
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will load that key at
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater startup if <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">auto</code>. A copy of the file is
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater installed along with <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, and is
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater current as of the release date. If the DLV key expires, a
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater new copy of <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> can be downloaded
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater from <a href="https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv/" target="_top">https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv/</a>.
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater (To prevent problems if <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> is
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater not found, the current key is also compiled in to
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Relying on this is not
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater recommended, however, as it requires <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater to be recompiled with a new key when the DLV key expires.)
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater NOTE: <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only loads certain specific
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater keys from <code class="filename">bind.keys</code>: those for the
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater DLV zone and for the DNS root zone. The file cannot be
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater used to store keys for other zones.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-must-be-secure</strong></span></span></dt>
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater Specify hierarchies which must be or may not be secure
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater (signed and validated). If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will only accept answers if
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater they are secure. If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, then normal
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater DNSSEC validation applies allowing for insecure answers to
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater be accepted. The specified domain must be under a
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, or
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> must be active.
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span></span></dt>
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater This directive instructs <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater return mapped IPv4 addresses to AAAA queries when
b287974d182a164b84eaeaead39fcbe225e2a7f9Automatic Updater there are no AAAA records. It is intended to be
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater used in conjunction with a NAT64. Each
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> defines one DNS64 prefix.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater Multiple DNS64 prefixes can be defined.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater Compatible IPv6 prefixes have lengths of 32, 40, 48, 56,
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater 64 and 96 as per RFC 6052.
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater Additionally a reverse IP6.ARPA zone will be created for
d893c6248414d34d434a63216eaa5bd1fbec4ca4Automatic Updater the prefix to provide a mapping from the IP6.ARPA names
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater to the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA names using synthesized
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater CNAMEs. <span><strong class="command">dns64-server</strong></span> and
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dns64-contact</strong></span> can be used to specify
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater the name of the server and contact for the zones. These
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater are settable at the view / options level. These are
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater not settable on a per-prefix basis.
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">clients</strong></span> ACL that determines which
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater clients are affected by this directive. If not defined,
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater it defaults to <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">mapped</strong></span> ACL that selects which
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater IPv4 addresses are to be mapped in the corresponding
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater A RRset. If not defined it defaults to
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater Normally, DNS64 won't apply to a domain name that
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater owns one or more AAAA records; these records will
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater simply be returned. The optional
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">exclude</strong></span> ACL allows specification
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater of a list of IPv6 addresses that will be ignored
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater if they appear in a domain name's AAAA records, and
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater DNS64 will be applied to any A records the domain
9ca53742af3671da346701a61cac8188eadc4674Tinderbox User name owns. If not defined, <span><strong class="command">exclude</strong></span>
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater defaults to none.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User A optional <span><strong class="command">suffix</strong></span> can also
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User be defined to set the bits trailing the mapped
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User IPv4 address bits. By default these bits are
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User set to <strong class="userinput"><code>::</code></strong>. The bits
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User matching the prefix and mapped IPv4 address
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User must be zero.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User If <span><strong class="command">recursive-only</strong></span> is set to
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> the DNS64 synthesis will
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User only happen for recursive queries. The default
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User If <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec</strong></span> is set to
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> the DNS64 synthesis will
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User happen even if the result, if validated, would
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User cause a DNSSEC validation failure. If this option
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User is set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> (the default), the DO
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User is set on the incoming query, and there are RRSIGs on
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User the applicable records, then synthesis will not happen.
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User acl rfc1918 { 10/8; 192.168/16; 172.16/12; };
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User dns64 64:FF9B::/96 {
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User clients { any; };
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User mapped { !rfc1918; any; };
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User exclude { 64:FF9B::/96; ::ffff:0000:0000/96; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If this option is set to its default value of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">maintain</code> in a zone of type
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">master</code> which is DNSSEC-signed
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater and configured to allow dynamic updates (see
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>), and
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater if <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has access to the
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater private signing key(s) for the zone, then
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will automatically sign all new
82d13321f4dcc79a9aec992c7a1c4aaff8983adaAutomatic Updater or changed records and maintain signatures for the zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by regenerating RRSIG records whenever they approach
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein their expiration date.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the option is changed to <code class="literal">no-resign</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will sign all new or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed records, but scheduled maintenance of
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews signatures is disabled.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein With either of these settings, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will reject updates to a DNSSEC-signed zone when the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signing keys are inactive or unavailable to
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. (A planned third option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">external</code>, will disable all automatic
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews signing and allow DNSSEC data to be submitted into a zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein via dynamic update; this is not yet implemented.)
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">nta-lifetime</strong></span></span></dt>
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews Species the default lifetime, in seconds,
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews that will be used for negative trust anchors added
71eeac3530eabb7f70f4b6bdba5addb40a5bca27Mark Andrews via <span><strong class="command">rndc nta</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A negative trust anchor selectively disables
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC validation for zones that are known to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein failing because of misconfiguration rather than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an attack. When data to be validated is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at or below an active NTA (and above any other
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews configured trust anchors), <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein abort the DNSSEC validation process and treat the data as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein insecure rather than bogus. This continues until the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NTA's lifetime is elapsed. NTAs persist
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein across <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> restarts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For convenience, TTL-style time unit suffixes can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to specify the NTA lifetime in seconds, minutes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or hours. <code class="option">nta-lifetime</code> defaults to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one hour. It cannot exceed one week.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">nta-recheck</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Species how often to check whether negative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein trust anchors added via <span><strong class="command">rndc nta</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are still necessary.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A negative trust anchor is normally used when a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain has stopped validating due to operator error;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it temporarily disables DNSSEC validation for that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain. In the interest of ensuring that DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein validation is turned back on as soon as possible,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will periodically send a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query to the domain, ignoring negative trust anchors,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to find out whether it can now be validated. If so,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the negative trust anchor is allowed to expire early.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Validity checks can be disabled for an individual
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NTA by using <span><strong class="command">rndc nta -f</strong></span>, or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for all NTAs by setting <code class="option">nta-recheck</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For convenience, TTL-style time unit suffixes can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to specify the NTA recheck interval in seconds,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minutes or hours. The default is five minutes. It
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cannot be longer than <code class="option">nta-lifetime</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (which cannot be longer than a week).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-zone-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a maximum permissible TTL value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When loading a zone file using a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">masterfile-format</code> of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="constant">text</code> or <code class="constant">raw</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any record encountered with a TTL higher than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> will cause the zone to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be rejected.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is useful in DNSSEC-signed zones because when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rolling to a new DNSKEY, the old key needs to remain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein available until RRSIG records have expired from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein caches. The<code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> option guarantees
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that the largest TTL in the zone will be no higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the set value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (NOTE: Because <code class="constant">map</code>-format files
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein load directly into memory, this option cannot be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used with them.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>full</code></strong>, the server will collect
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statistical data on all zones (unless specifically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein turned off on a per-zone basis by specifying
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics terse</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics none</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>terse</code></strong>, providing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minimal statistics on zones (including name and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein current serial number, but not query type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These statistics may be accessed via the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">statistics-channel</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>, which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will dump them to the file listed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span>. See
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For backward compatibility with earlier versions
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of BIND 9, the <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option can also accept <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>; <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein has the same meaning as <strong class="userinput"><code>full</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.10,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> has the same meaning
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as <strong class="userinput"><code>none</code></strong>; previously, it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was the same as <strong class="userinput"><code>terse</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="boolean_options"></a>Boolean Options</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">automatic-interface-scan</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> and supported by the OS,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatically rescan network interfaces when the interface
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addresses are added or removed. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Currently the OS needs to support routing sockets for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">automatic-interface-scan</strong></span> to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-new-zones</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then zones can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein added at runtime via <span><strong class="command">rndc addzone</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the <span><strong class="command">AA</strong></span> bit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not actually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authoritative. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a change from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8. If you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are using very old DNS software, you
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may need to set it to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">deallocate-on-exit</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 8 to enable checking
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for memory leaks on exit. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option and always performs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Write memory statistics to the file specified by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span> at exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> unless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein '-m record' is specified on the command line in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which case it is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a dial-on-demand dialup link, which can be brought up by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein originating from this server. This has different effects
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein happens in a short interval, once every <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone maintenance traffic. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in which case it overrides the global <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the zone is a master zone, then the server will send out a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowing the slave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to verify the zone while the connection is active.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "zone up to date" (refresh) queries and only perform them
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> expires in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addition to sending
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NOTIFY requests.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Finer control can be achieved by using
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong> which only sends NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong> which sends NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein suppresses the normal refresh queries, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expires, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong> which just disables normal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein normal refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein heart-beat refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein heart-beat notify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> (default)</p>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">refresh</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">passive</strong></span></p>
53f41dd99da107af4e4e1e673d9c19a185463b24Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">notify-passive</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fake-iquery</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IQUERY. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 never does
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IQUERY simulation.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, <strong class="userinput"><code>fetch-glue yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein didn't have when constructing the additional
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data section of a response. This is now considered a bad
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and BIND 9 never does it.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM,
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews flush or do not flush any pending zone writes. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">geoip-use-ecs</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When BIND is compiled with GeoIP support and configured
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with "geoip" ACL elements, this option indicates whether
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews the EDNS Client Subnet option, if present in a request,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should be used for matching against the GeoIP database.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">geoip-use-ecs</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was incorrectly implemented
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, and is ignored by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To achieve the intended effect
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the two separate options <span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, this enables keeping of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statistics for every host that the name server interacts
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not implemented in BIND 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">maintain-ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determine whether a transaction log was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains a transaction
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein incremental zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers, use <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">minimal-responses</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then when generating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein responses the server will only add records to the authority
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and additional data sections when they are required (e.g.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delegations, negative responses). This may improve the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein performance of the server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multiple-cnames</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to allow
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the DNS standards. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.2 onwards
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein always strictly enforces the CNAME rules both in master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein files and dynamic updates.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> (the default),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authoritative for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changes, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#notify" title="Notify">the section called “Notify”</a>. The messages are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers listed in the zone's NS records (except the master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server identified
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the SOA MNAME field), and to any servers listed in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>master-only</code></strong>, notifies are only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for master zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>explicit</code></strong>, notifies are sent only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers explicitly listed using <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, no notifies are sent.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> option may also be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in which case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options notify</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein caused slaves
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> do not check the nameservers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the NS RRset against the SOA MNAME. Normally a NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein message is not sent to the SOA MNAME (SOA ORIGIN) as it is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein supposed to contain the name of the ultimate master.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sometimes, however, a slave is listed as the SOA MNAME in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein hidden master configurations and in that case you would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein want the ultimate master to still send NOTIFY messages to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all the nameservers listed in the NS RRset.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, and a
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the server does not already know the answer, it will
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater referral response. The default is
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater Note that setting <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> does not prevent
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater clients from getting data from the server's cache; it only
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater Caching may still occur as an effect the server's internal
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups.
04ecc85ca69027c4d56b4a11ce5bafb21ebf3966Automatic Updater See also <span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span> above.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-nsid</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then an empty EDNS(0)
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater NSID (Name Server Identifier) option is sent with all
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater queries to authoritative name servers during iterative
cd0df9459e87097d01fc6c0de0a283c7e8d3c401Automatic Updater resolution. If the authoritative server returns an NSID
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater option in its response, then its contents are logged in
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">resolver</strong></span> category at level
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span>.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-sit</strong></span></span></dt>
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then a SIT (Source
996dbb19570bb25601a3611db5d59ccda0a064c5Automatic Updater Identity Token) EDNS option is sent along with
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater the query. If the resolver has previously talked
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater to the server, the SIT returned in the previous
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater transaction is sent. This is used by the server
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater to determine whether the resolver has talked to
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater it before. A resolver sending the correct SIT is
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater assumed not to be an off-path attacker sending a
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater spoofed-source query; the query is therefore
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater unlikely to be part of a reflection/amplification
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater attack, so resolvers sending a correct SIT option
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater are not subject to response rate limiting (RRL).
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater Resolvers which do not send a correct SIT option
2cc7515f8a0c2f5f86ec85a853c7cb855b3d9536Tinderbox User may be limited to receiving smaller responses via
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">nosit-udp-size</strong></span> option.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sit-secret</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater If set, this is a shared secret used for generating
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater and verifying Source Identity Token EDNS options
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater within an anycast cluster. If not set, the system
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater will generate a random secret at startup. The
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater shared secret is encoded as a hex string and needs
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater to be 128 bits for AES128, 160 bits for SHA1 and
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater 256 bits for SHA256.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span></span></dt>
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater Setting this to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> will
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater record for negative
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater answers. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
e4adb07cc1f8253b3c39aeeeb3ea03dc5b7011ccAutomatic Updater Not yet implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
4cfb5ea3a5dd28477df37004d6345992d5f41a3fTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-id-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
4cfb5ea3a5dd28477df37004d6345992d5f41a3fTinderbox User <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 always allocates query
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IDs from a pool.
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater the information on the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#incremental_zone_transfers" title="Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)">the section called “Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-expire</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">request-expire</strong></span> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">treat-cr-as-space</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server treat carriage return ("<span><strong class="command">\r</strong></span>") characters the same way
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as a space or tab character,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to facilitate loading of zone files on a UNIX system that
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater were generated
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater on an NT or DOS machine. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, both UNIX "<span><strong class="command">\n</strong></span>"
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews and NT/DOS "<span><strong class="command">\r\n</strong></span>" newlines
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews are always accepted,
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews and the option is ignored.
f051d76c87e055c6ea3879e0c97a76609df915ccMark Andrews<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-auth</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span></span>
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater These options control the behavior of an authoritative
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater answering queries which have additional data, or when
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater following CNAME
ebabe300b615154d08f5577822cfd8726d2643c8Automatic Updater and DNAME chains.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When both of these options are set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews (the default) and a
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews configured into the server), the additional data section of
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater reply will be filled in using data from other authoritative
102ccdd2c0ade46f2d668c4b4d3fbbe668a44994Automatic Updater and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache,
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater in servers where slave zones may be added and modified by
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews the search for this additional data will speed up server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein otherwise be provided in the additional section.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host <code class="literal">foo.example.com</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the record found is "<code class="literal">MX 10 mail.example.net</code>", normally the address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein records (A and AAAA) for <code class="literal">mail.example.net</code> will be provided as well,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Setting these options to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disables this behavior and makes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server only search for additional data in the zone it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answers from.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These options are intended for use in authoritative-only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein them to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> without also
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> will cause the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ignore the options and log a warning message.
72628d3a5ef809d995c759130a81a1b1ae1395e0Automatic Updater Specifying <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span> actually
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews disables the use of the cache not only for additional data
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behavior in an authoritative-only server where the
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater correctness of
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater the cached data is an issue.
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with
e2e4d321999340802f77adaacd19c797d04b4b95Automatic Updater "upwards referral" to the root servers or the servers of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews known parent of the query name. Since the data in an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews upwards referral
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews referrals when <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein has been specified. Instead, it will respond to such
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein upwards referrals are not required for the resolution
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">match-mapped-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then an
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This option was introduced to work around a kernel quirk
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews in some operating systems that causes IPv4 TCP
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews connections, such as zone transfers, to be accepted on an
dc91524e4b73ee70908a295e3f2f62305680c5c2Automatic Updater IPv6 socket using mapped addresses. This caused address
dc91524e4b73ee70908a295e3f2f62305680c5c2Automatic Updater match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match. However,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> now solves this problem
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews internally. The use of this option is discouraged.
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span></span></dt>
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User This option is only available when
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 is compiled with the
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>--enable-filter-aaaa</code></strong> option on the
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User "configure" command line. It is intended to help the
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by not giving IPv6 addresses
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User to DNS clients unless they have connections to the IPv6
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Internet. This is not recommended unless absolutely
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews necessary. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span> option
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews to override the global <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews the DNS client is at an IPv4 address, in <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span>,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews and if the response does not include DNSSEC signatures,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews then all AAAA records are deleted from the response.
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews This filtering applies to all responses and not only
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews authoritative responses.
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews If <strong class="userinput"><code>break-dnssec</code></strong>,
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User then AAAA records are deleted even when DNSSEC is enabled.
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User As suggested by the name, this makes the response not verify,
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User because the DNSSEC protocol is designed detect deletions.
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers to
299e3f18eb4f9297e6f06ca373806b07bec13a02Tinderbox User not give AAAA records to their clients.
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User A recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews that queries an authoritative server using this mechanism
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews via IPv4 will be denied AAAA records even if its client is
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews This mechanism is applied to authoritative as well as
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews non-authoritative records.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews A client using IPv4 that is not allowed recursion can
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews erroneously be given AAAA records because the server is not
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews allowed to check for A records.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Some AAAA records are given to IPv4 clients in glue records.
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews IPv4 clients that are servers can then erroneously
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater answer requests for AAAA records received via IPv4.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater Identical to <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>,
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater except it filters AAAA responses to queries from IPv6
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater clients instead of IPv4 clients. To filter all
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater responses, set both options to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater When <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> and the server loads a new
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater version of a master zone from its zone file or receives a
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater new version of a slave file via zone transfer, it will
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater compare the new version to the previous one and calculate
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater a set of differences. The differences are then logged in
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater the zone's journal file such that the changes can be
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater transmitted to downstream slaves as an incremental zone
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater different from the previous one, the set of differences
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater old and new zone version, and the server will need to
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater difference set.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater also accepts <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> at the view and options
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater levels which causes
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> to be enabled for
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater all <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> or
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones respectively.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater It is off by default.
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater addresses refer to different machines. If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater when the serial number on the master is less than what <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater has. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater Enable DNSSEC support in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Unless set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC.
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span></span></dt>
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Enable DNSSEC validation in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Note <span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span> also needs to be
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> to be effective.
