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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - Copyright (C) 2004-2011 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
841179549b6433e782c164a562eb3422f603533dAndreas Gustafsson - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<title>Chapter�6.�BIND 9 Configuration Reference</title>
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<link rel="next" href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html" title="Chapter�7.�BIND 9 Security Considerations">
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</th></tr>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch05.html">Prev</a>�</td>
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<td width="20%" align="right">�<a accesskey="n" href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html">Next</a>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="Bv9ARM.ch06"></a>Chapter�6.�<acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Configuration Reference</h2></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements">Configuration File Elements</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists">Address Match Lists</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574290">Comment Syntax</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Configuration_File_Grammar">Configuration File Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2574944"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#acl"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575133"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575425"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575442"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575465"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575489"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575648"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2575842"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577841"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2577982"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578046"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578090"><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2578105"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2589239"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#trusted-keys"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2589379"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2589494"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#managed-keys"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2589851"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2591396"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2594592">Zone File</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them">Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2596822">Discussion of MX Records</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#Setting_TTLs">Setting TTLs</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2597506">Inverse Mapping in IPv4</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2597633">Other Zone File Directives</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#id2597906"><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format">Additional File Formats</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics">BIND9 Statistics</a></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statistics_counters">Statistics Counters</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration is broadly similar
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8; however, there are a few new
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of configuration, such as views. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 8 configuration files should work with few alterations in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 9, although more complex configurations should be reviewed to check
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if they can be more efficiently implemented using the new features
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce found in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4 configuration files can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce converted to the new format
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using the shell script
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">contrib/named-bootconf/named-bootconf.sh</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="configuration_file_elements"></a>Configuration File Elements</h2></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Following is a list of elements used throughout the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file documentation:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The name of an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> as
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson defined by the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A list of one or more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">ip_prefix</code>, <code class="varname">key_id</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or <code class="varname">acl_name</code> elements, see
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A named list of one or more <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with optional <code class="varname">key_id</code> and/or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A <code class="varname">masters_list</code> may include other
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A quoted string which will be used as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a DNS name, for example "<code class="literal">my.test.domain</code>".
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A list of one or more <code class="varname">domain_name</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One to four integers valued 0 through
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 255 separated by dots (`.'), such as <span><strong class="command">123</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">45.67</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">89.123.45.67</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An IPv4 address with exactly four elements
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in <code class="varname">dotted_decimal</code> notation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An IPv6 address, such as <span><strong class="command">2001:db8::1234</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 scoped addresses that have ambiguity on their
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce scope zones must be disambiguated by an appropriate
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone ID with the percent character (`%') as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delimiter. It is strongly recommended to use
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce string zone names rather than numeric identifiers,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in order to be robust against system configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce changes. However, since there is no standard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce mapping for such names and identifier values,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce currently only interface names as link identifiers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are supported, assuming one-to-one mapping between
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interfaces and links. For example, a link-local
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address <span><strong class="command">fe80::1</strong></span> on the link
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce attached to the interface <span><strong class="command">ne0</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can be specified as <span><strong class="command">fe80::1%ne0</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that on most systems link-local addresses
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce always have the ambiguity, and need to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disambiguated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An <code class="varname">ip4_addr</code> or <code class="varname">ip6_addr</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <code class="varname">number</code> is limited to 0
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce through 65535, with values
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce below 1024 typically restricted to use by processes running
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In some cases, an asterisk (`*') character can be used as a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce placeholder to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce select a random high-numbered port.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An IP network specified as an <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce followed by a slash (`/') and then the number of bits in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Trailing zeros in a <code class="varname">ip_addr</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may omitted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, <span><strong class="command">127/8</strong></span> is the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce network <span><strong class="command">127.0.0.0</strong></span> with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce netmask <span><strong class="command">255.0.0.0</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0/28</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce network <span><strong class="command">1.2.3.0</strong></span> with netmask <span><strong class="command">255.255.255.240</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When specifying a prefix involving a IPv6 scoped address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the scope may be omitted. In that case the prefix will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match packets from any scope.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A <code class="varname">domain_name</code> representing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the name of a shared key, to be used for transaction
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A list of one or more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce separated by semicolons and ending with a semicolon.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A non-negative 32-bit integer
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (i.e., a number between 0 and 4294967295, inclusive).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Its acceptable value might further
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be limited by the context in which it is used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A quoted string which will be used as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a pathname, such as <code class="filename">zones/master/my.test.domain</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A list of an <code class="varname">ip_port</code> or a port
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A port range is specified in the form of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>range</code></strong> followed by
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce <code class="varname">port_high</code>, which represents
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce port numbers from <code class="varname">port_low</code> through
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce <code class="varname">port_high</code>, inclusive.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">port_low</code> must not be larger than
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>range 1024 65535</code></strong> represents
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ports from 1024 through 65535.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In either case an asterisk (`*') character is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allowed as a valid <code class="varname">ip_port</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A number, the word <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or the word <strong class="userinput"><code>default</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An <code class="varname">unlimited</code> <code class="varname">size_spec</code> requests unlimited
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use, or the maximum available amount. A <code class="varname">default size_spec</code> uses
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the limit that was in force when the server was started.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A <code class="varname">number</code> can optionally be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce followed by a scaling factor:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>K</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>k</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for kilobytes,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>M</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>m</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for megabytes, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>G</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>g</code></strong> for gigabytes,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which scale by 1024, 1024*1024, and 1024*1024*1024
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce respectively.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The value must be representable as a 64-bit unsigned integer
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (0 to 18446744073709551615, inclusive).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Using <code class="varname">unlimited</code> is the best