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater is disabled. If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>,
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater DNSSEC validation is enabled, and a default
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater trust-anchor for the DNS root zone is used. If set to
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation is enabled,
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater but a trust anchor must be manually configured using
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement. The default
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span></span></dt>
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater Accept expired signatures when verifying DNSSEC signatures.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater Setting this option to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater leaves <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> vulnerable to
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater replay attacks.
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span></span></dt>
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater Specify whether query logging should be started when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> is not specified,
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater then the query logging
7a0d680aa507f1b9beaa5c350e4d562aab534323Automatic Updater is determined by the presence of the logging category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from the network. The default varies according to usage
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones the default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For answers received from the network (<span><strong class="command">response</strong></span>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the default is <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The rules for legal hostnames and mail domains are derived
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from RFC 952 and RFC 821 as modified by RFC 1123.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews applies to the owner names of A, AAAA and MX records.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX, and SRV records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (the owner name ends in IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, or IP6.INT).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-dup-records</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Check master zones for records that are treated as different
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Check whether the MX record appears to refer to a IP address.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is used to check for non-terminal wildcards.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The use of non-terminal wildcards is almost always as a
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User result of a failure
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 1034).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein affects master zones. The default (<span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>) is to check
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for non-terminal wildcards and issue a warning.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Perform post load zone integrity checks on master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zones. This checks that MX and SRV records refer
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews to address (A or AAAA) records and that glue
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews address records exist for delegated zones. For
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX and SRV records only in-zone hostnames are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked (for out-of-zone hostnames use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews For NS records only names below top of zone are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked (for out-of-zone names and glue consistency
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checks use <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The use of the SPF record for publishing Sender
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Policy Framework is deprecated as the migration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from using TXT records to SPF records was abandoned.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Enabling this option also checks that a TXT Sender
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Policy Framework record exists (starts with "v=spf1")
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if there is an SPF record. Warnings are emitted if the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TXT record does not exist and can be suppressed with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">check-spf</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fail, warn or ignore MX records that refer
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-srv-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fail, warn or ignore SRV records that refer
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When performing integrity checks, also check that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sibling glue exists. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-spf</strong></span></span></dt>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews check that there is a TXT Sender Policy Framework
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews record present (starts with "v=spf1") if there is an
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews SPF record present. The default is
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When returning authoritative negative responses to
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews SOA queries set the TTL of the SOA record returned in
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews the authority section to zero.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When caching a negative response to a SOA query
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews set the TTL to zero.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When set to the default value of <code class="literal">yes</code>,
21e01d1a464c9b3c694534a5e283bcde361e72bdTinderbox User check the KSK bit in each key to determine how the key
21e01d1a464c9b3c694534a5e283bcde361e72bdTinderbox User should be used when generating RRSIGs for a secure zone.
21e01d1a464c9b3c694534a5e283bcde361e72bdTinderbox User Ordinarily, zone-signing keys (that is, keys without the
21e01d1a464c9b3c694534a5e283bcde361e72bdTinderbox User KSK bit set) are used to sign the entire zone, while
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews key-signing keys (keys with the KSK bit set) are only
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews used to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews However, if this option is set to <code class="literal">no</code>,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews then the KSK bit is ignored; KSKs are treated as if they
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews were ZSKs and are used to sign the entire zone. This is
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews similar to the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -z</strong></span>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews command line option.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews When this option is set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, there
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews must be at least two active keys for every algorithm
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews represented in the DNSKEY RRset: at least one KSK and one
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews ZSK per algorithm. If there is any algorithm for which
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews this requirement is not met, this option will be ignored
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews for that algorithm.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews When this option and <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span>
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews are both set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, only key-signing
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews keys (that is, keys with the KSK bit set) will be used
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex. Zone-signing
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater keys (keys without the KSK bit set) will be used to sign
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater the remainder of the zone, but not the DNSKEY RRset.
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater This is similar to the
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -x</strong></span> command line option.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>. If
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> is set to
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews <code class="literal">no</code>, this option is ignored.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When a zone is configured with <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maintain;</strong></span> its key repository must be checked
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews periodically to see if any new keys have been added
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews or any existing keys' timing metadata has been updated
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews (see <a href="man.dnssec-keygen.html" title="dnssec-keygen"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></span>(8)</a> and
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews <a href="man.dnssec-settime.html" title="dnssec-settime"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-settime</span></span>(8)</a>). The
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span> option
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews sets the frequency of automatic repository checks, in
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews minutes. The default is <code class="literal">60</code> (1 hour),
bddb70a27123e31020438cff811d898d44b42c71Mark Andrews the minimum is <code class="literal">1</code> (1 minute), and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum is <code class="literal">1440</code> (24 hours); any higher
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews value is silently reduced.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews Try to refresh the zone using TCP if UDP queries fail.
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews For BIND 8 compatibility, the default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow a dynamic zone to transition from secure to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein insecure (i.e., signed to unsigned) by deleting all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the DNSKEY records. The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, and if the DNSKEY RRset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein at the zone apex is deleted, all RRSIG and NSEC records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be removed from the zone as well.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the zone uses NSEC3, then it is also necessary to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delete the NSEC3PARAM RRset from the zone apex; this will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cause the removal of all corresponding NSEC3 records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (It is expected that this requirement will be eliminated
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a future release.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that if a zone has been configured with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain</strong></span> and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein private keys remain accessible in the key repository,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then the zone will be automatically signed again the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is started.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2584455"></a>Forwarding</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache on a few servers, reducing traffic over links to external
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is only meaningful if the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarders list is not empty. A value of <code class="varname">first</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the default, causes the server to query the forwarders
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein first — and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if that doesn't answer the question, the server will then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the answer itself. If <code class="varname">only</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server will only query the forwarders.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the IP addresses to be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarding).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Forwarding can also be configured on a per-domain basis, allowing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater of ways. You can set particular domains to use different
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater or have a different <span><strong class="command">forward only/first</strong></span> behavior,
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater or not forward at all, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar" title="zone
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
07ee99c7d0c2cd7f3e72263c29bd76ebd6d7ed43Automatic Updater Statement Grammar”</a>.
e7ac7921af0a875c17af3e8cb8cca46d1776ffe7Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
e7ac7921af0a875c17af3e8cb8cca46d1776ffe7Tinderbox User<a name="id2584582"></a>Dual-stack Servers</h4></div></div></div>
79cf9524b15ca65f55fd6913e6cf01b5581c588aAutomatic Updater Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the host machine.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies host names or addresses of machines with access to
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server must be able
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein machine is dual
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stacked, then the <span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span> have no effect unless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein access to a transport has been disabled on the command line
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (e.g. <span><strong class="command">named -4</strong></span>).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="access_control"></a>Access Control</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the requesting system. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a> for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein details on how to specify IP address lists.
24e79a68e1b16324e17364fcd8959379ff6e20e9Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which hosts are allowed to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the zone masters.
f9aef05653eeb454c489d5bd2bde6daab774ad4aTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> may also be
f9aef05653eeb454c489d5bd2bde6daab774ad4aTinderbox User specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement, in which case
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it overrides the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options allow-notify</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement. It is only meaningful
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for a slave zone. If not specified, the default is to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein process notify messages
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only from a zone's master.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which hosts are allowed to ask ordinary
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS questions. <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement, in which case it overrides the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options allow-query</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is to allow queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from all hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is now
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to specify access to the cache.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which local addresses can accept ordinary
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS questions. This makes it possible, for instance,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to allow queries on internal-facing interfaces but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disallow them on external-facing ones, without
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein necessarily knowing the internal network's addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note that <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> is only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked for queries that are permitted by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>. A query must be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowed by both ACLs, or it will be refused.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews statement, in which case it overrides the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options allow-query-on</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is to allow queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on all addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to specify access to the cache.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to get answers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater from the cache. If <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is not set then <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set unless <span><strong class="command">recursion no;</strong></span> is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater set in which case <span><strong class="command">none;</strong></span> is used,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater otherwise the default (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies which local addresses can give answers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater from the cache. If not specified, the default is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater to allow cache queries on any address,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span> and
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to make recursive
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater queries through this server. If
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span> is not set
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater then <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is used if set, otherwise the default
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which local addresses can accept recursive
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater queries. If not specified, the default is to allow
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater recursive queries on all addresses.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater on the requestor's IP address is insecure; see
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a> for details.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifies which hosts are allowed to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater master. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong>,
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater means that no update forwarding will be performed. To
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater update forwarding, specify
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>allow-update-forwarding { any; };</code></strong>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Specifying values other than <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong> or
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>{ any; }</code></strong> is usually
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater counterproductive, since
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater the responsibility for update access control should rest
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater master server, not the slaves.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater access control to attacks; see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater for more details.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-v6-synthesis</strong></span></span></dt>
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews This option was introduced for the smooth transition from
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews to A6 and from "nibble labels" to binary labels.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater However, since both A6 and binary labels were then
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews this option was also deprecated.
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews It is now ignored with some warning messages.
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews Specifies which hosts are allowed to
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater receive zone transfers from the server. <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> may
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
89bc48260b64a8859ae717e9e5bae380e275fef4Mark Andrews statement, in which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options allow-transfer</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If not specified, the default is to allow transfers to all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a list of addresses that the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query. Queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from these addresses will not be responded to. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <strong class="userinput"><code>none</code></strong>.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span></span></dt>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Specifies a list of addresses to which
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews is applies. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>any</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">no-case-compress</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a list of addresses which require responses
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to use case-insensitive compression. This ACL can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> needs to work with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein clients that do not comply with the requirement in RFC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 1034 to use case-insensitive name comparisons when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checking for matching domain names.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If left undefined, the ACL defaults to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>: case-insensitive compression
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be used for all clients. If the ACL is defined and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein matches a client, then case will be ignored when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein compressing domain names in DNS responses sent to that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This can result in slightly smaller responses: if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a response contains the names "example.com" and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "example.COM", case-insensitive compression would treat
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the second one as a duplicate. It also ensures
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that the case of the query name exactly matches the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case of the owner names of returned records, rather
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater than matching the case of the records entered in
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater the zone file. This allows responses to exactly
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater match the query, which is required by some clients
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater due to incorrect use of case-sensitive comparisons.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater Case-insensitive compression is <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span>
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater used in AXFR and IXFR responses, regardless of whether
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater the client matches this ACL.
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater There are circumstances in which <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater will not preserve the case of owner names of records:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if a zone file defines records of different types with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the same name, but the capitalization of the name is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "WWW.EXAMPLE.COM/AAAA"), then all responses for that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name will use the <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span> version
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the name that was used in the zone file. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein limitation may be addressed in a future release. However,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain names specified in the rdata of resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (i.e., records of type NS, MX, CNAME, etc) will always
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have their case preserved unless the client matches this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">resolver-query-timeout</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The amount of time the resolver will spend attempting
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to resolve a recursive query before failing. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and minimum is <code class="literal">10</code> and the maximum is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">30</code>. Setting it to <code class="literal">0</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will result in the default being used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2585324"></a>Interfaces</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from may be specified using the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option. <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> takes
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an optional port and an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of IPv4 addresses. (IPv6 addresses are ignored, with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein logged warning.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match list. If a port is not specified, port 53 will be used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statements are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">listen-on { 5.6.7.8; };
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater 5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater 1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater If no <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> is specified, the
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater server will listen on port 53 on all IPv4 interfaces.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option is used to
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater listen for incoming queries sent using IPv6. If not specified,
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater the server will listen on port 53 on all IPv6 interfaces.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein support for IPv6 (specifically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard address.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the behavior is the same as that for IPv4.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specified, in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews the server listens on a separate socket for each specified
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews IPv4 addresses specified in <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be ignored, with a logged warning.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> options can
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews For example,
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { any; };
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewslisten-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; };
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (with a single wildcard socket),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prefix
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { none; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="query_address"></a>Query Address</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the server doesn't know the answer to a question, it will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query other name servers. <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6, there is a separate <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">address</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> (asterisk) or is omitted,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a wildcard IP address (<span><strong class="command">INADDR_ANY</strong></span>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">port</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> or is omitted,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a random port number from a pre-configured
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein range is picked up and will be used for each query.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The port range(s) is that specified in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv4)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv6)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options, excluding the ranges specified in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options, respectively.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">query-source address * port *;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinquery-source-v6 address * port *;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> is unspecified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will check if the operating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system provides a programming interface to retrieve the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system's default range for ephemeral ports.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If such an interface is available,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will use the corresponding system
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default range; otherwise, it will use its own defaults:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">use-v4-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinuse-v6-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Note: make sure the ranges be sufficiently large for
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews security. A desirable size depends on various parameters,
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews but we generally recommend it contain at least 16384 ports
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews (14 bits of entropy).
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Note also that the system's default range when used may be
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews too small for this purpose, and that the range may even be
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews changed while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running; the new
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews range will automatically be applied when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is reloaded.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is encouraged to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configure <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> explicitly so that the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ranges are sufficiently large and are reasonably
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein independent from the ranges used by other applications.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: the operational configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein where <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs may prohibit the use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of some ports. For example, UNIX systems will not allow
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> running without a root privilege
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews to use ports less than 1024.
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews If such ports are included in the specified (or detected)
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews set of query ports, the corresponding query attempts will
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews fail, resulting in resolution failures or delay.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews It is therefore important to configure the set of ports
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews that can be safely used in the expected operational environment.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">avoid-v4-udp-ports {};
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinavoid-v6-udp-ports {};
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: BIND 9.5.0 introduced
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option to support a pool of such random ports, but this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option is now obsolete because reusing the same ports in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the pool may not be sufficiently secure.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For the same reason, it is generally strongly discouraged to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specify a particular port for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it implicitly disables the use of randomized port numbers.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-ports</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-updateinterval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is obsolete.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews The address specified in the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> option
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews to UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews unprivileged port.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address for TCP sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater See also <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<a name="zone_transfers"></a>Zone Transfers</h4></div></div></div>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> has mechanisms in place to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein facilitate zone transfers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater system. The following options apply to zone transfers.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Defines a global list of IP addresses of name servers
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater zone's NS records.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater quickly converge on stealth servers.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater Optionally, a port may be specified with each
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> address to send
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater the notify messages to a port other than the
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater default of 53.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater An optional TSIG key can also be specified with each
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater address to cause the notify messages to be signed; this
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater can be useful when sending notifies to multiple views.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater In place of explicit addresses, one or more named
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> lists can be used.
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater If an <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list
984c2e9f76e66e86f7d9aca99a774836ddf196eaAutomatic Updater is given in a <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it will override
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">options also-notify</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement. When a <span><strong class="command">zone notify</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>, the IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addresses in the global <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list (no global notification list).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Inbound zone transfers running longer than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Inbound zone transfers making no progress
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Outbound zone transfers running longer than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Outbound zone transfers making no progress
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-rate</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The rate at which NOTIFY requests will be sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein during normal zone maintenance operations. (NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests due to initial zone loading are subject
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to a separate rate limit; see below.) The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 20 per second.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The lowest possible rate is one per second; when set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to zero, it will be silently raised to one.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">startup-notify-rate</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The rate at which NOTIFY requests will be sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the name server is first starting up, or when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zones have been newly added to the nameserver.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is 20 per second.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The lowest possible rate is one per second; when set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to zero, it will be silently raised to one.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Slave servers will periodically query master
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers to find out if zone serial numbers have
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater changed. Each such query uses a minute amount of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the slave server's network bandwidth. To limit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rate at which queries are sent. The value of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option, an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein integer, is the maximum number of queries sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per second. The default is 20 per second.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The lowest possible rate is one per second; when set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to zero, it will be silently raised to one.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews In BIND 8, the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowed to be outstanding at any given time.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews serial queries and ignores the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as defined using the <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span></span></dt>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats,
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> and
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option is used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the master server to determine which format it sends.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> uses one DNS message per
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews resource record transferred.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs as many resource
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein records as possible into a message.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is more efficient, but is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only supported by relatively new slave servers,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein such as <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 8.x and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.5 onwards.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> format is also supported by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recent Microsoft Windows nameservers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> may be overridden on a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can be running concurrently. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein speed up the convergence
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein local system.
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-out</strong></span></span></dt>
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater The maximum number of outbound zone transfers
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater of the limit will be refused. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span></span></dt>
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater The default value is <code class="literal">2</code>.
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span>
4a71c59d2bf32585c5dd18f4630d5f10e56a1ab3Automatic Updater speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the load on the remote name server. <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be overridden on a per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> phrase
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater of the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement.
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User<p><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User determines which local address will be bound to IPv4
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User TCP connections used to fetch zones transferred
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User inbound by the server. It also determines the
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port,
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User used for the refresh queries and forwarded dynamic
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User updates. If not set, it defaults to a system
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater controlled value which will usually be the address
8b1cba45ade83893c009b37f47d5478e97eb61d2Automatic Updater of the interface "closest to" the remote end. This
bae169ea64bf736d6ea6074c2af3d7c117079972Tinderbox User address must appear in the remote end's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> option for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone being transferred, if one is specified. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement sets the
85d259b3cf22bdbf7c1c1dadd95dfea4d5a84375Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> for all zones,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but can be overridden on a per-view or per-zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein basis by including a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> statement within
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> or
85d259b3cf22bdbf7c1c1dadd95dfea4d5a84375Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> block in the configuration
85d259b3cf22bdbf7c1c1dadd95dfea4d5a84375Tinderbox User<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein source address for TCP sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater The same as <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>,
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater except zone transfers are performed using IPv6.
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
2a9a5e1871710510cdbba67c13ce21e75296b451Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> fails and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you do not wish the alternate transfer source
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be used, you should set
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein appropriately and you should not depend upon
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein getting an answer back to the first refresh
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> fails and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified this defaults to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein otherwise it defaults to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> (for BIND 8
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein compatibility).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determines which local source address, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein optionally UDP port, will be used to send NOTIFY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein messages. This address must appear in the slave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> zone clause or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in an <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> clause. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement sets the <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per-view basis by including a
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> statement within
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein source address for TCP sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Like <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2586548"></a>UDP Port Lists</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used or not used as source ports for UDP messages.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#query_address" title="Query Address">the section called “Query Address”</a> about how the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein available ports are determined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, with the following configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinuse-v6-udp-ports { range 32768 65535; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinavoid-v6-udp-ports { 40000; range 50000 60000; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein UDP ports of IPv6 messages sent
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will be in one
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the following ranges: 32768 to 39999, 40001 to 49999,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and 60001 to 65535.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to prevent <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> from choosing as its random source port a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein port that is blocked by your firewall or a port that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used by other applications;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if a query went out with a source port blocked by a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein firewall, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answer would not get by the firewall and the name server would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have to query again.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note: the desired range can also be represented only with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">avoid-</strong></span> options are redundant in that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sense; they are provided for backward compatibility and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to possibly simplify the port specification.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2586608"></a>Operating System Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server's usage of many system resources can be limited.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein example, <span><strong class="command">1G</strong></span> can be used instead of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">1073741824</strong></span> to specify a limit of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein gigabyte. <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> requests
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unlimited use, or the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum available amount. <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein uses the limit
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that was in force when the server was started. See the description
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <span><strong class="command">size_spec</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements" title="Configuration File Elements">the section called “Configuration File Elements”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following options set operating system resource limits for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name server process. Some operating systems don't support
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsupported limit is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">coresize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum size of a core dump. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">datasize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of data memory the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This is a hard limit on server memory usage.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to raise an operating system data size limit that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of memory used by the server, use the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">files</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of files the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may have open concurrently. The default is <code class="literal">unlimited</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">stacksize</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of stack memory the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<a name="server_resource_limits"></a>Server Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The following options set limits on the server's
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater resource consumption that are enforced internally by the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater server rather than the operating system.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ixfr-log-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option is obsolete; it is accepted
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> performs a
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater similar function in BIND 9.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sets a maximum size for each journal file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#journal" title="The journal file">the section called “The journal file”</a>). When the journal file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the specified size, some of the oldest transactions in the
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews will be automatically removed. The largest permitted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value is 2 gigabytes. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">unlimited</code>, which also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein means 2 gigabytes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This may also be set on a per-zone basis.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics-max</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In BIND 8, specifies the maximum number of host statistics
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein entries to be kept.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Not implemented in BIND 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">1000</code>. Because each recursing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client uses a fair
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span> option may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have to be decreased
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on hosts with limited memory.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein connections that the server will accept.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <code class="literal">100</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">reserved-sockets</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The number of file descriptors reserved for TCP, stdio,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein etc. This needs to be big enough to cover the number of
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews interfaces <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> listens on, <span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span> as well as
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to provide room for outgoing TCP queries and incoming zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers. The default is <code class="literal">512</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The minimum value is <code class="literal">128</code> and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum value is <code class="literal">128</code> less than
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews maxsockets (-S). This option may be removed in the future.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option has little effect on Windows.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum amount of memory to use for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server's cache, in bytes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the amount of data in the cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reaches this limit, the server will cause records to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expire prematurely based on an LRU based strategy so
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that the limit is not exceeded.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The keyword <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or the value 0, will place no limit on cache size;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein records will be purged from the cache only when their
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TTLs expire.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Any positive values less than 2MB will be ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and reset to 2MB.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separately to the cache of each view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-listen-queue</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 10.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the kernel supports the accept filter "dataready" this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also controls how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein some data before being passed to accept. Nonzero values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein less than 10 will be silently raised. A value of 0 may also
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be used; on most platforms this sets the listen queue
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein length to a system-defined default value.
767c53c304b86460d72eeec7d3304172cdd904bdEvan Hunt<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
767c53c304b86460d72eeec7d3304172cdd904bdEvan Hunt<a name="id2587033"></a>Periodic Task Intervals</h4></div></div></div>
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater This interval is effectively obsolete. Previously,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server would remove expired resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein from the cache every <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 now manages cache
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein memory in a more sophisticated manner and does not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rely on the periodic cleaning any more.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifying this option therefore has no effect on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the server's behavior.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server will perform zone maintenance tasks
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for all zones marked as <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> whenever this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are up
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server will scan the network interface list
c92c50783e4e93699f2a42643b8f200b9b719c87Automatic Updater every <span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span>
c92c50783e4e93699f2a42643b8f200b9b719c87Automatic Updater minutes. The default
c92c50783e4e93699f2a42643b8f200b9b719c87Automatic Updater is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
c92c50783e4e93699f2a42643b8f200b9b719c87Automatic Updater If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the configuration file is loaded. After the scan, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein begin listening for queries on any newly discovered
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interfaces (provided they are allowed by the
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> configuration), and
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater stop listening on interfaces that have gone away.
9ef82979c49da3dd3647273b1cd6ed7d3352c003Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Name server statistics will be logged
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein every <span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minutes. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If set to 0, no statistics will be logged.
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not yet implemented in
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater<a name="topology"></a>Topology</h4></div></div></div>
49853562e29e3813e49c251cde132d7be6a6475eAutomatic Updater All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein topologically closest to itself. The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews takes an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interprets it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example,
cd3ee12f1d34107678bde7be68b1d7f0f45cf2c9Automatic Updater will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is preferred least of all.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default topology is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"> topology { localhost; localnets; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater<a name="the_sortlist_statement"></a>The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement</h4></div></div></div>
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset).
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater The name server will normally return the
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater (but see the <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater statement in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>).
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate,
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater other addresses.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater When a client is using a local server, the sorting can be performed
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater in the server, based on the client's address. This only requires
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater configuring the name servers, not all the clients.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement (see below)
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater interprets it even
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater more specifically than the <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span>
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater does (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#topology" title="Topology">the section called “Topology”</a>).
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater Each top level statement in the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> must
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater itself be an explicit <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> with
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater one or two elements. The first element (which may be an IP
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater an IP prefix, an ACL name or a nested <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>)
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater of each top level list is checked against the source address of
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater the query until a match is found.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater Once the source address of the query has been matched, if
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater the top level statement contains only one element, the actual
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater element that matched the source address is used to select the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater treated the same as the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> in
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater a <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement. Each top
54e57d8ff46096e9c6a9af95f2522b56cb3877b2Automatic Updater is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater distance is moved to the beginning of the response.
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater In the following example, any queries received from any of
e839bf134fb138920d4833cf05cb8b8906787a8dAutomatic Updater the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring
e839bf134fb138920d4833cf05cb8b8906787a8dAutomatic Updater on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are
23967fcd6e214ac5194222a6b7f41fe869db4f9cAutomatic Updater on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the
e839bf134fb138920d4833cf05cb8b8906787a8dAutomatic Updater 192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two
e839bf134fb138920d4833cf05cb8b8906787a8dAutomatic Updater networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein their directly connected networks.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // IF the local host
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // THEN first fit on the following nets
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein { localhost;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein { localnets;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // IF on class C 192.168.1 THEN use .1, or .2 or .3
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // IF on class C 192.168.2 THEN use .2, or .1 or .3
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // IF on class C 192.168.3 THEN use .3, or .1 or .2
fde6bfde6ec1d7a5f9907aeea8618db9dbd02f4cAutomatic Updater // IF .4 or .5 THEN prefer that net
fde6bfde6ec1d7a5f9907aeea8618db9dbd02f4cAutomatic Updater The following example will give reasonable behavior for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the behavior of the address sort in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.x. Responses sent
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a
87ff79ee66e85519d7f75195a5345e5f5e09c895Automatic Updater connected network will prefer addresses on that same network.
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater to other queries will not be sorted.
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater { localhost; localnets; };
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater { localnets; };
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater<a name="rrset_ordering"></a>RRset Ordering</h4></div></div></div>
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater useful to configure the order of the records placed into the
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement permits
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response.
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater See also the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement,
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a>.
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater An <span><strong class="command">order_spec</strong></span> is defined as
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews [<span class="optional">class <em class="replaceable"><code>class_name</code></em></span>]
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews [<span class="optional">type <em class="replaceable"><code>type_name</code></em></span>]
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional">name <em class="replaceable"><code>"domain_name"</code></em></span>]
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater order <em class="replaceable"><code>ordering</code></em>
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater If no class is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater If no type is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews If no name is specified, the default is "<span><strong class="command">*</strong></span>" (asterisk).
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The legal values for <span><strong class="command">ordering</strong></span> are:
be75fd4f49dc3e96e43fdcd6bacf8d3b8749a0e0Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">fixed</strong></span></p>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Records are returned in the order they
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are defined in the zone file.
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">random</strong></span></p>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User Records are returned in some random order.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <p><span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span></p>
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater Records are returned in a cyclic round-robin order.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews If <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> is configured with the
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews "--enable-fixed-rrset" option at compile time, then
2914684df93e6c3aa4d402b5a14fbe6137f538aeAutomatic Updater the initial ordering of the RRset will match the
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews one specified in the zone file.
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews For example:
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random;
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews order cyclic;
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews have "<code class="literal">host.example.com</code>" as a
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews suffix, to always be returned
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews If multiple <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statements
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews appear, they are not combined — the last one applies.
68abac6cb23aa2c6489ccc16663e051d7aad3ad9Mark Andrews By default, all records are returned in random order.
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
4a5d8786edaff5f9f022c117b4da084bcb4a0b71Automatic Updater In this release of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement does not support
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater "fixed" ordering by default. Fixed ordering can be enabled
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater at compile time by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" on
6100dfd774ab9b4040b6f348ef1de01bc902ae07Automatic Updater the "configure" command line.
edaa0648858316d9f4ad2a4093f16e05dbf2fe50Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
edaa0648858316d9f4ad2a4093f16e05dbf2fe50Tinderbox User<a name="tuning"></a>Tuning</h4></div></div></div>
edaa0648858316d9f4ad2a4093f16e05dbf2fe50Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">lame-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User Sets the number of seconds to cache a
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User <span class="bold"><strong>NOT</strong></span> recommended.)
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User The default is <code class="literal">600</code> (10 minutes) and the
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User maximum value is
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User <code class="literal">1800</code> (30 minutes).
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">servfail-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the number of seconds to cache a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SERVFAIL response due to DNSSEC validation failure or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein other general server failure. If set to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">0</code>, SERVFAIL caching is disabled.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The SERVFAIL cache is not consulted if a query has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the CD (Checking Disabled) bit set; this allows a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query that failed due to DNSSEC validation to be retried
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein without waiting for the SERVFAIL TTL to expire.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The maximum value is <code class="literal">300</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (5 minutes); any higher value will be silently
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reduced. The default is <code class="literal">10</code>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User To reduce network traffic and increase performance,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User the server stores negative answers. <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User in seconds. The default
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is <code class="literal">10800</code> seconds (3 hours).
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> cannot exceed
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User 7 days and will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the maximum time for which the server will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache ordinary (positive) answers. The default is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one week (7 days).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A value of zero may cause all queries to return
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SERVFAIL, because of lost caches of intermediate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRsets (such as NS and glue AAAA/A records) in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resolution process.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-roots</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The minimum number of root servers that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is required for a request for the root servers to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein accepted. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is <strong class="userinput"><code>2</code></strong>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater Specifies the number of days into the future when
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater result of dynamic updates (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#dynamic_update" title="Dynamic Update">the section called “Dynamic Update”</a>) will expire. There
9011c72c568aedd03709f56f21d639fd55944a74Automatic Updater is an optional second field which specifies how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein long before expiry that the signatures will be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein regenerated. If not specified, the signatures will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be regenerated at 1/4 of base interval. The second
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field is specified in days if the base interval is
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater greater than 7 days otherwise it is specified in hours.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews The default base interval is <code class="literal">30</code> days
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein giving a re-signing interval of 7 1/2 days. The maximum
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are 10 years (3660 days).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The signature inception time is unconditionally
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set to one hour before the current time to allow
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews for a limited amount of clock skew.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews should be, at least, several multiples of the SOA
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews expire interval to allow for reasonable interaction
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews between the various timer and expiry dates.
77dccf2a5d9327d16b4374a135cdb99bdd48620eAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
77dccf2a5d9327d16b4374a135cdb99bdd48620eAutomatic Updater Specify the maximum number of nodes to be
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews examined in each quantum when signing a zone with
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews a new DNSKEY. The default is
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Specify a threshold number of signatures that
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews will terminate processing a quantum when signing
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews a zone with a new DNSKEY. The default is
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater Specify a private RDATA type to be used when generating
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater signing state records. The default is
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater It is expected that this parameter may be removed
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater in a future version once there is a standard type.
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater Signing state records are used to internally by
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to track the current state of
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater a zone-signing process, i.e., whether it is still active
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater or has been completed. The records can be inspected
9d5a84057d77e1de7ccdcf3cfdeff78db4706fb8Automatic Updater using the command
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rndc signing -list <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em></strong></span>.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User Once <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has finished signing
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User a zone with a particular key, the signing state
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User record associated with that key can be removed from
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User the zone by running
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rndc signing -clear <em class="replaceable"><code>keyid/algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em></strong></span>.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User To clear all of the completed signing state
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User records for a zone, use
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rndc signing -clear all <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em></strong></span>.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User These options control the server's behavior on refreshing a
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User (querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User are set by the master, giving slave server administrators
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User control over their contents.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User These options are valid for slave and stub zones,
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specified
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User The following defaults apply.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span> 300 seconds,
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span> 2419200 seconds
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User (4 weeks), <span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span> 500 seconds,
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User and <span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span> 1209600 seconds
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User Sets the initial advertised EDNS UDP buffer size in
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User bytes, to control the size of packets received from
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User authoritative servers in response to recursive queries.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this range
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User will be silently adjusted to the nearest value within
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User it). The default value is 4096.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User The usual reason for setting
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default value
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User is to get UDP answers to pass through broken firewalls
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User that block fragmented packets and/or block UDP DNS
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User When <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> first queries a remote
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User server, it will advertise a UDP buffer size of 512, as
e67b52444aa179d82a1dea2da9bd4388ce7ded52Tinderbox User this has the greatest chance of success on the first try.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews If the initial response times out, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews will try again with plain DNS, and if that is successful,
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater it will be taken as evidence that the server does not
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater support EDNS. After enough failures using EDNS and
824f38c0310fddef55f0f691580154022a7852f5Automatic Updater successes using plain DNS, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews will default to plain DNS for future communications
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews with that server. (Periodically, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
c25877b3630eee1da5b942aaa924cba831b89328Automatic Updater will send an EDNS query to see if the situation has
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews However, if the initial query is successful with
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews EDNS advertising a buffer size of 512, then
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will advertise progressively
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews larger buffer sizes on successive queries, until
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews responses begin timing out or
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> is reached.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews The default buffer sizes used by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews are 512, 1232, 1432, and 4096, but never exceeding
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span>. (The values 1232 and
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews 1432 are chosen to allow for an IPv4/IPv6 encapsulated
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews UDP message to be sent without fragmentation at the
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews minimum MTU sizes for Ethernet and IPv6 networks.)
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Sets the maximum EDNS UDP message size
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will send in bytes.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews range will be silently adjusted to the nearest
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews value within it). The default value is 4096.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews This value applies to responses sent by a server; to
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews set the advertised buffer size in queries, see
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span>.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews The usual reason for setting
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews This is independent of the advertised receive
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews buffer (<span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span>).
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Setting this to a low value will encourage additional
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews TCP traffic to the nameserver.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews the file format of zone files (see
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format" title="Additional File Formats">the section called “Additional File Formats”</a>).
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews The default value is <code class="constant">text</code>, which is the
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews standard textual representation, except for slave zones,
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews in which the default value is <code class="constant">raw</code>.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Files in other formats than <code class="constant">text</code> are
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater typically expected to be generated by the
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> tool, or dumped by
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews Note that when a zone file in a different format than
1586d8cbac5d73031716561386f60758c6c332d5Mark Andrews <code class="constant">text</code> is loaded, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may omit some of the checks which would be performed for a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file in the <code class="constant">text</code> format. In particular,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span> checks do not apply
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews for the <code class="constant">raw</code> format. This means
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a zone file in the <code class="constant">raw</code> format
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews must be generated with the same check level as that
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews specified in the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews file. Also, <code class="constant">map</code> format files are
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews loaded directly into memory via memory mapping, with only
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews minimal checking.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This statement sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> for all zones,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by including a <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement within the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-style</strong></span></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Specifies the formatting of zone files during dump
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews when the <code class="option">masterfile-format</code> is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="constant">text</code>. (This option is ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with any other <code class="option">masterfile-format</code>.)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When set to <code class="constant">relative</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein records are printed in a multi-line format with owner
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein names expressed relative to a shared origin. When set
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to <code class="constant">full</code>, records are printed in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a single-line format with absolute owner names.