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to safely set a really large number.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Either <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> or <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The words <strong class="userinput"><code>true</code></strong> and <strong class="userinput"><code>false</code></strong> are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also accepted, as are the numbers <strong class="userinput"><code>1</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <strong class="userinput"><code>0</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One of <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When used in a zone, <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>, and <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are restricted to slave and stub zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="address_match_lists"></a>Address Match Lists</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574056"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><code class="varname">address_match_list</code> = address_match_list_element ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> address_match_list_element; ... </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<code class="varname">address_match_list_element</code> = [<span class="optional"> ! </span>] (ip_address [<span class="optional">/length</span>] |
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key key_id | acl_name | { address_match_list } )
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574084"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Address match lists are primarily used to determine access
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce control for various server operations. They are also used in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statements. The elements which constitute an address match
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce list can be any of the following:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a key ID, as defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<li>the name of an address match list defined with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<li>a nested address match list enclosed in braces</li>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Elements can be negated with a leading exclamation mark (`!'),
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and the match list names "any", "none", "localhost", and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "localnets" are predefined. More information on those names
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can be found in the description of the acl statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The addition of the key clause made the name of this syntactic
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce element something of a misnomer, since security keys can be used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to validate access without regard to a host or network address.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Nonetheless, the term "address match list" is still used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce throughout the documentation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When a given IP address or prefix is compared to an address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match list, the comparison takes place in approximately O(1)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce time. However, key comparisons require that the list of keys
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be traversed until a matching key is found, and therefore may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be somewhat slower.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The interpretation of a match depends on whether the list is being
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used for access control, defining <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> ports, or in a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span>, and whether the element was negated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When used as an access control list, a non-negated match
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allows access and a negated match denies access. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce there is no match, access is denied. The clauses
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span> all use address match
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce lists. Similarly, the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option will cause the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server to refuse queries on any of the machine's
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce addresses which do not match the list.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Order of insertion is significant. If more than one element
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in an ACL is found to match a given IP address or prefix,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce preference will be given to the one that came
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span> in the ACL definition.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Because of this first-match behavior, an element that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defines a subset of another element in the list should
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce come before the broader element, regardless of whether
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce either is negated. For example, in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">1.2.3/24; ! 1.2.3.13;</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the 1.2.3.13 element is completely useless because the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce algorithm will match any lookup for 1.2.3.13 to the 1.2.3/24
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce element. Using <span><strong class="command">! 1.2.3.13; 1.2.3/24</strong></span> fixes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that problem by having 1.2.3.13 blocked by the negation, but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all other 1.2.3.* hosts fall through.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574290"></a>Comment Syntax</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 comment syntax allows for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce comments to appear
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce anywhere that whitespace may appear in a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file. To appeal to programmers of all kinds, they can be written
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574305"></a>Syntax</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">/* This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C */</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">// This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in C++</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"># This is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> comment as in common UNIX shells
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce# and perl</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574334"></a>Definition and Usage</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Comments may appear anywhere that whitespace may appear in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> configuration file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce C-style comments start with the two characters /* (slash,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce star) and end with */ (star, slash). Because they are completely
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delimited with these characters, they can be used to comment only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a portion of a line or to span multiple lines.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce C-style comments cannot be nested. For example, the following
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is not valid because the entire comment ends with the first */:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">/* This is the start of a comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is still part of the comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce/* This is an incorrect attempt at nesting a comment. */
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is no longer in any comment. */
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce C++-style comments start with the two characters // (slash,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce slash) and continue to the end of the physical line. They cannot
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be continued across multiple physical lines; to have one logical
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce comment span multiple lines, each line must use the // pair.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">// This is the start of a comment. The next line
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce// is a new comment, even though it is logically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce// part of the previous comment.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Shell-style (or perl-style, if you prefer) comments start
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with the character <code class="literal">#</code> (number sign)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and continue to the end of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce physical line, as in C++ comments.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"># This is the start of a comment. The next line
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce# is a new comment, even though it is logically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce# part of the previous comment.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson You cannot use the semicolon (`;') character
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson to start a comment such as you would in a zone file. The
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson semicolon indicates the end of a configuration
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<a name="Configuration_File_Grammar"></a>Configuration File Grammar</h2></div></div></div>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson A <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 configuration consists of
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson statements and comments.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson Statements end with a semicolon. Statements and comments are the
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson only elements that can appear without enclosing braces. Many
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson statements contain a block of sub-statements, which are also
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson terminated with a semicolon.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The following statements are supported:
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span></p>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson defines a named IP address
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson matching list, for access control and other uses.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span></p>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson declares control channels to be used
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span></p>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson includes a file.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specifies key information for use in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authentication and authorization using TSIG.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specifies what the server logs, and where
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the log messages are sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configures <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also act as a light-weight resolver daemon (<span><strong class="command">lwresd</strong></span>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defines a named masters list for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce inclusion in stub and slave zone masters clauses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce controls global server configuration
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson options and sets defaults for other statements.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sets certain configuration options on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a per-server basis.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce declares communication channels to get access to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> statistics.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defines trusted DNSSEC keys.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce lists DNSSEC keys to be kept up to date
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using RFC 5011 trust anchor maintenance.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defines a view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span></p>
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson defines a zone.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statements may only occur once
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuration.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2574944"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> acl-name {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address_match_list
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="acl"></a><span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> statement assigns a symbolic
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name to an address match list. It gets its name from a primary
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use of address match lists: Access Control Lists (ACLs).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that an address match list's name must be defined
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with <span><strong class="command">acl</strong></span> before it can be used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce elsewhere; no forward references are allowed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The following ACLs are built-in:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">any</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Matches all hosts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">none</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Matches no hosts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Matches the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of all network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interfaces on the system.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Matches any host on an IPv4 or IPv6 network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for which the system has an interface.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Some systems do not provide a way to determine the prefix
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce local IPv6 addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In such a case, <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only matches the local
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 addresses, just like <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575133"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> }
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ inet ...; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ unix <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> perm <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> owner <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> group <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys { <em class="replaceable"><code>key_list</code></em> }; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ unix ...; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="controls_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement declares control
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channels to be used by system administrators to control the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce operation of the name server. These control channels are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used by the <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> utility to send
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce commands to and retrieve non-DNS results from a name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code> (asterisk) is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you will only use <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> on the local host,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using the loopback address (<code class="literal">127.0.0.1</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or <code class="literal">::1</code>) is recommended for maximum security.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no port is specified, port 953 is used. The asterisk
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The ability to issue commands over the control channel is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce restricted by the <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clauses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Connections to the control channel are permitted based on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>. This is for simple
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IP address based filtering only; any <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce elements of the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A <span><strong class="command">unix</strong></span> control channel is a UNIX domain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce socket listening at the specified path in the file system.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Access to the socket is specified by the <span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">owner</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">group</strong></span> clauses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note on some platforms (SunOS and Solaris) the permissions
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">perm</strong></span>) are applied to the parent directory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as the permissions on the socket itself are ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The primary authorization mechanism of the command
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channel is the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>, which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contains a list of <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span>s.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> in the <span><strong class="command">key_list</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is authorized to execute commands over the control channel.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#rndc">Remote Name Daemon Control application</a> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#admin_tools" title="Administrative Tools">the section called “Administrative Tools”</a>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for information about configuring keys in <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement is present,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will set up a default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce control channel listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and its IPv6 counterpart ::1.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In this case, and also when the <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is present but does not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to load the command channel key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from the file <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">/etc</code> (or whatever <code class="varname">sysconfdir</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce was specified as when <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> was built).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To create a <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file, run
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature was created to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ease the transition of systems from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which did not have digital signatures on its command channel
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce messages and thus did not have a <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It makes it possible to use an existing <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuration file in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 unchanged,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and still have <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> work the same way
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ndc</strong></span> worked in BIND 8, simply by executing the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce command <strong class="userinput"><code>rndc-confgen -a</code></strong> after BIND 9 is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Since the <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> feature
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is only intended to allow the backward-compatible usage of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 configuration files, this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce feature does not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce have a high degree of configurability. You cannot easily change
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the key name or the size of the secret, so you should make a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> with your own key if you
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce wish to change
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce those things. The <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also has its
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce permissions set such that only the owner of the file (the user that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running as) can access it.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce desire greater flexibility in allowing other users to access
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> commands, then you need to create
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">rndc.conf</code> file and make it group
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson readable by a group
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson that contains the users who should have access.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To disable the command channel, use an empty
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">controls { };</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575425"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>;</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575442"></a><span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span> statement inserts the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified file at the point where the <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement is encountered. The <span><strong class="command">include</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement facilitates the administration of configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by permitting the reading or writing of some things but not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce others. For example, the statement could include private keys
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that are readable only by the name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575465"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce algorithm <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce secret <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575489"></a><span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement defines a shared
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce secret key for use with TSIG (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or the command channel
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement can occur at the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement. Keys defined in top-level <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statements can be used in all views. Keys intended for use in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a <span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce must be defined at the top level.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>key_id</code></em>, also known as the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key name, is a domain name uniquely identifying the key. It can
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be used in a <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement to cause requests sent to that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server to be signed with this key, or in address match lists to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce verify that incoming requests have been signed with a key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matching this name, algorithm, and secret.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm_id</code></em> is a string
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that specifies a security/authentication algorithm. Named
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha1</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha224</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha384</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <code class="literal">hmac-sha512</code> TSIG authentication.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Truncated hashes are supported by appending the minimum
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of required bits preceded by a dash, e.g.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>secret_string</code></em> is the secret
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be used by the algorithm, and is treated as a base-64
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce encoded string.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575648"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ( <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> ( <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> | <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> ) ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>size spec</code></em> ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce | <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>syslog_facility</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce | <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce | <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> );
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> (<code class="option">critical</code> | <code class="option">error</code> | <code class="option">warning</code> | <code class="option">notice</code> |
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="option">info</code> | <code class="option">debug</code> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em> ] | <code class="option">dynamic</code> ); ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> <code class="option">yes</code> or <code class="option">no</code>; ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>category_name</code></em> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; [ <em class="replaceable"><code>channel_name</code></em> ; ... ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575842"></a><span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement configures a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce variety of logging options for the name server. Its <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> phrase
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce associates output methods, format options and severity levels with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a name that can then be used with the <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> phrase