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews The <code class="constant">full</code> format is most suitable
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when a zone file needs to be processed automatically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by a script. The <code class="constant">relative</code> format
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is more human-readable, and is thus suitable when a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews zone is to be edited by hand. The default is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="clients-per-query"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<p>These set the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein initial value (minimum) and maximum number of recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein simultaneous clients for any given query
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews (<qname,qtype,qclass>) that the server will accept
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews before dropping additional clients.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein self tune this value and changes will be logged. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews default values are 10 and 100.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This value should reflect how many queries come in for
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews a given name in the time it takes to resolve that name.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If the number of queries exceed this value, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein assume that it is dealing with a non-responsive zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and will drop additional queries. If it gets a response
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews after dropping queries, it will raise the estimate. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein estimate will then be lowered in 20 minutes if it has
df6faef67126d1277b0f21defd41c54994bf6fcfMark Andrews remained unchanged.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then there is no limit on the number of clients per query
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and no queries will be dropped.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews then there is no upper bound other than imposed by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="max-recursion-depth"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-recursion-depth</strong></span></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the maximum number of levels of recursion
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that are permitted at any one time while servicing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a recursive query. Resolving a name may require
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein looking up a name server address, which in turn
276e28f813ffef042d5a6e9f3373ef4e2ad37996Mark Andrews requires resolving another name, etc; if the number
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of indirections exceeds this value, the recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query is terminated and returns SERVFAIL. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default is 7.
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User<a name="max-recursion-queries"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-recursion-queries</strong></span></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Sets the maximum number of iterative queries that
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater may be sent while servicing a recursive query.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater If more queries are sent, the recursive query
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater is terminated and returns SERVFAIL. Queries to
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater look up top level comains such as "com" and "net"
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater and the DNS root zone are exempt from this limitation.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default is 75.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The delay, in seconds, between sending sets of notify
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater messages for a zone. The default is five (5) seconds.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The overall rate that NOTIFY messages are sent for all
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater zones is controlled by <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-rsa-exponent-size</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The maximum RSA exponent size, in bits, that will
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater be accepted when validating. Valid values are 35
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater to 4096 bits. The default zero (0) is also accepted
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater and is equivalent to 4096.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">prefetch</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater When a query is received for cached data which
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater is to expire shortly, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> can
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater refresh the data from the authoritative server
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater immediately, ensuring that the cache always has an
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater answer available.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The <code class="option">prefetch</code> specifies the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater "trigger" TTL value at which prefetch of the current
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater query will take place: when a cache record with a
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater lower TTL value is encountered during query processing,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater it will be refreshed. Valid trigger TTL values are 1 to
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater 10 seconds. Values larger than 10 seconds will be silently
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater reduced to 10.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Setting a trigger TTL to zero (0) causes
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater prefetch to be disabled.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default trigger TTL is <code class="literal">2</code>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater An optional second argument specifies the "eligibility"
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater TTL: the smallest <span class="emphasis"><em>original</em></span>
e31a258ca6ef845faf483fa8f04921e8841d3213Tinderbox User TTL value that will be accepted for a record to be
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater eligible for prefetching. The eligibility TTL must
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater be at least six seconds longer than the trigger TTL;
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater if it isn't, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will silently
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater adjust it upward.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default eligibility TTL is <code class="literal">9</code>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<a name="builtin"></a>Built-in server information zones</h4></div></div></div>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The server provides some helpful diagnostic information
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater through a number of built-in zones under the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater pseudo-top-level-domain <code class="literal">bind</code> in the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> class. These zones are part
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater built-in view (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar" title="view Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>) of
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> which is separate from the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater default view of class <span><strong class="command">IN</strong></span>. Most global
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater configuration options (<span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater etc) will apply to this view, but some are locally
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater overridden: <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span>,
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span> and
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-new-zones</strong></span> are
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater always set to <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, and
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> is set to allow
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater three responses per second.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater If you need to disable these zones, use the options
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater below, or hide the built-in <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater defining an explicit view of class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater that matches all clients.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">version</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The version the server should report
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater via a query of the name <code class="literal">version.bind</code>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The default is the real version number of this server.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Specifying <span><strong class="command">version none</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">hostname</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The hostname the server should report via a query of
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater the name <code class="filename">hostname.bind</code>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater name server as
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater found by the gethostname() function. The primary purpose of such queries
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">hostname none;</strong></span>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span></span></dt>
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater The ID the server should report when receiving a Name
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater Server Identifier (NSID) query, or a query of the name
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <code class="filename">ID.SERVER</code> with type
afb33f777af856f8c3382604a7a8ffdfe2b512c5Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater The primary purpose of such queries is to
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id none;</strong></span>
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater disables processing of the queries.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id hostname;</strong></span> will cause <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User use the hostname as found by the gethostname() function.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User The default <span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater<a name="empty"></a>Built-in Empty Zones</h4></div></div></div>
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server has some built-in
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User empty zones (SOA and NS records only).
f0da471019f224ba88dc2f4b3f2209c6102855f6Automatic Updater These are for zones that should normally be answered locally
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater and which queries should not be sent to the Internet's root
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater servers. The official servers which cover these namespaces
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater return NXDOMAIN responses to these queries. In particular,
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater these cover the reverse namespaces for addresses from
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User RFC 1918, RFC 4193, RFC 5737 and RFC 6598. They also include the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User reverse namespace for IPv6 local address (locally assigned),
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User IPv6 link local addresses, the IPv6 loopback address and the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User IPv6 unknown address.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The server will attempt to determine if a built-in zone
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User already exists or is active (covered by a forward-only
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User forwarding declaration) and will not create an empty
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User zone in that case.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The current list of empty zones is:
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater<li>0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User<li>1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Empty zones are settable at the view level and only apply to
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User views of class IN. Disabled empty zones are only inherited
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User from options if there are no disabled empty zones specified
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater at the view level. To override the options list of disabled
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User zones, you can disable the root zone at the view level, for example:
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User disable-empty-zone ".";
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User If you are using the address ranges covered here, you should
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User already have reverse zones covering the addresses you use.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User In practice this appears to not be the case with many queries
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User being made to the infrastructure servers for names in these
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User spaces. So many in fact that sacrificial servers were needed
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User to be deployed to channel the query load away from the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User infrastructure servers.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The real parent servers for these zones should disable all
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User empty zone under the parent zone they serve. For the real
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User root servers, this is all built-in empty zones. This will
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User enable them to return referrals to deeper in the tree.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-server</strong></span></span></dt>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Specify what server name will appear in the returned
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User the zone's name will be used.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-contact</strong></span></span></dt>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Specify what contact name will appear in the returned
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User "." will be used.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-zones-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Enable or disable all empty zones. By default, they
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-empty-zone</strong></span></span></dt>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Disable individual empty zones. By default, none are
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User disabled. This option can be specified multiple times.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<a name="acache"></a>Additional Section Caching</h4></div></div></div>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The additional section cache, also called <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater is an internal cache to improve the response performance of BIND 9.
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater When additional section caching is enabled, BIND 9 will
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater cache an internal short-cut to the additional section content for
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User each answer RR.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Note that <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is an internal caching
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User mechanism of BIND 9, and is not related to the DNS caching
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User server function.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Additional section caching does not change the
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater response content (except the RRsets ordering of the additional
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User section, see below), but can improve the response performance
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User significantly.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User It is particularly effective when BIND 9 acts as an authoritative
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User server for a zone that has many delegations with many glue RRs.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User In order to obtain the maximum performance improvement
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User from additional section caching, setting
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> is recommended, since the current
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User implementation of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User does not short-cut of additional section information from the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User DNS cache data.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User One obvious disadvantage of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User that it requires much more
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User memory for the internal cached data.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Thus, if the response performance does not matter and memory
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User consumption is much more critical, the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> mechanism can be
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User disabled by setting <span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span> to
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User It is also possible to specify the upper limit of memory
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User for acache by using <span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span>.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User Additional section caching also has a minor effect on the
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater RRset ordering in the additional section.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Without <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span> order is effective for the additional
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User section as well as the answer and authority sections.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User However, additional section caching fixes the ordering when it
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User first caches an RRset for the additional section, and the same
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User ordering will be kept in succeeding responses, regardless of the
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User setting of <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User The effect of this should be minor, however, since an
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User RRset in the additional section
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User typically only contains a small number of RRs (and in many cases
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User it only contains a single RR), in which case the
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User ordering does not matter much.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The following is a summary of options related to
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User If <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, additional section caching is
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User enabled. The default value is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The server will remove stale cache entries, based on an LRU
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User algorithm, every <span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User The default is 60 minutes.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The maximum amount of memory in bytes to use for the server's acache.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User When the amount of data in the acache reaches this limit,
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User will clean more aggressively so that the limit is not
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User separately to the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User acache of each view.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The default is <code class="literal">16M</code>.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User<a name="id2589896"></a>Content Filtering</h4></div></div></div>
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides the ability to filter
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User out DNS responses from external DNS servers containing
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User certain types of data in the answer section.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User Specifically, it can reject address (A or AAAA) records if
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User the corresponding IPv4 or IPv6 addresses match the given
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User It can also reject CNAME or DNAME records if the "alias"
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater name (i.e., the CNAME alias or the substituted query name
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater due to DNAME) matches the
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater given <code class="varname">namelist</code> of the
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span> option, where
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater "match" means the alias name is a subdomain of one of
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater the <code class="varname">name_list</code> elements.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater If the optional <code class="varname">namelist</code> is specified
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span>, records whose query name
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater matches the list will be accepted regardless of the filter
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater Likewise, if the alias name is a subdomain of the
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater corresponding zone, the <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater filter will not apply;
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater for example, even if "example.com" is specified for
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>,
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">www.example.com. CNAME xxx.example.com.</pre>
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater returned by an "example.com" server will be accepted.
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater In the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option, only
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater and <code class="varname">ip_prefix</code>
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User are meaningful;
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater any <code class="varname">key_id</code> will be silently ignored.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater If a response message is rejected due to the filtering,
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater the entire message is discarded without being cached, and
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User a SERVFAIL error will be returned to the client.
29651c3a80835482fa1612c24653c9b0c0e2e205Tinderbox User This filtering is intended to prevent "DNS rebinding attacks," in
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater which an attacker, in response to a query for a domain name the
6f64d4ab8e68f9b2333bcbfc755396d29a4a9d7cAutomatic Updater attacker controls, returns an IP address within your own network or
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater an alias name within your own domain.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater A naive web browser or script could then serve as an
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User unintended proxy, allowing the attacker
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User to get access to an internal node of your local network
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User that couldn't be externally accessed otherwise.
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User See the paper available at
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User <a href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298" target="_top">
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298
c11135d39e82f0cd1c67869c535f4af77cd8eda6Tinderbox User for more details about the attacks.
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater For example, if you own a domain named "example.net" and
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User your internal network uses an IPv4 prefix 192.0.2.0/24,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User you might specify the following rules:
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<pre class="programlisting">deny-answer-addresses { 192.0.2.0/24; } except-from { "example.net"; };
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox Userdeny-answer-aliases { "example.net"; };
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User If an external attacker lets a web browser in your local
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User network look up an IPv4 address of "attacker.example.com",
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User the attacker's DNS server would return a response like this:
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<pre class="programlisting">attacker.example.com. A 192.0.2.1</pre>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User in the answer section.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Since the rdata of this record (the IPv4 address) matches
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User the specified prefix 192.0.2.0/24, this response will be
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User On the other hand, if the browser looks up a legitimate
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User internal web server "www.example.net" and the
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User following response is returned to
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 server
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User<pre class="programlisting">www.example.net. A 192.0.2.2</pre>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User it will be accepted since the owner name "www.example.net"
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User matches the <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span> element,
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Note that this is not really an attack on the DNS per se.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User In fact, there is nothing wrong for an "external" name to
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User be mapped to your "internal" IP address or domain name
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User from the DNS point of view.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User It might actually be provided for a legitimate purpose,
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User such as for debugging.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User As long as the mapping is provided by the correct owner,
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User it is not possible or does not make sense to detect
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User whether the intent of the mapping is legitimate or not
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User within the DNS.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User The "rebinding" attack must primarily be protected at the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User application that uses the DNS.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User For a large site, however, it may be difficult to protect
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User all possible applications at once.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User This filtering feature is provided only to help such an
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User operational environment;
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User it is generally discouraged to turn it on unless you are
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User very sure you have no other choice and the attack is a
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User real threat for your applications.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Care should be particularly taken if you want to use this
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User option for addresses within 127.0.0.0/8.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User These addresses are obviously "internal", but many
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User applications conventionally rely on a DNS mapping from
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User some name to such an address.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Filtering out DNS records containing this address
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User spuriously can break such applications.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User<a name="id2590022"></a>Response Policy Zone (RPZ) Rewriting</h4></div></div></div>
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 includes a limited
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User mechanism to modify DNS responses for requests
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User analogous to email anti-spam DNS blacklists.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Responses can be changed to deny the existence of domains (NXDOMAIN),
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User deny the existence of IP addresses for domains (NODATA),
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User or contain other IP addresses or data.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Response policy zones are named in the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option for the view or among the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User global options if there is no response-policy option for the view.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Response policy zones are ordinary DNS zones containing RRsets
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User that can be queried normally if allowed.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User It is usually best to restrict those queries with something like
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">allow-query { localhost; };</strong></span>.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User A <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option can support
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User multiple policy zones. To maximize performance, a radix
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User tree is used to quickly identify response policy zones
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User containing triggers that match the current query. This
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User imposes an upper limit of 32 on the number of policy zones
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User in a single <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option; more
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User than that is a configuration error.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Five policy triggers can be encoded in RPZ records.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RPZ-CLIENT-IP</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User IP records are triggered by the IP address of the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User Client IP address triggers are encoded in records that have
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User owner names that are subdomains of
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rpz-client-ip</strong></span> relativized to the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User policy zone origin name
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User and encode an address or address block.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User IPv4 addresses are represented as
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>prefixlength.B4.B3.B2.B1.rpz-ip</code></strong>.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User The IPv4 prefix length must be between 1 and 32.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User All four bytes, B4, B3, B2, and B1, must be present.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User B4 is the decimal value of the least significant byte of the
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User IPv4 address as in IN-ADDR.ARPA.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User IPv6 addresses are encoded in a format similar
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User to the standard IPv6 text representation,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <strong class="userinput"><code>prefixlength.W8.W7.W6.W5.W4.W3.W2.W1.rpz-ip</code></strong>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Each of W8,...,W1 is a one to four digit hexadecimal number
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User representing 16 bits of the IPv6 address as in the standard
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User text representation of IPv6 addresses,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User but reversed as in IN-ADDR.ARPA.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User All 8 words must be present except when one set of consecutive
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User zero words is replaced with <strong class="userinput"><code>.zz.</code></strong>
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User analogous to double colons (::) in standard IPv6 text
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User The IPv6 prefix length must be between 64 and 128.
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">QNAME</strong></span></span></dt>
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User QNAME policy records are triggered by query names of
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User requests and targets of CNAME records resolved to generate
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User the response.
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User The owner name of a QNAME policy record is
d0d1dbab0fe2b940ffb4354dcadb30885f160770Tinderbox User the query name relativized to the policy zone.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RPZ-IP</strong></span></span></dt>
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User IP triggers are IP addresses in an
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User A or AAAA record in the ANSWER section of a response.
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User They are encoded like client-IP triggers except as
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User subdomains of <span><strong class="command">rpz-ip</strong></span>.
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RPZ-NSDNAME</strong></span></span></dt>
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User NSDNAME triggers match names of authoritative servers
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User for the query name, a parent of the query name, a CNAME for
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User query name, or a parent of a CNAME.
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User They are encoded as subdomains of
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rpz-nsdname</strong></span> relativized
c986916269e0d9ca0a31efb62ff5ac06938815dbTinderbox User to the RPZ origin name.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User NSIP triggers match IP addresses in A and
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User AAAA RRsets for domains that can be checked against NSDNAME
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User policy records.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RPZ-NSIP</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User NSIP triggers are encoded like IP triggers except as
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User subdomains of <span><strong class="command">rpz-nsip</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User NSDNAME and NSIP triggers are checked only for names with at
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User least <span><strong class="command">min-ns-dots</strong></span> dots.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The default value of <span><strong class="command">min-ns-dots</strong></span> is 1 to
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User exclude top level domains.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The query response is checked against all response policy zones,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User so two or more policy records can be triggered by a response.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Because DNS responses are rewritten according to at most one
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User policy record, a single record encoding an action (other than
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">DISABLED</strong></span> actions) must be chosen.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Triggers or the records that encode them are chosen for the
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User rewriting in the following order:
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<li>Choose the triggered record in the zone that appears
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User first in the <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<li>Prefer CLIENT-IP to QNAME to IP to NSDNAME to NSIP
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User triggers in a single zone.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<li>Among NSDNAME triggers, prefer the
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User trigger that matches the smallest name under the DNSSEC ordering.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<li>Among IP or NSIP triggers, prefer the trigger
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User with the longest prefix.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<li>Among triggers with the same prefix length,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User prefer the IP or NSIP trigger that matches
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User the smallest IP address.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User When the processing of a response is restarted to resolve
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User DNAME or CNAME records and a policy record set has
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User not been triggered,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User all response policy zones are again consulted for the
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User DNAME or CNAME names and addresses.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User RPZ record sets are any types of DNS record except
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User DNAME or DNSSEC that encode actions or responses to
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User individual queries.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Any of the policies can be used with any of the triggers.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User For example, while the <span><strong class="command">TCP-only</strong></span> policy is
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User commonly used with <span><strong class="command">client-IP</strong></span> triggers,
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User it can be used with any type of trigger to force the use of
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User TCP for responses with owner names in a zone.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">PASSTHRU</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The whitelist policy is specified
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User by a CNAME whose target is <span><strong class="command">rpz-passthru</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User It causes the response to not be rewritten
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User and is most often used to "poke holes" in policies for
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">DROP</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The blacklist policy is specified
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User by a CNAME whose target is <span><strong class="command">rpz-drop</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User It causes the response to be discarded.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Nothing is sent to the DNS client.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">TCP-Only</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The "slip" policy is specified
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User by a CNAME whose target is <span><strong class="command">rpz-tcp-only</strong></span>.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User It changes UDP responses to short, truncated DNS responses
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User that require the DNS client to try again with TCP.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User It is used to mitigate distributed DNS reflection attacks.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span></span></dt>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User The domain undefined response is encoded
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User by a CNAME whose target is the root domain (.)