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to select how various classes of messages are logged.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Only one <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement is used to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as many channels and categories as are wanted. If there is no <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span> statement,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the logging configuration will be:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce category unmatched { null; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the logging configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is only established when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the entire configuration file has been parsed. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, it was
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce established as soon as the <span><strong class="command">logging</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce was parsed. When the server is starting up, all logging messages
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce regarding syntax errors in the configuration file go to the default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channels, or to standard error if the "<code class="option">-g</code>" option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce was specified.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2575894"></a>The <span><strong class="command">channel</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All log output goes to one or more <span class="emphasis"><em>channels</em></span>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce you can make as many of them as you want.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Every channel definition must include a destination clause that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce says whether messages selected for the channel go to a file, to a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce particular syslog facility, to the standard error stream, or are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce discarded. It can optionally also limit the message severity level
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that will be accepted by the channel (the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span>), and whether to include a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>-generated time stamp, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce category name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and/or severity level (the default is not to include any).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> destination clause
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce causes all messages sent to the channel to be discarded;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in that case, other options for the channel are meaningless.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">file</strong></span> destination clause directs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to a disk file. It can include limitations
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce both on how large the file is allowed to become, and how many
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the file will be saved each time the file is opened.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you use the <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> log file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option, then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will retain that many backup
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce versions of the file by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce renaming them when opening. For example, if you choose to keep
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce three old versions
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the file <code class="filename">lamers.log</code>, then just
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce before it is opened
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code> is renamed to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">lamers.log.2</code>, <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code> is renamed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to <code class="filename">lamers.log.1</code>, and <code class="filename">lamers.log</code> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce renamed to <code class="filename">lamers.log.0</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce You can say <span><strong class="command">versions unlimited</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the number of versions.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If a <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option is associated with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the log file,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then renaming is only done when the file being opened exceeds the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce indicated size. No backup versions are kept by default; any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce log file is simply appended.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> option for files is used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to limit log
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce growth. If the file ever exceeds the size, then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce stop writing to the file unless it has a <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce associated with it. If backup versions are kept, the files are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce described above and a new one begun. If there is no
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> option, no more data will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be written to the log
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce until some out-of-band mechanism removes or truncates the log to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum size. The default behavior is not to limit the size of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Example usage of the <span><strong class="command">size</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">versions</strong></span> options:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">channel an_example_channel {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file "example.log" versions 3 size 20m;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce print-time yes;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce print-category yes;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> destination clause
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channel to the system log. Its argument is a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce syslog facility as described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> man
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson page. Known facilities are <span><strong class="command">kern</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">user</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">mail</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">auth</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">lpr</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">news</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">uucp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">cron</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">authpriv</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ftp</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local0</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local1</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">local2</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local3</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local4</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">local5</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">local6</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">local7</strong></span>, however not all facilities
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are supported on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all operating systems.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce How <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> will handle messages
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this facility is described in the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> man
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce page. If you have a system which uses a very old version of <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only uses two arguments to the <span><strong class="command">openlog()</strong></span> function,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then this clause is silently ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">severity</strong></span> clause works like <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>'s
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "priorities", except that they can also be used if you are writing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce straight to a file rather than using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Messages which are not at least of the severity level given will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not be selected for the channel; messages of higher severity
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will be accepted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you are using <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span>, then the <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> priorities
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will also determine what eventually passes through. For example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defining a channel facility and severity as <span><strong class="command">daemon</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only logging <span><strong class="command">daemon.warning</strong></span> via <span><strong class="command">syslog.conf</strong></span> will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cause messages of severity <span><strong class="command">info</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notice</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be dropped. If the situation were reversed, with <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> writing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce messages of only <span><strong class="command">warning</strong></span> or higher,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then <span><strong class="command">syslogd</strong></span> would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce print all messages it received from the channel.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">stderr</strong></span> destination clause
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce channel to the server's standard error stream. This is intended
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use when the server is running as a foreground process, for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when debugging a configuration.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson The server can supply extensive debugging information when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it is in debugging mode. If the server's global debug level is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce than zero, then debugging mode will be active. The global debug
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson level is set either by starting the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with the <code class="option">-d</code> flag followed by a positive integer,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or by running <span><strong class="command">rndc trace</strong></span>.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson The global debug level
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can be set to zero, and debugging mode turned off, by running <span><strong class="command">rndc
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucenotrace</strong></span>. All debugging messages in the server have a debug
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce level, and higher debug levels give more detailed output. Channels
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that specify a specific debug severity, for example:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">channel specific_debug_level {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity debug 3;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will get debugging output of level 3 or less any time the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server is in debugging mode, regardless of the global debugging
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce level. Channels with <span><strong class="command">dynamic</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity use the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server's global debug level to determine what messages to print.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> has been turned on,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the date and time will be logged. <span><strong class="command">print-time</strong></span> may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be specified for a <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> channel,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but is usually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce pointless since <span><strong class="command">syslog</strong></span> also logs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the date and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce time. If <span><strong class="command">print-category</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce requested, then the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce category of the message will be logged as well. Finally, if <span><strong class="command">print-severity</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on, then the severity level of the message will be logged. The <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be used in any combination, and will always be printed in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce order: time, category, severity. Here is an example where all
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce three <span><strong class="command">print-</strong></span> options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="computeroutput">28-Feb-2000 15:05:32.863 general: notice: running</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce There are four predefined channels that are used for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>'s default logging as follows.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce How they are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_category_phrase" title="The category Phrase">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">channel default_syslog {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // send to syslog's daemon facility
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce syslog daemon;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // only send priority info and higher
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity info;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucechannel default_debug {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // write to named.run in the working directory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Note: stderr is used instead of "named.run" if
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // the server is started with the '-f' option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // log at the server's current debug level
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity dynamic;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucechannel default_stderr {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // writes to stderr
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // only send priority info and higher
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity info;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucechannel null {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // toss anything sent to this channel
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">default_debug</strong></span> channel has the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce property that it only produces output when the server's debug
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce nonzero. It normally writes to a file called <code class="filename">named.run</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the server's working directory.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For security reasons, when the "<code class="option">-u</code>"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce command line option is used, the <code class="filename">named.run</code> file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is created only after <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> has
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce changed to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce new UID, and any debug output generated while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce starting up and still running as root is discarded. If you need
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to capture this output, you must run the server with the "<code class="option">-g</code>"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option and redirect standard error to a file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Once a channel is defined, it cannot be redefined. Thus you
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cannot alter the built-in channels directly, but you can modify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the default logging by pointing categories at channels you have
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="the_category_phrase"></a>The <span><strong class="command">category</strong></span> Phrase</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce There are many categories, so you can send the logs you want
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to see wherever you want, without seeing logs you don't want. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce you don't specify a list of channels for a category, then log
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson in that category will be sent to the <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span> category
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce instead. If you don't specify a default category, the following
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "default default" is used:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">category default { default_syslog; default_debug; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce As an example, let's say you want to log security events to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a file, but you also want keep the default logging behavior. You'd
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify the following:
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">channel my_security_channel {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file "my_security_file";
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce severity info;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucecategory security {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce my_security_channel;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default_syslog;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default_debug;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To discard all messages in a category, specify the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">category xfer-out { null; };
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellingtoncategory notify { null; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Following are the available categories and brief descriptions
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson of the types of log information they contain. More
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce categories may be added in future <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> releases.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">default</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default category defines the logging
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce options for those categories where no specific
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuration has been
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">general</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The catch-all. Many things still aren't
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce classified into categories, and they all end up here.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Messages relating to the databases used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce internally by the name server to store zone and cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">security</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Approval and denial of requests.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">config</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Configuration file parsing and processing.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">resolver</strong></span></p>
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson DNS resolution, such as the recursive
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson lookups performed on behalf of clients by a caching name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-in</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Zone transfers the server is receiving.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">xfer-out</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Zone transfers the server is sending.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson The NOTIFY protocol.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">client</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Processing of client requests.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <p><span><strong class="command">unmatched</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Messages that <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> was unable to determine the
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson class of or for which there was no matching <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson A one line summary is also logged to the <span><strong class="command">client</strong></span> category.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson This category is best sent to a file or stderr, by
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson default it is sent to
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson the <span><strong class="command">null</strong></span> channel.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <p><span><strong class="command">network</strong></span></p>
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Network operations.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">update</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Dynamic updates.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">update-security</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Approval and denial of update requests.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Specify where queries should be logged to.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson At startup, specifying the category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span> will also
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson enable query logging unless <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> option has been
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington The query log entry reports the client's IP
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington address and port number, and the query name,
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington class and type. Next it reports whether the
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Recursion Desired flag was set (+ if set, -
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington if not set), if the query was signed (S),
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington EDNS was in use (E), if TCP was used (T), if
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington DO (DNSSEC Ok) was set (D), or if CD (Checking
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Disabled) was set (C). After this the
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington destination address the query was sent to is
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#62536: query: www.example.com IN AAAA +SE</code>
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <code class="computeroutput">client ::1#62537: query: www.example.net IN AAAA -SE</code>
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <p><span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span></p>
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Information about queries that resulted in some
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">dispatch</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dispatching of incoming packets to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server modules where they are to be processed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">dnssec</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC and TSIG protocol processing.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">lame-servers</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Lame servers. These are misconfigurations
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in remote servers, discovered by BIND 9 when trying to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce query those servers during resolution.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Delegation only. Logs queries that have been
5dccc8b2a55f0222ffda0ff0a981bad4eb0563beAndreas Gustafsson forced to NXDOMAIN as the result of a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delegation-only zone or a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span> in a hint
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or stub zone declaration.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">edns-disabled</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Log queries that have been forced to use plain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS due to timeouts. This is often due to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the remote servers not being RFC 1034 compliant
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (not always returning FORMERR or similar to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce EDNS queries and other extensions to the DNS
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when they are not understood). In other words, this is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce targeted at servers that fail to respond to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS queries that they don't understand.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: the log message can also be due to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce packet loss. Before reporting servers for
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson non-RFC 1034 compliance they should be re-tested
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to determine the nature of the non-compliance.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This testing should prevent or reduce the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of false-positive reports.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: eventually <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will have to stop
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce treating such timeouts as due to RFC 1034 non
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce compliance and start treating it as plain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce packet loss. Falsely classifying packet
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce loss as due to RFC 1034 non compliance impacts