5329b4137e5c0c309e589d1b019014dc6a383e3dAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">NODATA</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The empty set of resource records is specified by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein CNAME whose target is the wildcard top-level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain (*.).
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews It rewrites the response to NODATA or ANCOUNT=1.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">Local Data</strong></span></span></dt>
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews A set of ordinary DNS records can be used to answer queries.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews Queries for record types not the set are answered with
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User A special form of local data is a CNAME whose target is a
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User wildcard such as *.example.com.
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User It is used as if were an ordinary CNAME after the astrisk (*)
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User has been replaced with the query name.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The purpose for this special form is query logging in the
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User walled garden's authority DNS server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All of the actions specified in all of the individual records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a policy zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can be overridden with a <span><strong class="command">policy</strong></span> clause in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An organization using a policy zone provided by another
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein organization might use this mechanism to redirect domains
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to its own walled garden.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">GIVEN</strong></span></span></dt>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews<dd><p>The placeholder policy says "do not override but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein perform the action specified in the zone."
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">DISABLED</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The testing override policy causes policy zone records to do
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein nothing but log what they would have done if the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein policy zone were not disabled.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The response to the DNS query will be written (or not)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein according to any triggered policy records that are not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Disabled policy zones should appear first,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein because they will often not be logged
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if a higher precedence trigger is found first.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">PASSTHRU</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">DROP</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">TCP-Only</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">NODATA</strong></span></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein override with the corresponding per-record policy.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">CNAME domain</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein causes all RPZ policy records to act as if they were
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "cname domain" records.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein By default, the actions encoded in a response policy zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are applied only to queries that ask for recursion (RD=1).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein That default can be changed for a single policy zone or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all response policy zones in a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with a <span><strong class="command">recursive-only no</strong></span> clause.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This feature is useful for serving the same zone files
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein both inside and outside an RFC 1918 cloud and using RPZ to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein delete answers that would otherwise contain RFC 1918 values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the externally visible name server or view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Also by default, RPZ actions are applied only to DNS requests
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that either do not request DNSSEC metadata (DO=0) or when no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSEC records are available for request name in the original
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone (not the response policy zone). This default can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein changed for all response policy zones in a view with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec yes</strong></span> clause. In that case, RPZ
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein actions are applied regardless of DNSSEC. The name of the
eea6be913f9928255cab5f58ff27da41c1e8e23aAutomatic Updater clause option reflects the fact that results rewritten by RPZ
eea6be913f9928255cab5f58ff27da41c1e8e23aAutomatic Updater actions cannot verify.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein No DNS records are needed for a QNAME or Client-IP trigger.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The name or IP address itself is sufficient,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein so in principle the query name need not be recursively resolved.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein However, not resolving the requested
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name can leak the fact that response policy rewriting is in use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and that the name is listed in a policy zone to operators of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers for listed names. To prevent that information leak, by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default any recursion needed for a request is done before any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein policy triggers are considered. Because listed domains often
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have slow authoritative servers, this default behavior can cost
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein significant time.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">qname-wait-recurse no</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein overrides that default behavior when recursion cannot
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein change a non-error response.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The option does not affect QNAME or client-IP triggers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in policy zones listed
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews after other zones containing IP, NSIP and NSDNAME triggers, because
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews those may depend on the A, AAAA, and NS records that would be
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews found during recursive resolution. It also does not affect
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews DNSSEC requests (DO=1) unless <span><strong class="command">break-dnssec yes</strong></span>
00124ad0406365d39f4b2d1011ef6a76706e9df0Mark Andrews is in use, because the response would depend on whether or not
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater RRSIG records were found during resolution.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews Using this option can cause error responses such as SERVFAIL to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews appear to be rewritten, since no recursion is being done to
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews discover problems at the authoritative server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The TTL of a record modified by RPZ policies is set from the
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews TTL of the relevant record in policy zone. It is then limited
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews to a maximum value.
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">max-policy-ttl</strong></span> clause changes that
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews maximum from its default of 5.
58d9e9169e7ab4355a0b0bfc13bc616bc5247dfeAutomatic Updater For example, you might use this option statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"> response-policy { zone "badlist"; };</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and this zone statement
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"> zone "badlist" {type master; file "master/badlist"; allow-query {none;}; };</pre>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with this zone file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein@ SOA LOCALHOST. named-mgr.example.com (1 1h 15m 30d 2h)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NS LOCALHOST.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; QNAME policy records. There are no periods (.) after the owner names.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinnxdomain.domain.com CNAME . ; NXDOMAIN policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein*.nxdomain.domain.com CNAME . ; NXDOMAIN policy
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrewsnodata.domain.com CNAME *. ; NODATA policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein*.nodata.domain.com CNAME *. ; NODATA policy
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinbad.domain.com A 10.0.0.1 ; redirect to a walled garden
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein AAAA 2001:2::1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; do not rewrite (PASSTHRU) OK.DOMAIN.COM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinok.domain.com CNAME rpz-passthru.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; redirect x.bzone.domain.com to x.bzone.domain.com.garden.example.com
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; IP policy records that rewrite all responses containing A records in 127/8
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; except 127.0.0.1
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein32.1.0.0.127.rpz-ip CNAME rpz-passthru.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; NSDNAME and NSIP policy records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; blacklist and whitelist some DNS clients
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein; force some DNS clients and responses in the example.com zone to TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein16.0.0.1.10.rpz-client-ip CNAME rpz-tcp-only.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinexample.com CNAME rpz-tcp-only.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein*.example.com CNAME rpz-tcp-only.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RPZ can affect server performance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each configured response policy zone requires the server to
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews perform one to four additional database lookups before a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein query can be answered.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, a DNS server with four policy zones, each with all
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein four kinds of response triggers, QNAME, IP, NSIP, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NSDNAME, requires a total of 17 times as many database
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews lookups as a similar DNS server with no response policy zones.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews A <acronym class="acronym">BIND9</acronym> server with adequate memory and one
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews response policy zone with QNAME and IP triggers might achieve a
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews maximum queries-per-second rate about 20% lower.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews A server with four response policy zones with QNAME and IP
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews triggers might have a maximum QPS rate about 50% lower.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews Responses rewritten by RPZ are counted in the
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">RPZRewrites</strong></span> statistics.
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews<a name="id2590867"></a>Response Rate Limiting</h4></div></div></div>
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews Excessive almost identical UDP <span class="emphasis"><em>responses</em></span>
dca44b90c96352111e0f1cdfdeccde1a13732161Mark Andrews can be controlled by configuring a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> clause in an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This mechanism keeps authoritative BIND 9 from being used
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater in amplifying reflection denial of service (DoS) attacks.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Short truncated (TC=1) responses can be sent to provide
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater rate-limited responses to legitimate clients within
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater a range of forged, attacked IP addresses.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Legitimate clients react to dropped or truncated response
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater by retrying with UDP or with TCP respectively.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater This mechanism is intended for authoritative DNS servers.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater It can be used on recursive servers but can slow
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User applications such as SMTP servers (mail receivers) and
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater HTTP clients (web browsers) that repeatedly request the
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater When possible, closing "open" recursive servers is better.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Response rate limiting uses a "credit" or "token bucket" scheme.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Each combination of identical response and client
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater has a conceptual account that earns a specified number
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater of credits every second.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater A prospective response debits its account by one.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Responses are dropped or truncated
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User while the account is negative.
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User Responses are tracked within a rolling window of time
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User which defaults to 15 seconds, but can be configured with
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater the <span><strong class="command">window</strong></span> option to any value from
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater 1 to 3600 seconds (1 hour).
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The account cannot become more positive than
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater the per-second limit
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater or more negative than <span><strong class="command">window</strong></span>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater times the per-second limit.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater When the specified number of credits for a class of
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User responses is set to 0, those responses are not rate limited.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The notions of "identical response" and "DNS client"
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater for rate limiting are not simplistic.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater All responses to an address block are counted as if to a
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater single client.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater The prefix lengths of addresses blocks are
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater specified with <span><strong class="command">ipv4-prefix-length</strong></span> (default 24)
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">ipv6-prefix-length</strong></span> (default 56).
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater All non-empty responses for a valid domain name (qname)
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater and record type (qtype) are identical and have a limit specified
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater (default 0 or no limit).
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater All empty (NODATA) responses for a valid domain,
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater regardless of query type, are identical.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Responses in the NODATA class are limited by
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nodata-per-second</strong></span>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater (default <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>).
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater Requests for any and all undefined subdomains of a given
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater valid domain result in NXDOMAIN errors, and are identical
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater regardless of query type.
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater They are limited by <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span>
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater (default <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>).
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater This controls some attacks using random names, but
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater can be relaxed or turned off (set to 0)
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User on servers that expect many legitimate
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User NXDOMAIN responses, such as from anti-spam blacklists.
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User Referrals or delegations to the server of a given
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User domain are identical and are limited by
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">referrals-per-second</strong></span>
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User (default <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>).
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User Responses generated from local wildcards are counted and limited
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User as if they were for the parent domain name.
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User This controls flooding using random.wild.example.com.
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User All requests that result in DNS errors other
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User than NXDOMAIN, such as SERVFAIL and FORMERR, are identical
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User regardless of requested name (qname) or record type (qtype).
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User This controls attacks using invalid requests or distant,
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User broken authoritative servers.
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User By default the limit on errors is the same as the
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span> value,
9c1210a508fa246d62ca7d9a52f1d8b19d0ccf48Tinderbox User but it can be set separately with
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User Many attacks using DNS involve UDP requests with forged source
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User Rate limiting prevents the use of BIND 9 to flood a network
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User with responses to requests with forged source addresses,
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User but could let a third party block responses to legitimate requests.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User There is a mechanism that can answer some legitimate
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User requests from a client whose address is being forged in a flood.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User Setting <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> to 2 (its default) causes every
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User other UDP request to be answered with a small truncated (TC=1)
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User The small size and reduced frequency, and so lack of
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User amplification, of "slipped" responses make them unattractive
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User for reflection DoS attacks.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> must be between 0 and 10.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User A value of 0 does not "slip":
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User no truncated responses are sent due to rate limiting,
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User all responses are dropped.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User A value of 1 causes every response to slip;
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User values between 2 and 10 cause every n'th response to slip.
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User Some error responses including REFUSED and SERVFAIL
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User cannot be replaced with truncated responses and are instead
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User leaked at the <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> rate.
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User (NOTE: Dropped responses from an authoritative server may
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User reduce the difficulty of a third party successfully forging
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User a response to a recursive resolver. The best security
990d0e893f5b70e735cdf990af66e9ec6e91fa78Tinderbox User against forged responses is for authoritative operators
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User to sign their zones using DNSSEC and for resolver operators
b2f07642fd712c8fda81a116bcdde229ab291f33Tinderbox User to validate the responses. When this is not an option,
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater operators who are more concerned with response integrity
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater than with flood mitigation may consider setting
a1ad6695ed6f988406cf155aa26376f84f73bcb9Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> to 1, causing all rate-limited
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater responses to be truncated rather than dropped. This reduces
a53c45b2b8e778663ea51834272169dc946b6672Mark Andrews the effectiveness of rate-limiting against reflection attacks.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When the approximate query per second rate exceeds
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <span><strong class="command">qps-scale</strong></span> value,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then the <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span> and
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> values are reduced by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ratio of the current rate to the <span><strong class="command">qps-scale</strong></span> value.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This feature can tighten defenses during attacks.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews For example, with
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">qps-scale 250; responses-per-second 20;</strong></span> and
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews a total query rate of 1000 queries/second for all queries from
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews all DNS clients including via TCP,
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews then the effective responses/second limit changes to
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews Responses sent via TCP are not limited
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews but are counted to compute the query per second rate.
dcb551033f0b33eb5c113169750a61084d8250a1Mark Andrews The optional <span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span> clause specifies
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews the namespace to which rate limits will apply. It
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews is possible to use different rate limits for different names
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews by specifying multiple <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> blocks
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews with different <span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span> clauses.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statement's
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span> most closely matches the query
dcb551033f0b33eb5c113169750a61084d8250a1Mark Andrews name will be the one applied to a given query.
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews Rate limiters for different name spaces maintain
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews separate counters: If, for example, there is a
6101b9f0d904a708e900a74abc16d1e0eda67264Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statement for "com" and
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater another for "example.com", queries matching "example.com"
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater will not be debited against the rate limiter for "com".
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater If a <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statement does not specify a
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">domain</strong></span>, then it applies to the root domain
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater (".") and thus affects the entire DNS namespace, except those
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater portions covered by other <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Communities of DNS clients can be given their own parameters or no
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater rate limiting by putting
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statements in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User statements instead of the global <span><strong class="command">option</strong></span>
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User A <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> statement in a view replaces,
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User rather than supplementing, a <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater statement among the main options.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater DNS clients within a view can be exempted from rate limits
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater with the <span><strong class="command">exempt-clients</strong></span> clause.
44d0f0256fbdce130a18655023c3b06bacacbd61Automatic Updater UDP responses of all kinds can be limited with the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> phrase. This rate
7a7a44400d49122d4cc207b43922a7b9c5afe443Automatic Updater limiting is unlike the rate limiting provided by
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">responses-per-second</strong></span>,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">errors-per-second</strong></span>, and
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxdomains-per-second</strong></span> on a DNS server
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater which are often invisible to the victim of a DNS
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater reflection attack. Unless the forged requests of the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater attack are the same as the legitimate requests of the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater victim, the victim's requests are not affected. Responses
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater affected by an <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> limit
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater are always dropped; the <span><strong class="command">slip</strong></span> value
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater has no effect. An <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater limit should be at least 4 times as large as the other
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater limits, because single DNS clients often send bursts
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater of legitimate requests. For example, the receipt of a
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater single mail message can prompt requests from an SMTP
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater server for NS, PTR, A, and AAAA records as the incoming
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater SMTP/TCP/IP connection is considered. The SMTP server
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater can need additional NS, A, AAAA, MX, TXT, and SPF records
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater as it considers the STMP <span><strong class="command">Mail From</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater command. Web browsers often repeatedly resolve the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater same names that are repeated in HTML <IMG> tags
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater in a page. <span><strong class="command">all-per-second</strong></span> is similar
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater to the rate limiting offered by firewalls but often
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater inferior. Attacks that justify ignoring the contents
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater of DNS responses are likely to be attacks on the DNS
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater server itself. They usually should be discarded before
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater the DNS server spends resources make TCP connections
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater or parsing DNS requests, but that rate limiting must
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater be done before the DNS server sees the requests.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The maximum size of the table used to track requests and
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater rate limit responses is set with <span><strong class="command">max-table-size</strong></span>.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Each entry in the table is between 40 and 80 bytes.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The table needs approximately as many entries as the number
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater of requests received per second.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater The default is 20,000.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater To reduce the cold start of growing the table,
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">min-table-size</strong></span> (default 500)
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater can set the minimum table size.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Enable <span><strong class="command">rate-limit</strong></span> category logging to monitor
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater expansions of the table and inform
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater choices for the initial and maximum table size.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Use <span><strong class="command">log-only yes</strong></span> to test rate limiting parameters
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater without actually dropping any requests.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Responses dropped by rate limits are included in the
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">RateDropped</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">QryDropped</strong></span>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater Responses that truncated by rate limits are included in
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">RateSlipped</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">RespTruncated</strong></span>.