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on DNSSEC validation which requires EDNS for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the DNSSEC records to be returned.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2577253"></a>The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> Category</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">query-errors</strong></span> category is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specifically intended for debugging purposes: To identify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce why and how specific queries result in responses which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce indicate an error.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Messages of this category are therefore only logged
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with <span><strong class="command">debug</strong></span> levels.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce At the debug levels of 1 or higher, each response with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce rcode of SERVFAIL is logged as follows:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="computeroutput">client 127.0.0.1#61502: query failed (SERVFAIL) for www.example.com/IN/AAAA at query.c:3880</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This means an error resulting in SERVFAIL was
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce detected at line 3880 of source file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Log messages of this level will particularly
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce help identify the cause of SERVFAIL for an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authoritative server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce At the debug levels of 2 or higher, detailed context
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information of recursive resolutions that resulted in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SERVFAIL is logged.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The log message will look like as follows:
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafssonfetch completed at resolver.c:2970 for www.example.com/A
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafssonin 30.000183: timed out/success [domain:example.com,
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafssonreferral:2,restart:7,qrysent:8,timeout:5,lame:0,neterr:0,
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafssonbadresp:1,adberr:0,findfail:0,valfail:0]
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson The first part before the colon shows that a recursive
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson resolution for AAAA records of www.example.com completed
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson in 30.000183 seconds and the final result that led to the
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson SERVFAIL was determined at line 2970 of source file
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">resolver.c</code>.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson The following part shows the detected final result and the
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson latest result of DNSSEC validation.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson The latter is always success when no validation attempt
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In this example, this query resulted in SERVFAIL probably
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce because all name servers are down or unreachable, leading
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to a timeout in 30 seconds.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation was probably not attempted.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson The last part enclosed in square brackets shows statistics
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson information collected for this particular resolution
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson The <code class="varname">domain</code> field shows the deepest zone
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson that the resolver reached;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it is the zone where the error was finally detected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The meaning of the other fields is summarized in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce following table.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of referrals the resolver received
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce throughout the resolution process.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In the above example this is 2, which are most
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of cycles that the resolver tried
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce remote servers at the <code class="varname">domain</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In each cycle the resolver sends one query
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (possibly resending it, depending on the response)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to each known name server of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of queries the resolver sent at the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of timeouts since the resolver
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce received the last response.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of lame servers the resolver detected
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A server is detected to be lame either by an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce invalid response or as a result of lookup in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce BIND9's address database (ADB), where lame
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers are cached.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of erroneous results that the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resolver encountered in sending queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One common case is the remote server is
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson unreachable and the resolver receives an ICMP
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson unreachable error message.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <p><code class="varname">badresp</code></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of unexpected responses (other than
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">lame</code>) to queries sent by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resolver at the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures in finding remote server addresses
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone in the ADB.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One common case of this is that the remote
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server's name does not have any address records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures of resolving remote server addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is a total number of failures throughout
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the resolution process.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures of DNSSEC validation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Validation failures are counted throughout
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the resolution process (not limited to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <code class="varname">domain</code> zone), but should
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only happen in <code class="varname">domain</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce At the debug levels of 3 or higher, the same messages
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as those at the debug 1 level are logged for other errors
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce than SERVFAIL.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that negative responses such as NXDOMAIN are not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce regarded as errors here.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce At the debug levels of 4 or higher, the same messages
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as those at the debug 2 level are logged for other errors
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce than SERVFAIL.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Unlike the above case of level 3, messages are logged for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce negative responses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is because any unexpected results can be difficult to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce debug in the recursion case.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2577841"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> listen-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> view <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> search { <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ndots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2577982"></a><span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statement configures the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server to also act as a lightweight resolver server. (See
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch05.html#lwresd" title="Running a Resolver Daemon">the section called “Running a Resolver Daemon”</a>.) There may be multiple
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">lwres</strong></span> statements configuring
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson lightweight resolver servers with different properties.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statement specifies a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce addresses (and ports) that this instance of a lightweight resolver
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should accept requests on. If no port is specified, port 921 is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If this statement is omitted, requests will be accepted on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement binds this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce instance of a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce lightweight resolver daemon to a view in the DNS namespace, so that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce response will be constructed in the same manner as a normal DNS
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matching this view. If this statement is omitted, the default view
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used, and if there is no default view, an error is triggered.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">search</strong></span> statement in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It provides a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce list of domains
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which are appended to relative names in queries.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ndots</strong></span> statement in
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</code>. It indicates the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of dots in a relative domain name that should result in an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exact match lookup before search path elements are appended.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2578046"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> |
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2578090"></a><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce lists allow for a common set of masters to be easily used by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce multiple stub and slave zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2578105"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson This is the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement in the <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> attach-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> version <em class="replaceable"><code>version_string</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> hostname <em class="replaceable"><code>hostname_string</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> server-id <em class="replaceable"><code>server_id_string</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> managed-keys-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> named-xfer <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-keytab <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> tkey-gssapi-credential <em class="replaceable"><code>principal</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> tkey-domain <em class="replaceable"><code>domainname</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> tkey-dhkey <em class="replaceable"><code>key_name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>key_tag</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> cache-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> dump-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> bindkeys-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> memstatistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> memstatistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> pid-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> recursing-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> statistics-file <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> auth-nxdomain <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> deallocate-on-exit <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> fake-iquery <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> fetch-glue <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> flush-zones-on-shutdown <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> has-old-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> host-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> host-statistics-max <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> minimal-responses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> multiple-cnames <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> recursion <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> rfc2308-type1 <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-id-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">master</code> | <code class="constant">slave</code>); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-validation (<em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <code class="constant">auto</code>); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-lookaside ( <em class="replaceable"><code>auto</code></em> |