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<a name="server_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr[/prefixlen]</code></em> {
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> bogus <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-expire <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-nsid <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> request-sit <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> edns-version <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> nosit-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> tcp-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfers <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em> ; ]</span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> keys <em class="replaceable"><code>{ string ; [<span class="optional"> string ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>] }</code></em> ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> query-source [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
2895f101b5585a19015ac2c2c1e1812ac467fa12Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater<a name="server_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement defines
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater characteristics
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater to be associated with a remote name server. If a prefix length is
8e821eea5f57ac47a94305aa7ab0c3570d92a311Automatic Updater specified, then a range of servers is covered. Only the most
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User server clause applies regardless of the order in
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement can occur at
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User the top level of the
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User If a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement contains
d8620c7234281056fdfd2ee40cf16636b8281092Tinderbox User one or more <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements, only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a view contains no <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any top-level <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce value of <span><strong class="command">bogus</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User the local server, acting as master, will respond with an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, incremental transfer
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews will be provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein whenever possible. If set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all transfers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the remote server will be non-incremental. If not set, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein global options block is used as a default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein value of the <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> option in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the view or global options block is used as a default. It may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also be set in the zone block and, if set there, it will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein override the global or view setting for that zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatically
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> should always work.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The purpose of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clauses is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">request-expire</strong></span> clause determines
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein whether the local server, when acting as a slave, will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein request the EDNS EXPIRE value. The EDNS EXPIRE value
d01e14dc0bfc700a8d72e9676fc8aa66c237151fAutomatic Updater indicates the remaining time before the zone data will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expire and need to be be refreshed. This is used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when a secondary server transfers a zone from another
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein secondary server; when transferring from the primary, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expiration timer is set from the EXPIRE field of the SOA
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein record instead.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">edns</strong></span> clause determines whether
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the local server will attempt to use EDNS when communicating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the remote server. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein EDNS UDP size that is advertised by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when querying the remote server. Valid values are 512
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be silently
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein adjusted to the nearest value within it). This option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is useful when you wish to advertise a different value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to this server than the value you advertise globally,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for example, when there is a firewall at the remote
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein site that is blocking large replies.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">edns-version</strong></span> option sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum EDNS VERSION that will be sent to the server(s)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by the resolver. The actual EDNS version sent is still
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein subject to normal EDNS version negotiation rules (see
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RFC 6891), the maximum EDNS version supported by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein server, and any other heuristics that indicate that a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lower version should be sent. This option is intended
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be used when a remote server reacts badly to a given
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein EDNS version or higher; it should be set to the highest
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein version the remote server is known to support. Valid
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein values are 0 to 255; higher values will be silently
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein adjusted. This option will not be needed until higher
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein EDNS versions than 0 are in use.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein maximum EDNS UDP message size <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews will send. Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein outside this range will be silently adjusted). This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option is useful when you know that there is a firewall
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson that is blocking large replies from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">nosit-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater maximum size of UDP responses that will be sent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce queries without a valid source identity token. The command
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> option may further limit
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater the response size.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">tcp-only</strong></span> option sets the transport
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce protocol to TCP. The default is to use the UDP transport
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and to fallback on TCP only when a truncated response
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is received.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater The server supports two zone transfer methods. The first, <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span>,
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as many resource records as possible into a message. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson more efficient, but is only known to be understood by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson 8.x, and patched versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 4.9.5. You can specify which method
727f5b8846457a33d06f515a10a7e1aa849ddf18Andreas Gustafsson to use for a server with the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater If <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> is not
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater specified, the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is used to limit the number of concurrent inbound zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers from the specified server. If no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> clause is specified, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein limit is set according to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> option.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause identifies a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement,
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews to be used for transaction security (TSIG, <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews when talking to the remote server.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User will be generated using the key specified here and appended to the
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User message. A request originating from the remote server is not
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater to be signed by this key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Although the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User The <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater the IPv4 and IPv6 source
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server,
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User respectively.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews For an IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> can
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only
eea6be913f9928255cab5f58ff27da41c1e8e23aAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> can be
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews For more details, see the description of
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> and
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for notify
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User messages sent to remote servers, respectively. For an
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater only <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for queries
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews sent to remote servers, respectively. For an IPv4
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews remote server, only <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> can
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
a17029519ef25b7cb545d574b728dc81b0ab74fdTinderbox User only <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">request-nsid</strong></span> clause determines
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews whether the local server will add a NSID EDNS option
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews to requests sent to the server. This overrides
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">request-nsid</strong></span> set at the view or
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews option level.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">request-sit</strong></span> clause determines
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews whether the local server will add a SIT EDNS option
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater to requests sent to the server. This overrides
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">request-sit</strong></span> set at the view or
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater option level. The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server may
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater determine that SIT is not supported by the remote server
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater and not add a SIT EDNS option to requests.
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater<a name="statschannels"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> {
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [ allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> } ]; ]
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User [ inet ...; ]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater<a name="id2592436"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User The <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater declares communication channels to be used by system
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User administrators to get access to statistics information of
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater the name server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This statement intends to be flexible to support multiple
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein communication protocols in the future, but currently only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein HTTP access is supported.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It requires that BIND 9 be compiled with libxml2 and/or
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews json-c (also known as libjson0); the
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein still accepted even if it is built without the library,
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User but any HTTP access will fail with an error.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code>
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User (asterisk) is
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
dad65f7c93330a10705384739dff3a6d4dfe1e70Tinderbox User accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no port is specified, port 80 is used for HTTP channels.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The asterisk "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User The attempt of opening a statistics channel is
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User restricted by the optional <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause.
15d29ab5fe89ad45b13ab8dcb74093f682a95986Tinderbox User Connections to the statistics channel are permitted based on the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>.
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews If no <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause is present,
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> accepts connection
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews attempts from any address; since the statistics may
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews contain sensitive internal information, it is highly
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews recommended to restrict the source of connection requests
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews appropriately.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews If no <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is present,
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will not open any communication channels.
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews The statistics are available in various formats and views
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews depending on the URI used to access them. For example, if
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews the statistics channel is configured to listen on 127.0.0.1
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews port 8888, then the statistics are accessible in XML format at
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/</a> or
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml</a>. A CSS file is
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User included which can format the XML statistics into tables
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews when viewed with a stylesheet-capable browser, and into
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User charts and graphs using the Google Charts API when using a
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User javascript-capable browser.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater Applications that depend on a particular XML schema
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v2" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v2</a> for version 2
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews of the statistics XML schema or
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3</a> for version 3.
ac93437301f55ed69bf85883a497a75598c628f9Automatic Updater If the requested schema is supported by the server, then
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User it will respond; if not, it will return a "page not found"
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews Broken-out subsets of the statistics can be viewed at
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/status" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/status</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (server uptime and last reconfiguration time),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/server" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/server</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (server and resolver statistics),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/zones" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/zones</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (zone statistics),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/net" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/net</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (network status and socket statistics),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/mem" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/mem</a>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater (memory manager statistics),
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/tasks" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/xml/v3/tasks</a>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater (task manager statistics).
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The full set of statistics can also be read in JSON format at
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json</a>,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater with the broken-out subsets at
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/status" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/status</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (server uptime and last reconfiguration time),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/server" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/server</a>
3a32ac2a720653083c7a22cb654b86c398f6d4c8Tinderbox User (server and resolver statistics),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/zones" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/zones</a>
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews (zone statistics),
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/net" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/net</a>
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater (network status and socket statistics),
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/mem" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/mem</a>
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater (memory manager statistics),
43b94483957d3168796a816ed86cf097518817dcTinderbox User <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/tasks" target="_top">http://127.0.0.1:8888/json/v1/tasks</a>
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater (task manager statistics).
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
885c1096e0c296b0188f01ca7511df1f70a6cddaMark Andrews<a name="trusted-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> {
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2592785"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement defines
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#DNSSEC" title="DNSSEC">the section called “DNSSEC”</a>. A security root is defined when the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsigned. Once a key has been configured as a trusted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key, it is treated as if it had been validated and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein All keys (and corresponding zones) listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> are deemed to exist regardless
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of what parent zones say. Similarly for all keys listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> only those keys are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to validate the DNSKEY RRset. The parent's DS RRset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will not be used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement can contain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein multiple key entries, each consisting of the key's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain name, flags, protocol, algorithm, and the Base-64
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein representation of the key data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Spaces, tabs, newlines and carriage returns are ignored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the key data, so the configuration may be split up into
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein multiple lines.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> may be set at the top level
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <code class="filename">named.conf</code> or within a view. If it is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set in both places, they are additive: keys defined at the top
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein level are inherited by all views, but keys defined in a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are only used within that view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Validation below specified names can be temporarily disabled
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by using <span><strong class="command">rndc nta</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2592838"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> initial-key <em class="replaceable"><code>flags</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key-data</code></em> ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> initial-key <em class="replaceable"><code>flags</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key-data</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="managed-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, like
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, defines DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein security roots. The difference is that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> can be kept up to date
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews automatically, without intervention from the resolver
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Suppose, for example, that a zone's key-signing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key was compromised, and the zone owner had to revoke and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein replace the key. A resolver which had the old key in a
9c6a5d1f22f972232d7a9fd5c5fa64f10bacbdffAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement would be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unable to validate this zone any longer; it would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reply with a SERVFAIL response code. This would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein continue until the resolver operator had updated the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement with the new key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If, however, the zone were listed in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement instead, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone owner could add a "stand-by" key to the zone in advance.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> would store the stand-by key, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the original key was revoked, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein would be able to transition smoothly to the new key. It would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein also recognize that the old key had been revoked, and cease
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using that key to validate answers, minimizing the damage that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the compromised key could do.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews A <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement contains a list of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the keys to be managed, along with information about how the
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson keys are to be initialized for the first time. The only
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein initialization method currently supported (as of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.7.0) is <code class="literal">initial-key</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This means the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contain a copy of the initializing key. (Future releases may
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allow keys to be initialized by other methods, eliminating this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requirement.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Consequently, a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews appears similar to a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, differing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the presence of the second field, containing the keyword
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">initial-key</code>. The difference is, whereas the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys listed in a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> continue to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein trusted until they are removed from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, an initializing key listed
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews in a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement is only trusted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="emphasis"><em>once</em></span>: for as long as it takes to load the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein managed key database and start the RFC 5011 key maintenance
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The first time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs with a managed key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configured in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, it fetches the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSKEY RRset directly from the zone apex, and validates it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein using the key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span>
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson statement. If the DNSKEY RRset is validly signed, then it is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used as the basis for a new managed keys database.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein From that point on, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs, it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sees the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, checks to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein make sure RFC 5011 key maintenance has already been initialized
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the specified domain, and if so, it simply moves on. The
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> is not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to validate answers; it has been superseded by the key or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein keys stored in the managed keys database.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs after a name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein has been <span class="emphasis"><em>removed</em></span> from the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, the corresponding
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone will be removed from the managed keys database,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and RFC 5011 key maintenance will no longer be used for that
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only maintains a single managed keys
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater database; consequently, unlike <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> may only be set at the top
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater level of <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, not within a view.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater In the current implementation, the managed keys database is
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater stored as a master-format zone file called
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>. When the key database
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater is changed, the zone is updated. As with any other dynamic
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater zone, changes will be written into a journal file,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind.jnl</code>. They are committed
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater to the master file as soon as possible afterward; in the case
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater of the managed key database, this will usually occur within 30
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater seconds. So, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is using
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater automatic key maintenance, those two files can be expected to
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater exist in the working directory. (For this reason among others,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater the working directory should be always be writable by
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater If the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span> option is
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater will automatically initialize a managed key for the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater root zone. Similarly, if the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater option is set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will automatically initialize
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater a managed key for the zone <code class="literal">dlv.isc.org</code>.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater In both cases, the key that is used to initialize the key
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater maintenance process is built into <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>,
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater and can be overridden from <span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span>.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<a name="view_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater match-clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater match-destinations { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater match-recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_option</code></em>; ...</span>]
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_statement</code></em>; ...</span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2593205"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement is a powerful
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 that lets a name server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein answer a DNS query differently
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein implementing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement defines a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a view if its source IP address matches the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the view's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> clause and its
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein destination IP address matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span> clause. If not
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews specified, both
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can also take <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> which provide an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein mechanism for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein client to select the view. A view can also be specified
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as <span><strong class="command">match-recursive-only</strong></span>, which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein means that only recursive
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests from matching clients will match that view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The order of the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein significant —
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a client request will be resolved in the context of the first
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> that it matches.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Zones defined within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only be accessible to clients that match the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein By defining a zone of the same name in multiple views, different
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone data can be given to different clients, for example,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and "external" clients in a split DNS setup.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Many of the options given in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can also be used within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein statement, and then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater value is given, the value in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement; these
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater view-specific defaults
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater take precedence over those in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement.
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User Views are class specific. If no class is given, class IN
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone,
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints.
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater If there are no <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements in
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater file, a default view that matches any client is automatically
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater in class IN. Any <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User the top level of the configuration file are considered to be part
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User this default view, and the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User statement will
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User apply to the default view. If any explicit <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User statements are present, all <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User statements must
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User occur inside <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements.
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User using <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements:
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User // This should match our internal networks.
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; };
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User // Provide recursive service to internal
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User // clients only.
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User recursion yes;
c387825f77476d046f4b3491e646889693209bd2Tinderbox User // Provide a complete view of the example.com
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox User // zone including addresses of internal hosts.
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox Userview "external" {
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox User // Match all clients not matched by the
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox User // previous view.
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox User match-clients { any; };
e658a6635dfdf44bd61e13c37b93f5ba30edb07aTinderbox User // Refuse recursive service to external clients.
8a8d38eb8e5f853835df2f6799ce0d3d7ecf8be6Automatic Updater // Provide a restricted view of the example.com
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein // zone containing only publicly accessible hosts.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type master;
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<a name="zone_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> update-policy <em class="replaceable"><code>local</code></em> | { <em class="replaceable"><code>update_policy_rule</code></em> [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-mx (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-spf ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> auto-dnssec <code class="constant">allow</code>|<code class="constant">maintain</code>|<code class="constant">off</code>; </span>]
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> inline-signing <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> serial-update-method <code class="constant">increment</code>|<code class="constant">unixtime</code>|<code class="constant">date</code>; </span>]
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-zone-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
68b30890ebd441a6a1ae3fdf71744d07d02cd030Mark Andrewszone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-update-mode ( <em class="replaceable"><code>maintain</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>no-resign</code></em> ); </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-loadkeys-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> also-notify [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
d9c707589ade5d69fb59b6837555adc4cd24d34fAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>full</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>terse</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>none</code></em>; </span>]
2cbb4ab75757fbb656997a82c14ca07db37d481aAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> auto-dnssec <code class="constant">allow</code>|<code class="constant">maintain</code>|<code class="constant">off</code>; </span>]
7be2f6d5df28b207e3e385c555eb4f740150528dTinderbox User [<span class="optional"> inline-signing <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>] // Not Implemented.
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrewszone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
a057e8e33baa5fa369be28a9680585200ce3ff73Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3a3705ef7747327df182bf8d009333d2472253d5Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
083a5588a3488b6335ee7bafa505d00644c7c58dMark Andrews [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
089c63b69cdf6803aa8901aae3f2fbae58969511Automatic Updater [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
8de0d8a6905e397ed0a26054815420685f9b435eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
6bf6622b7b9053dc52527478473b572f042c4b5bMark Andrews [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type static-stub;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> server-addresses { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> server-names { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type forward;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">dscp <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_dscp</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>"."</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type redirect;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>|<code class="constant">map</code>) ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> max-zone-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type delegation-only;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein [<span class="optional"> in-view <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<a name="id2595221"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
38760f5b074d2974a56479fa8b3aeb4b89bf36c8Automatic Updater<a name="id2595228"></a>Zone Types</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The server has a master copy of the data
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews A slave zone is a replica of a master
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews zone. The <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> list
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specifies one or more IP addresses
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews of master servers that the slave contacts to update
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews its copy of the zone.
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews Masters list elements can also be names of other
bea931e17b7567f09107f93ab7e25c7f00abeb9cMark Andrews masters lists.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews servers; this can
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater be changed for all servers by specifying a port number
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater the IP address.
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater Authentication to the master can also be done with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per-server TSIG keys.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If a file is specified, then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein replica will be written to this file whenever the zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and reloaded from this file on a server restart. Use
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of a file is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein recommended, since it often speeds server startup and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein numbers (in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein use a two-level naming scheme for zone filenames. For
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a slave server for the zone <code class="literal">example.com</code> might place
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone contents into a file called
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">ex/example.com</code> where <code class="filename">ex/</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein just the first two letters of the zone name. (Most
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein operating systems
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behave very slowly if you put 100000 files into
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a single directory.)
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews A stub zone is similar to a slave zone,
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews except that it replicates only the NS records of a
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews master zone instead
7526edc7677371c366232de5f39a678b7dcda747Mark Andrews of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein they are a feature specific to the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> implementation.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone entry and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a set of name server addresses in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This usage is not recommended for new configurations,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein supports it only in a limited way.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4/8, zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein transfers of a parent zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein included the NS records from stub children of that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone. This meant
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater that, in some cases, users could get away with
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater configuring child stubs
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater only in the master server for the parent zone. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater 9 never mixes together zone data from different zones
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater way. Therefore, if a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 master serving a parent
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater zone has child stub zones configured, all the slave
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater servers for the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater parent zone also need to have the same child stub
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater of a given domain to use a particular set of
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater authoritative servers.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater For example, the caching name servers on a private
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater RFC1918 addressing may be configured with stub zones
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">10.in-addr.arpa</code>
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater to use a set of internal name servers as the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater servers for that domain.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater A static-stub zone is similar to a stub zone
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater with the following exceptions:
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater the zone data is statically configured, rather
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater than transferred from a master server;
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater when recursion is necessary for a query that
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater matches a static-stub zone, the locally
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater configured data (nameserver names and glue addresses)
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater is always used even if different authoritative
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater information is cached.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater Zone data is configured via the
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> and
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> zone options.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The zone data is maintained in the form of NS
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater and (if necessary) glue A or AAAA RRs
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater internally, which can be seen by dumping zone
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater databases by <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb -all</strong></span>.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater The configured RRs are considered local configuration
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater parameters rather than public data.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater Non recursive queries (i.e., those with the RD
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater bit off) to a static-stub zone are therefore
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater prohibited and will be responded with REFUSED.
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater Since the data is statically configured, no
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater zone maintenance action takes place for a static-stub
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater For example, there is no periodic refresh
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater attempt, and an incoming notify message
b6f3a9131ec5bff166be3efb172c0492e53f932bAutomatic Updater will be rejected with an rcode of NOTAUTH.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each static-stub zone is configured with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein internally generated NS and (if necessary)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein glue A or AAAA RRs
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater A "forward zone" is a way to configure
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater forwarding on a per-domain basis. A <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> can
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater contain a <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>
aeb7938001b22e811a910e1b36cdf452f9193865Automatic Updater and/or <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which will apply to queries within the domain given by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. If no <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews statement is present or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an empty list for <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span> is given, then no
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any forwarders in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement. Thus
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews if you want to use this type of zone to change the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behavior of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein global <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (that is, "forward first"
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to, then "forward only", or vice versa, but want to
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews use the same
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein global forwarders.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The initial set of root name servers is
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews specified using a "hint zone". When the server starts
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the root hints to find a root name server and get the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein list of root name servers. If no hint zone is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified for class
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein servers hints.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints.
ccc383f3a74bdf3559650c630bbca24b11d8f8aeAutomatic Updater Redirect zones are used to provide answers to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein queries when normal resolution would result in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein NXDOMAIN being returned.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Only one redirect zone is supported
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein per view. <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used to restrict which clients see these answers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the client has requested DNSSEC records (DO=1) and
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater the NXDOMAIN response is signed then no substitution
f7b2875691497b292eacb60609be23a813d14e63Automatic Updater To redirect all NXDOMAIN responses to
9ce6056d520aaf5241560fab6ab096c0d4e87b36Automatic Updater 100.100.100.2 and
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater 2001:ffff:ffff::100.100.100.2, one would
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater configure a type redirect zone named ".",
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater with the zone file containing wildcard records
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater that point to the desired addresses:
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater <code class="literal">"*. IN A 100.100.100.2"</code>
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">"*. IN AAAA 2001:ffff:ffff::100.100.100.2"</code>.
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater To redirect all Spanish names (under .ES) one
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater would use similar entries but with the names
3ce014e9afe4abc756f9aee363c8f4bfcded9b04Automatic Updater "*.ES." instead of "*.". To redirect all
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater commercial Spanish names (under COM.ES) one
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater would use wildcard entries called "*.COM.ES.".
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater Note that the redirect zone supports all
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater possible types; it is not limited to A and
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater Because redirect zones are not referenced
3acf5eb97cebc2ba868e6ac4a4e01e6d1be0c892Automatic Updater directly by name, they are not kept in the
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater zone lookup table with normal master and slave
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater zones. Consequently, it is not currently possible
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span>
db6353c9b89628e16f6e729ce57baabad3460c49Automatic Updater to reload a redirect zone. However, when using
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rndc reload</strong></span> without specifying
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater a zone name, redirect zones will be reloaded along
3b2c6af63e0367c6eabe0a21ca23841ca87cd22fAutomatic Updater with other zones.
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">delegation-only</code>
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater This is used to enforce the delegation-only
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM,
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater NET, ORG). Any answer that is received
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater without an explicit or implicit delegation
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater in the authority section will be treated
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater zone apex. This should not be applied to
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater <code class="varname">delegation-only</code> has no
06ac94d81a56d4acc2590cc98c1bae5c89b8eeebAutomatic Updater effect on answers received from forwarders.
c978c6cb6e0c38d8378b6cd1f6b5aac3cf91e36aAutomatic Updater See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2595836"></a>Class</h4></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The zone's name may optionally be followed by a class. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a class is not specified, class <code class="literal">IN</code> (for <code class="varname">Internet</code>),
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <code class="literal">hesiod</code> class is
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews named for an information service from MIT's Project Athena. It
b05106c7e68077d805893fbae006fae125494fd6Automatic Updater used to share information about various systems databases, such
b05106c7e68077d805893fbae006fae125494fd6Automatic Updater as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword
b05106c7e68077d805893fbae006fae125494fd6Automatic Updater a synonym for hesiod.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Another MIT development is Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specified with the <code class="literal">CHAOS</code> class.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<a name="id2595938"></a>Zone Options</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater See the description of
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies a "Simple Secure Update" policy. See
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater Only meaningful if <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater active for this zone. The set of machines that will
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">DNS NOTIFY</code> message
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater with <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>. A port
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater may be specified
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater with each <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater address to send the notify
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater messages to a port other than the default of 53.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater A TSIG key may also be specified to cause the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">NOTIFY</code> to be signed by the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> is not
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater meaningful for stub zones.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater The default is the empty list.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is used to restrict the character set and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein received from the
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater network. The default varies according to zone type. For <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>. For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span>
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater zones the default is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater It is not implemented for <span><strong class="command">hint</strong></span> zones.
3cddb2c552ee6582e8db0849c28747f6b6ca57feAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-spf</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">check-spf</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews See the description of
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews See the description of
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
acb72d5e2c83b597332e3eb0c7d59e1142f1adfdMark Andrews See the description of
a404eb87dc8f91fe81bedce8bb3957fc3c7684a5Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater See the description of
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
3daad56dbb60acbdd1e8f59a1cfbfb03d364dba8Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">dnssec-update-mode</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews Usage”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specify the type of database to be used for storing the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone data. The string following the <span><strong class="command">database</strong></span> keyword
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews The first word
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews identifies the database type, and any subsequent words are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the database type.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>"rbt"</code></strong>, BIND 9's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein native in-memory
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein red-black-tree database. This database does not take
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Other values are possible if additional database drivers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews with the distribution but none are linked in by default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></span></dt>
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater The flag only applies to forward, hint and stub
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater zones. If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater then the zone will also be treated as if it is
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater also a delegation-only type zone.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater list. The <span><strong class="command">only</strong></span> value causes
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater the lookup to fail
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while <span><strong class="command">first</strong></span> would
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater allow a normal lookup to be tried.
852ccdd42a71550c974111b49415204ffeca6573Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used to override the list of global forwarders.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If it is not specified in a zone of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein no forwarding is done for the zone and the global options are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews Was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews specify the name
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews of the transaction log (journal) file for dynamic update
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and constructs the name of the journal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file by appending "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>"
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the name of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-tmp-file</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Was an undocumented option in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Ignored in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">journal</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow the default journal's filename to be overridden.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews The default is the zone's filename with "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>" appended.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews This is applicable to <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_resource_limits" title="Server Resource Limits">the section called “Server Resource Limits”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews See the description of
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
7f723eabc5768f576470cd9cc82fd4af200013a1Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span> in
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pubkey</strong></span></span></dt>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option was
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater intended for specifying
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater a public zone key for verification of signatures in DNSSEC
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater zones when they are loaded from disk. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 does not verify signatures
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater on load and ignores the option.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, the server will keep
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater information for this zone, which can be dumped to the
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> defined in
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater the server options.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater This is a list of IP addresses to which queries
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater should be sent in recursive resolution for the
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater A non empty list for this option will internally
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater configure the apex NS RR with associated glue A or
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater static-stub zone with 192.0.2.1 and 2001:db8::1234
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater in a <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> option,
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater the following RRs will be internally configured.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS example.com.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater These records are internally used to resolve
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater names under the static-stub zone.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater For instance, if the server receives a query for
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
a17029519ef25b7cb545d574b728dc81b0ab74fdTinderbox User will initiate recursive resolution and send
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater queries to 192.0.2.1 and/or 2001:db8::1234.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span></span></dt>
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater This is a list of domain names of nameservers that
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater act as authoritative servers of the static-stub
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater These names will be resolved to IP addresses when
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> needs to send queries to
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater these servers.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater To make this supplemental resolution successful,
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater these names must not be a subdomain of the origin
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater name of static-stub zone.
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater That is, when "example.net" is the origin of a
a17029519ef25b7cb545d574b728dc81b0ab74fdTinderbox User static-stub zone, "ns.example" and
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater "master.example.com" can be specified in the
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option, but
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater "ns.example.net" cannot, and will be rejected by
93a5136c2b37df3232d2da4db2de60f29f6f1162Automatic Updater the configuration parser.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews A non empty list for this option will internally
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews configure the apex NS RR with the specified names.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews static-stub zone with "ns1.example.net" and
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews in a <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option,
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews the following RRs will be internally configured.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS ns1.example.net.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews These records are internally used to resolve
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews names under the static-stub zone.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews For instance, if the server receives a query for
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews initiate recursive resolution,
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews "ns2.example.net" to IP addresses, and then send
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews queries to (one or more of) these addresses.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews See the description of
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f4429c1c31ec32f05125baab1adcc4f09863f7afMark Andrews<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater See the description in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
610cd6f8458d88d5696e131aee310dcbcebac8fdAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (Note that the <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>master</code></strong> and
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>slave</code></strong> choices are not
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater available at the zone level.)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater See the description of
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec</strong></span></span></dt>
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User Zones configured for dynamic DNS may also use this
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User option to allow varying levels of automatic DNSSEC key
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User management. There are three possible settings:
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec allow;</strong></span> permits
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User keys to be updated and the zone fully re-signed
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User whenever the user issues the command <span><strong class="command">rndc sign
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span>.
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain;</strong></span> includes the
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User above, but also automatically adjusts the zone's DNSSEC
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User keys on schedule, according to the keys' timing metadata
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User (see <a href="man.dnssec-keygen.html" title="dnssec-keygen"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></span>(8)</a> and
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <a href="man.dnssec-settime.html" title="dnssec-settime"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-settime</span></span>(8)</a>). The command
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User repository and sign the zone with all keys that are
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User repository and schedule key maintenance events to occur
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User in the future, but it does not sign the full zone
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User immediately. Note: once keys have been loaded for a
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User zone the first time, the repository will be searched
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User for changes periodically, regardless of whether
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">rndc loadkeys</strong></span> is used. The recheck
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User interval is defined by
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User <span><strong class="command">dnssec-loadkeys-interval</strong></span>.)
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User The default setting is <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec off</strong></span>.
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-update-method</strong></span></span></dt>
52cc3bd9c1f5f6123e7b30f65a110a8c3557a43cTinderbox User Zones configured for dynamic DNS may use this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option to set the update method that will be used for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone serial number in the SOA record.
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User With the default setting of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-update-method increment;</strong></span>, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SOA serial number will be incremented by one each time
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone is updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-update-method unixtime;</strong></span>, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SOA serial number will be set to the number of seconds
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein since the UNIX epoch, unless the serial number is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein already greater than or equal to that value, in which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case it is simply incremented by one.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">serial-update-method date;</strong></span>, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein new SOA serial number will be the current date
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the form "YYYYMMDD", followed by two zeroes,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unless the existing serial number is already greater
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein than or equal to that value, in which case it is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein incremented by one.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">inline-signing</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If <code class="literal">yes</code>, this enables
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein "bump in the wire" signing of a zone, where a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein unsigned zone is transferred in or loaded from
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein disk and a signed version of the zone is served,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with possibly, a different serial number. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein behaviour is disabled by default.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span> in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-zone-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of <span><strong class="command">max-zone-ttl</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Usage”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein See the description of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="dynamic_update_policies"></a>Dynamic Update Policies</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 supports two alternative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein methods of granting clients the right to perform
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein dynamic updates to a zone, configured by the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> option, respectively.
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews The <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> clause works the
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews same way as in previous versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It grants given clients the permission to update any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein record of any name in the zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> clause
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allows more fine-grained control over what updates are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein allowed. A set of rules is specified, where each rule
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein either grants or denies permissions for one or more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein names to be updated by one or more identities. If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the dynamic update request message is signed (that is,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it includes either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein identity of the signer can be determined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Rules are specified in the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews zone option, and are only meaningful for master zones.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is present, it is a configuration error for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> statement to be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein present. The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein only examines the signer of a message; the source
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address is not relevant.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein There is a pre-defined <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein rule which can be switched on with the command
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-policy local;</strong></span>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Switching on this rule in a zone causes
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to generate a TSIG session
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key and place it in a file, and to allow that key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update the zone. (By default, the file is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>, the key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name is "local-ddns" and the key algorithm is HMAC-SHA256,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein but these values are configurable with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span> and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span> options, respectively).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A client running on the local system, and with appropriate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein permissions, may read that file and use the key to sign update
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests. The zone's update policy will be set to allow that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key to change any record within the zone. Assuming the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key name is "local-ddns", this policy is equivalent to:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<pre class="programlisting">update-policy { grant local-ddns zonesub any; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The command <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span> sends update
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein requests to localhost, and signs them using the session key.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Other rule definitions look like this:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein( <span><strong class="command">grant</strong></span> | <span><strong class="command">deny</strong></span> ) <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>types</code></em> </span>]
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein granted or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is matched when the signer matches the identity field, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name matches the name field in accordance with the nametype
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field, and the type matches the types specified in the type
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein No signer is required for <em class="replaceable"><code>tcp-self</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <em class="replaceable"><code>6to4-self</code></em> however the standard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reverse mapping / prefix conversion must match the identity
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The identity field specifies a name or a wildcard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. Normally, this is the name of the TSIG or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the identity of the shared secret is the same as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein identity of the key used to authenticate the TKEY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein exchange. TKEY is also the negotiation method used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by GSS-TSIG, which establishes an identity that is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the Kerberos principal of the client, such as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <strong class="userinput"><code>"user@host.domain"</code></strong>. When the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein expansion, so the rule will apply to multiple identities.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field must
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein contain a fully-qualified domain name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For nametypes <code class="varname">krb5-self</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">ms-self</code>, <code class="varname">krb5-subdomain</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and <code class="varname">ms-subdomain</code> the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field specifies
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the Windows or Kerberos realm of the machine belongs to.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> field has 13
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">name</code>, <code class="varname">subdomain</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">wildcard</code>, <code class="varname">self</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">selfsub</code>, <code class="varname">selfwild</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">krb5-self</code>, <code class="varname">ms-self</code>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="varname">tcp-self</code>, <code class="varname">6to4-self</code>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="varname">zonesub</code>, and <code class="varname">external</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Exact-match semantics. This rule matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein when the name being updated is identical
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the contents of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule matches when the name being updated
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater is a subdomain of, or identical to, the
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater contents of the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule is similar to subdomain, except that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it matches when the name being updated is a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein subdomain of the zone in which the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein appears. This obviates the need to type the zone
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name twice, and enables the use of a standard
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein multiple zones without modification.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When this rule is used, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field is omitted.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews this rule matches when the name being updated
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews name is a valid expansion of the wildcard.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This rule matches when the name being updated
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews matches the contents of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews is ignored, but should be the same as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <code class="varname">self</code> nametype is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein most useful when allowing using one key per
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name to update, where the key has the same
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name as the name to be updated. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> would
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be specified as <code class="constant">*</code> (an asterisk) in
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein except that subdomains of <code class="varname">self</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can also be updated.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater except that only subdomains of
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater <code class="varname">self</code> can be updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Windows machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Windows machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (machine$@REALM) for machine in REALM and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be matched is specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and converts it machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update machine.realm. The REALM to be matched
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This rule takes a Kerberos machine principal
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews converts it to machine.realm allowing the machine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to update subdomains of machine.realm. The REALM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to be matched is specified in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow updates that have been sent via TCP and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for which the standard mapping from the initiating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein namespaces match the name to be updated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow the 6to4 prefix to be update by any TCP
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein connection from the 6to4 network or from the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein corresponding IPv4 address. This is intended
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to allow NS or DNAME RRsets to be added to the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews reverse tree.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This rule allows <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to defer the decision of whether to allow a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews given update to an external daemon.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The method of communicating with the daemon is
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater field, the format of which is
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater "<code class="constant">local:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>",
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater where <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is the location
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater of a UNIX-domain socket. (Currently, "local" is the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater only supported mechanism.)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Requests to the external daemon are sent over the
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater UNIX-domain socket as datagrams with the following
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Protocol version number (4 bytes, network byte order, currently 1)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Request length (4 bytes, network byte order)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Signer (null-terminated string)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Name (null-terminated string)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater TCP source address (null-terminated string)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Rdata type (null-terminated string)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater Key (null-terminated string)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater TKEY token length (4 bytes, network byte order)
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater TKEY token (remainder of packet)</pre>
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater The daemon replies with a four-byte value in
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater network byte order, containing either 0 or 1; 0
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater indicates that the specified update is not
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater permitted, and 1 indicates that it is.
38417cbfb1a328c20b5b723b8584a02c57f88897Automatic Updater In all cases, the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein field must specify a fully-qualified domain name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no types are explicitly specified, this rule matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all types except RRSIG, NS, SOA, NSEC and NSEC3. Types
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may be specified by name, including "ANY" (ANY matches
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all types except NSEC and NSEC3, which can never be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews updated). Note that when an attempt is made to delete
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein all records associated with a name, the rules are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein checked for each existing record type.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2598935"></a>Multiple views</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When multiple views are in use, a zone may be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein referenced by more than one of them. Often, the views
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will contain different zones with the same name, allowing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein different clients to receive different answers for the same
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein queries. At times, however, it is desirable for multiple
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein views to contain identical zones. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">in-view</strong></span> zone option provides an efficient
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein way to do this: it allows a view to reference a zone that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein was defined in a previously configured view. Example:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinview internal {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match-clients { 10/8; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein type master;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austeinview external {
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein match-clients { any; };
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in-view internal;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <span><strong class="command">in-view</strong></span> option cannot refer to a view
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that is configured later in the configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement which uses the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">in-view</strong></span> option may not use any other
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein options with the exception of <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews and <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>. (These options control
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the behavior of the containing view, rather than changing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the zone object itself.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein An <span><strong class="command">in-view</strong></span> zone cannot be used as a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews response policy zone.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="id2598983"></a>Zone File</h2></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them"></a>Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</h3></div></div></div>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and implemented in the DNS. These are also included.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<a name="id2599001"></a>Resource Records</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A domain name identifies a node. Each node has a set of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein information associated with a particular name is composed of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not significant and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that a particular nearby server be tried first. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a> and <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The components of a Resource Record are:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The domain name where the RR is found.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater An encoded 16-bit value that specifies
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater the type of the resource record.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The time-to-live of the RR. This field
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a 32-bit integer in units of seconds, and is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein primarily used by
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein long a RR can
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be cached before it should be discarded.
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater An encoded 16-bit value that identifies
0c6ada0a814f3c5417daa1654129bc2af56ed504Automatic Updater a protocol family or instance of a protocol.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The resource data. The format of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data is type (and sometimes class) specific.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following are <span class="emphasis"><em>types</em></span> of valid RRs:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A host address. In the IN class, this is a
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews 32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein IPv6 address. This can be a partial
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address (a suffix) and an indirection to the name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein where the rest of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein address (the prefix) can be found. Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2874.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Location of AFS database servers.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Address prefix list. Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 3123.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Holds a digital certificate.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2538.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the canonical name of an alias.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Is used for identifying which DHCP client is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein associated with this name. Described in RFC 4701.