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> trust-anchor <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> ); </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> dnssec-must-be-secure <em class="replaceable"><code>domain yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> dnssec-accept-expired <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forward ( <em class="replaceable"><code>only</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>first</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> dual-stack-servers [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] {
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson ( <em class="replaceable"><code>domain_name</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] |
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ) ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ... }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-names ( <em class="replaceable"><code>master</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>slave</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>response</code></em> )
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-dup-records ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-mx ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-mx-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-srv-cname ( <em class="replaceable"><code>warn</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>fail</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ignore</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-sibling <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-new-zones { <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query-cache-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-recursion-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;</span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-v6-synthesis { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> blackhole { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> avoid-v4-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> avoid-v6-udp-ports { <em class="replaceable"><code>port_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> listen-on [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> </span>] { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> listen-on-v6 [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> </span>] { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> query-source ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] |
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
ed45f92d10a8b4cdb7d2e5523f9f3f1c5f4b7ae4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] ) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 ( ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> )
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] |
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>] ) ; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> tcp-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> reserved-sockets <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> recursive-clients <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> serial-query-rate <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> serial-queries <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> tcp-listen-queue <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfers-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfers-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfers-per-ns <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> coresize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> datasize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> files <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> stacksize <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> heartbeat-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> interface-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> statistics-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> topology { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> sortlist { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }</span>];
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> rrset-order { <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>order_spec</code></em> ; ... </span>] </span>] };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> lame-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-ncache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-cache-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-roots <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> use-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> treat-cr-as-space <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> additional-from-auth <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> additional-from-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> random-device <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-cache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> match-mapped-addresses <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa-on-v4 ( <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>break-dnssec</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> filter-aaaa { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dns64 <em class="replaceable"><code>IPv6-prefix</code></em> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> mapped { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> suffix IPv6-address; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> break-dnssec <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce }; </span>];
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dns64-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dns64-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> preferred-glue ( <em class="replaceable"><code>A</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>AAAA</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>NONE</code></em> ); </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> root-delegation-only [<span class="optional"> exclude { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> querylog <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> disable-algorithms <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> { <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em>; </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> acache-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> acache-cleaning-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-acache-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-clients-per-query <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> empty-server <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> empty-contact <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> empty-zones-enable <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> disable-empty-zone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl-cache <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> resolver-query-timeout <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-addresses { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> deny-answer-aliases { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } [<span class="optional"> except-from { <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> } </span>];</span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> response-policy { <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"> policy <em class="replaceable"><code>given</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>no-op</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>nxdomain</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>nodata</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>cname domain</code></em> </span>] ; } ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="options"></a><span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement sets up global
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be used by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>. This statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may appear only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce once in a configuration file. If there is no <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, an options block with each option set to its default will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Allows multiple views to share a single cache
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Each view has its own cache database by default, but
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson if multiple views have the same operational policy
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson for name resolution and caching, those views can
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson share a single cache to save memory and possibly
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson improve resolution efficiency by using this option.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statements, in which case it overrides the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce global <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>cache_name</code></em> specifies
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the cache to be shared.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> server configures
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce views which are supposed to share a cache, it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce creates a cache with the specified name for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce first view of these sharing views.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The rest of the views will simply refer to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce already created cache.
79bc63f0061bf2da3e1775d8c2312c5938cdc9f1Andreas Gustafsson One common configuration to share a cache would be to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allow all views to share a single cache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This can be done by specifying
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> as a global
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option with an arbitrary name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Another possible operation is to allow a subset of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all views to share a cache while the others to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce retain their own caches.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, if there are three views A, B, and C,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and only A and B should share a cache, specify the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">attach-cache</strong></span> option as a view A (or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce B)'s option, referring to the other view name:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // this view has its own cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // this view refers to A's cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce attach-cache "A";
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // this view has its own cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Views that share a cache must have the same policy
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on configurable parameters that may affect caching.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The current implementation requires the following
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configurable options be consistent among these
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span>, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that there may be other parameters that may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cause confusion if they are inconsistent for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce different views that share a single cache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, if these views define different sets of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce forwarders that can return different answers for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce same question, sharing the answer does not make
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sense or could even be harmful.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is administrator's responsibility to ensure
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuration differences in different views do
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not cause disruption with a shared cache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">directory</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The working directory of the server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Any non-absolute pathnames in the configuration file will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as relative to this directory. The default location for most
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce output files (e.g. <code class="filename">named.run</code>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is this directory.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If a directory is not specified, the working directory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce defaults to `<code class="filename">.</code>', the directory from
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce was started. The directory specified should be an absolute
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When performing dynamic update of secure zones, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce directory where the public and private DNSSEC key files
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be found, if different than the current working
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson directory. (Note that this option has no effect on the
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson paths for files containing non-DNSSEC keys such as
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">rndc.key</code> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson The directory used to hold the files used to track managed keys.