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User Replaces the domain name specified with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein subtree of the domain name space rather than a single
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein as in the case of the CNAME RR.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2672.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores a public key associated with a signed
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores the hash of a public key associated with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein signed DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the global position. Superseded by LOC.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the CPU and OS used by a host.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Provides a method for storing IPsec keying material in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS. Described in RFC 4025.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Representation of ISDN addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Stores a public key associated with a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS name. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein by DNSKEY in DNSSECbis, but still used with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SIG(0). Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies a key exchanger for this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNS name. Described in RFC 2230.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies a mail exchange for the domain with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a 16-bit preference value (lower is better)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein followed by the host name of the mail exchange.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A network service access point.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1706.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The authoritative name server for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein domain. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not exist in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein existing name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs with an owner name in a certain name
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval do not exist in a zone and indicate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein what RR types are present for an existing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name. NSEC3 differs from NSEC in that it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein prevents zone enumeration but is more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein computationally expensive on both the server
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the client than NSEC. Described in RFC
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Used in DNSSECbis to tell the authoritative
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews server which NSEC3 chains are available to use.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Described in RFC 5155.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not exist in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein existing name.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by NSEC in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 2535.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein A pointer to another part of the domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein name space. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein addresses. Described in RFC 2163.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information on persons responsible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Contains DNSSECbis signature data. Described
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in RFC 4034.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Route-through binding for hosts that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein do not have their own direct wide area network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Contains DNSSEC signature data. Used in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein original DNSSEC; replaced by RRSIG in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DNSSECbis, but still used for SIG(0).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Identifies the start of a zone of authority.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Contains the Sender Policy Framework information
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for a given email domain. Described in RFC 4408.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information about well known network
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Provides a way to securely publish a secure shell key's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fingerprint. Described in RFC 4255.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Text records. Described in RFC 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Information about which well known
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein network services, such as SMTP, that a domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein supports. Historical.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Representation of X.25 network addresses.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The following <span class="emphasis"><em>classes</em></span> of resource records
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are currently valid in the DNS:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The Internet.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein built-in server information zones, e.g.,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Hesiod, an information service
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein about various systems databases, such as users,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein groups, printers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The remaining RR parts are the fixed header (type, class, TTL)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fits the needs of the resource being described.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The meaning of the TTL field is a time limit on how long an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein authoritative
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein order of days for the typical host. If a change can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein anticipated,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein inconsistency
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews during the change, and then increased back to its former value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein used as "pointers" to other data in the DNS.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="id2600693"></a>Textual expression of RRs</h4></div></div></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master files was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater using parentheses.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User RR. Class and type use the mnemonics defined above, and TTL is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an integer before the type field. In order to avoid ambiguity
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity.
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using
9fbbfb5757a1e3e86d7dea62c4e63ffc2303ca2bAutomatic Updater knowledge of the typical representation for the data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as:
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16-bit
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater IP address format to contain a 32-bit internet address.
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater The above example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater Similarly we might see:
07e2d9518d5d78818b469de77f398f3439106abfAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This example shows two addresses for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="literal">XX.LCS.MIT.EDU</code>, each of a different class.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews<a name="id2601145"></a>Discussion of MX Records</h3></div></div></div>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews As described above, domain servers store information as a
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews series of resource records, each of which contains a particular
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum,
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater and stored with some additional type information to help systems
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein determine when the RR is relevant.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified in the record is a priority and a domain name. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein lowest number first. If two priorities are the same, a server is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest
d3907d27cc138f45772d3d63082ae02c7659148aAutomatic Updater Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning — they are
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered.
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater It <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have an associated address record
8ae3bbdd860f8abe3d47ec02d1f4d2008bf46f63Automatic Updater (A or AAAA) — CNAME is not sufficient.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the mail will be delivered to the server specified in the MX
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein pointed to by the CNAME.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein For example:
7208386cd37a2092c70eddf80cf29519b16c4c80Mark Andrews <code class="literal">mail2.example.com.</code>
dba3c818ae00b10388d31703e86a28415db398acTinderbox User <code class="literal">mail.backup.org.</code>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews <code class="literal">mail2.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Mail delivery will be attempted to <code class="literal">mail.example.com</code> and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">mail2.example.com</code> (in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to <code class="literal">mail.backup.org</code> will
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="Setting_TTLs"></a>Setting TTLs</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The time-to-live of the RR field is a 32-bit integer represented
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater used in a zone file.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The last field in the SOA is the negative
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater cache no-such-domain
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (NXDOMAIN) responses from you.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The maximum time for
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater negative caching is 3 hours (3h).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The $TTL directive at the top of the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a specific TTL set.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each RR can have a TTL as the second
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater field in the RR, which will control how long other
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater servers can cache it.
fc8e82904a5a53fbc8b7e2f9262e3aa74ab20a2cAutomatic Updater All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units
fc8e82904a5a53fbc8b7e2f9262e3aa74ab20a2cAutomatic Updater can be explicitly specified, for example, <code class="literal">1h30m</code>.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2601761"></a>Inverse Mapping in IPv4</h3></div></div></div>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater to name) is achieved by means of the <span class="emphasis"><em>in-addr.arpa</em></span> domain
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater least-to-most significant order, read left to right. This is the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus,
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater 3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater whose data field is the name of the machine or, optionally,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in the [<span class="optional">example.com</span>] domain:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">2.1.10.in-addr.arpa</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="literal">IN PTR foo.example.com.</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> lines in the examples
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are for providing context to the examples only — they do not
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that the example is relative to the listed origin.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2601888"></a>Other Zone File Directives</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The Master File Format was initially defined in RFC 1035 and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the
507151045be68c671ffd4e2f37e17cdfa0376fc4Automatic Updater Master File Directives include <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">$TTL.</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2601910"></a>The <span><strong class="command">@</strong></span> (at-sign)</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater When used in the label (or name) field, the asperand or
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater at-sign (@) symbol represents the current origin.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater At the start of the zone file, it is the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>> (followed by
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater trailing dot).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2601926"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
a1e81a1c5b029e4a44546de128f173524e8947a8Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>domain-name</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater sets the domain name that will be appended to any
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater unqualified records. When a zone is first read in there
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is an implicit <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>><span><strong class="command">.</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (followed by trailing dot).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the domain specified in the <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater argument if it is not absolute.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic UpdaterWWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is equivalent to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic UpdaterWWW.EXAMPLE.COM. CNAME MAIN-SERVER.EXAMPLE.COM.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2602123"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Read and process the file <code class="filename">filename</code> as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater if it were included into the file at this point. If <span><strong class="command">origin</strong></span> is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater specified the file is processed with <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> set
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to that value, otherwise the current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The origin and the current domain name
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater revert to the values they had prior to the <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> once
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the file has been read.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater RFC 1035 specifies that the current origin should be restored
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater an <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>, but it is silent
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater on whether the current
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater feature, or both.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2602193"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>default-ttl</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with undefined TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is defined in RFC 2308.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2602229"></a><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>range</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>lhs</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <em class="replaceable"><code>rhs</code></em>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<p><span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is used to create a series of resource records that only
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater differ from each other by an
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater iterator. <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> can be used to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater easily generate the sets of records required to support
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">$ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-2 @ NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0</pre>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is equivalent to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER2.EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Generate a set of A and MX records. Note the MX's right hand
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater side is a quoted string. The quotes will be stripped when the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater right hand side is processed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$ORIGIN EXAMPLE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ A 1.2.3.$
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ MX "0 ."</pre>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is equivalent to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<pre class="programlisting">HOST-1.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.1
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">range</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This can be one of two forms: start-stop
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater or start-stop/step. If the first form is used, then step
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is set to 1. start, stop and step must be positive
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater integers between 0 and (2^31)-1. start must not be
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater larger than stop.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater describes the owner name of the resource records
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to be created. Any single <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater symbols within the <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> string
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are replaced by the iterator value.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater To get a $ in the output, you need to escape the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> using a backslash
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">\</strong></span>,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater e.g. <span><strong class="command">\$</strong></span>. The
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> may optionally be followed
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater by modifiers which change the offset from the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater iterator, field width and base.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Modifiers are introduced by a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">{</strong></span> (left brace) immediately following the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">${offset[,width[,base]]}</strong></span>.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For example, <span><strong class="command">${-20,3,d}</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater subtracts 20 from the current value, prints the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater result as a decimal in a zero-padded field of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Available output forms are decimal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">d</strong></span>), octal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">o</strong></span>), hexadecimal
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">x</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">X</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for uppercase) and nibble
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (<span><strong class="command">n</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">N</strong></span>\
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for uppercase). The default modifier is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">${0,0,d}</strong></span>. If the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> is not absolute, the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater In nibble mode the value will be treated as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater if it was a reversed hexadecimal string
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with each hexadecimal digit as a separate
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater label. The width field includes the label
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For compatibility with earlier versions,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">$$</strong></span> is still recognized as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater indicating a literal $ in the output.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Specifies the time-to-live of the generated records. If
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater not specified this will be inherited using the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater normal TTL inheritance rules.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater entered in either order.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Specifies the class of the generated records.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This must match the zone class if it is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater entered in either order.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">type</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Any valid type.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span>, optionally, quoted string.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> directive is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> extension
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and not part of the standard zone file format.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS fields.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="zonefile_format"></a>Additional File Formats</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater In addition to the standard textual format, BIND 9
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater supports the ability to read or dump to zone files in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater other formats.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The <code class="constant">raw</code> format is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater a binary representation of zone data in a manner similar
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater to that used in zone transfers. Since it does not require
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater parsing text, load time is significantly reduced.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater An even faster alternative is the <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater format, which is an image of a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in-memory zone database; it is capable of being loaded
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater directly into memory via the <span><strong class="command">mmap()</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater function; the zone can begin serving queries almost
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For a primary server, a zone file in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">raw</code> or <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater format is expected to be generated from a textual zone
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater file by the <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For a secondary server or for a dynamic zone, it is automatically
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater generated (if this format is specified by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> option) when
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> dumps the zone contents after
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone transfer or when applying prior updates.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater If a zone file in a binary format needs manual modification,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater it first must be converted to a textual form by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command. All
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater necessary modification should go to the text file, which
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater should then be converted to the binary form by the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command again.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Note that <span><strong class="command">map</strong></span> format is extremely
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater architecture-specific. A <code class="constant">map</code>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater file <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> be used on a system
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with different pointer size, endianness or data alignment
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater than the system on which it was generated, and should in
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater general be used only inside a single system.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater While <code class="constant">raw</code> format uses
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater network byte order and avoids architecture-dependent
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater data alignment so that it is as portable as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater possible, it is also primarily expected to be used
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater inside the same single system. To export a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater zone file in either <code class="constant">raw</code> or
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">map</code> format, or make a
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater portable backup of such a file, conversion to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <code class="constant">text</code> format is recommended.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statistics"></a>BIND9 Statistics</h2></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains lots of statistics
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater information and provides several interfaces for users to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater get access to the statistics.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The available statistics include all statistics counters
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that were available in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater are meaningful in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater and other information that is considered useful.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The statistics information is categorized into the following
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of incoming DNS requests for each OPCODE.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of incoming queries for each RR type.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number of outgoing queries for each RR
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater type sent from the internal resolver.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about incoming request processing.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters regarding zone maintenance
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater operations such as zone transfers.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about name resolution
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater performed in the internal resolver.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater The number of RRsets per RR type and nonexistent
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater names stored in the cache database.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater If the exclamation mark (!) is printed for a RR
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater type, it means that particular type of RRset is
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater known to be nonexistent (this is also known as
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater "NXRRSET"). If a hash mark (#) is present then
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the RRset is marked for garbage collection.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Maintained per view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Statistics counters about network related events.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater A subset of Name Server Statistics is collected and shown
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater per zone for which the server has the authority when
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span> is set to
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater These statistics counters are shown with their zone and view
ea21c734ff027f23f289f8c6507a4e79984e4830Automatic Updater In some cases the view names are omitted for the default view.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater There are currently two user interfaces to get access to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater One is in the plain text format dumped to the file specified
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater by the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> configuration option.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The other is remotely accessible via a statistics channel
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater when the <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater is specified in the configuration file
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels" title="statistics-channels Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>.)
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statsfile"></a>The Statistics File</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The text format statistics dump begins with a line, like:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">+++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949)</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The number in parentheses is a standard
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater that line is a set of statistics information, which is categorized
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater as described above.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each section begins with a line, like:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">++ Name Server Statistics ++</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Each section consists of lines, each containing the statistics
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater counter value followed by its textual description.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater See below for available counters.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For brevity, counters that have a value of 0 are not shown
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater in the statistics file.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The statistics dump ends with the line where the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater number is identical to the number in the beginning line; for example:
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">--- Statistics Dump --- (973798949)</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="statistics_counters"></a>Statistics Counters</h3></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The following tables summarize statistics counters that
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater For each row of the tables, the leftmost column is the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater abbreviated symbol name of that counter.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater These symbols are shown in the statistics information
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater accessed via an HTTP statistics channel.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater The rightmost column gives the description of the counter,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater which is also shown in the statistics file
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (but, in this document, possibly with slight modification
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater for better readability).
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Additional notes may also be provided in this column.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater When a middle column exists between these two columns,
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater it gives the corresponding counter name of the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 statistics, if applicable.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<a name="id2603360"></a>Name Server Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND8 Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv4</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User IPv4 requests received.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Note: this also counts non query requests.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv6</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User IPv6 requests received.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Note: this also counts non query requests.
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command">ReqEdns0</strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c7f299247ca4460807f44b43f84ba19719646cc9Tinderbox User Requests with EDNS(0) received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadEDNSVer</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requests with unsupported EDNS version received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTSIG</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requests with TSIG received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqSIG0</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requests with SIG(0) received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadSIG</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requests with invalid (TSIG or SIG(0)) signature.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTCP</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RTCP</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater TCP requests received.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Authoritative (non recursive) queries rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RURQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Recursive queries rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">XfrRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUXFR</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Zone transfer requests rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateRej</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RUUpd</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic update requests rejected.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Response</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SAns</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespTruncated</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Truncated responses sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespEDNS0</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses with EDNS(0) sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespTSIG</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses with TSIG sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RespSIG0</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses with SIG(0) sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QrySuccess</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in a successful answer.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This means the query which returns a NOERROR response
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater with at least one answer RR.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">success</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryAuthAns</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in authoritative answer.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNoauthAns</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SNaAns</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in non authoritative answer.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryReferral</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in referral answer.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">referral</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNxrrset</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in NOERROR responses with no data.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxrrset</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QrySERVFAIL</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFail</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in SERVFAIL.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryFORMERR</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFErr</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in FORMERR.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryNXDOMAIN</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SNXD</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries resulted in NXDOMAIN.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">nxdomain</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryRecursion</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RFwdQ</strong></span></p>
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater Queries which caused the server
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater to perform recursion in order to find the final answer.
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span> counter
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
65e9adc0e8185883d0de6690683ef4c2a0cc968bAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryDuplicate</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RDupQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Queries which the server attempted to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater recurse but discovered an existing query with the same
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater IP address, port, query ID, name, type and class
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater already being processed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This corresponds to the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">duplicate</strong></span> counter
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater of previous versions of
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryDropped</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Recursive queries for which the server
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater discovered an excessive number of existing
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater recursive queries for the same name, type and
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater class and were subsequently dropped.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater This is the number of dropped queries due to
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater the reason explained with the
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater (see the description about
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#clients-per-query"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span></a>.)
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">dropped</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">QryFailure</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Other query failures.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater This corresponds to the
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">failure</strong></span> counter
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater of previous versions of
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Note: this counter is provided mainly for
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater backward compatibility with the previous versions.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Normally a more fine-grained counters such as
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span> and
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater that would also fall into this counter are provided,
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater and so this counter would not be of much
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater interest in practice.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">XfrReqDone</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Requested zone transfers completed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateReqFwd</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Update requests forwarded.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateRespFwd</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Update responses forwarded.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateFwdFail</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic update forward failed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateDone</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic updates completed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateFail</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic updates failed.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateBadPrereq</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Dynamic updates rejected due to prerequisite failure.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RateDropped</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater Responses dropped by rate limits.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RateSlipped</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Responses truncated by rate limits.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">RPZRewrites</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Response policy zone rewrites.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<a name="id2604929"></a>Zone Maintenance Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyOutv4</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv4 notifies sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyOutv6</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv6 notifies sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyInv4</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv4 notifies received.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyInv6</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv6 notifies received.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyRej</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Incoming notifies rejected.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SOAOutv4</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv4 SOA queries sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SOAOutv6</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv6 SOA queries sent.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">AXFRReqv4</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv4 AXFR requested.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">AXFRReqv6</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv6 AXFR requested.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">IXFRReqv4</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv4 IXFR requested.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">IXFRReqv6</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater IPv6 IXFR requested.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">XfrSuccess</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Zone transfer requests succeeded.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">XfrFail</strong></span></p>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater Zone transfer requests failed.
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<a name="id2605380"></a>Resolver Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
c821eb704848afd1f2e70c77c70e7b6ce0b92989Automatic Updater<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND8 Symbol</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Queryv4</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFwdQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater IPv4 queries sent.
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">Queryv6</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater <p><span><strong class="command">SFwdQ</strong></span></p>
98b5a9d1099f72169c90de39712fc4f63e9d990eAutomatic Updater IPv6 queries sent.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">Responsev4</strong></span></p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">RR</strong></span></p>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews IPv4 responses received.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <p><span><strong class="command">Responsev6</strong></span></p>
<a name="id2606843"></a>Compatibility with <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND</em></span> 8 Counters</h4></div></div></div>
<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter�5.�The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Lightweight Resolver�</td>