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson By default it is the working directory. It there are no
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson views then the file <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson otherwise a SHA256 hash of the view name is used with
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">.mkeys</code> extension added.
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span></span></dt>
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete.</em></span> It
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to specify
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson the pathname to the <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson program. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, no separate
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named-xfer</strong></span> program is needed;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce its functionality is built into the name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-keytab</strong></span></span></dt>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson The KRB5 keytab file to use for GSS-TSIG updates. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this option is set and tkey-gssapi-credential is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce set, then updates will be allowed with any key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matching a principal in the specified keytab.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-gssapi-credential</strong></span></span></dt>
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson The security credential with which the server should
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson authenticate keys requested by the GSS-TSIG protocol.
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson Currently only Kerberos 5 authentication is available
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and the credential is a Kerberos principal which the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server can acquire through the default system key
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson file, normally <code class="filename">/etc/krb5.keytab</code>.
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson The location keytab file can be overridden using the
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson tkey-gssapi-keytab option. Normally this principal is
7c0ebe385b36d64c2424dd5a3e62d441c08e7037Andreas Gustafsson of the form "<strong class="userinput"><code>DNS/</code></strong><code class="varname">server.domain</code>".
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To use GSS-TSIG, <span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span> must
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also be set if a specific keytab is not set with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce tkey-gssapi-keytab.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-domain</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The domain appended to the names of all shared keys
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce generated with <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. When a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce client requests a <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span> exchange,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it may or may not specify the desired name for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key. If present, the name of the shared key will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be <code class="varname">client specified part</code> +
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>. Otherwise, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name of the shared key will be <code class="varname">random hex
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce digits</code> + <code class="varname">tkey-domain</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In most cases, the <span><strong class="command">domainname</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be the server's domain name, or an otherwise
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce non-existent subdomain like
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "_tkey.<code class="varname">domainname</code>". If you are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using GSS-TSIG, this variable must be defined, unless
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce you specify a specific keytab using tkey-gssapi-keytab.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tkey-dhkey</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The Diffie-Hellman key used by the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to generate shared keys with clients using the Diffie-Hellman
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of <span><strong class="command">TKEY</strong></span>. The server must be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce able to load the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce public and private keys from files in the working directory.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce most cases, the keyname should be the server's host name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cache-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is for testing only. Do not use.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dump-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file the server dumps
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the database to when instructed to do so with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named_dump.db</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file the server writes memory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce usage statistics to on exit. If not specified,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the default is <code class="filename">named.memstats</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pid-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file the server writes its process ID
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in. If not specified, the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The PID file is used by programs that want to send signals to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name server. Specifying <span><strong class="command">pid-file none</strong></span> disables the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use of a PID file — no file will be written and any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce existing one will be removed. Note that <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is a keyword, not a filename, and therefore is not enclosed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce double quotes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursing-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file the server dumps
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the queries that are currently recursing when instructed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to do so with <span><strong class="command">rndc recursing</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.recursing</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file the server appends statistics
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to when instructed to do so using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.stats</code> in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server's current directory. The format of the file is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of a file to override the built-in trusted
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys provided by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the discussion of <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson and <span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span> for details.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson If not specified, the default is
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">/etc/bind.keys</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">secroots-file</strong></span></span></dt>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson The pathname of the file the server dumps
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce security roots to when instructed to do so with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">rndc secroots</strong></span>.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson If not specified, the default is <code class="filename">named.secroots</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file into which to write a TSIG
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce session key generated by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> for use by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span>. If not specified, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default is <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>, and in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce particular the discussion of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement's
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>local</code></strong> option for more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information about this feature.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The key name to use for the TSIG session key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is "local-ddns".
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The algorithm to use for the TSIG session key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Valid values are hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce hmac-sha384, hmac-sha512 and hmac-md5. If not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified, the default is hmac-sha256.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The pathname of the file into which to write a session TSIG
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key for use by <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span>. (See the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce discussion of the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement's <strong class="userinput"><code>local</code></strong> option for more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce details on this feature.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">port</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce receiving and sending DNS protocol traffic.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is 53. This option is mainly intended for server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a server using a port other than 53 will not be able to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce communicate with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the global DNS.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The source of entropy to be used by the server. Entropy is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce primarily needed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for DNSSEC operations, such as TKEY transactions and dynamic
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce update of signed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zones. This options specifies the device (or file) from which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce entropy. If this is a file, operations requiring entropy will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce fail when the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file has been exhausted. If not specified, the default value
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (or equivalent) when present, and none otherwise. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">random-device</strong></span> option takes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce effect during
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the initial configuration load at server startup time and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is ignored on subsequent reloads.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">preferred-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If specified, the listed type (A or AAAA) will be emitted
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce before other glue
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the additional section of a query response.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is not to prefer any type (NONE).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="root_delegation_only"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Turn on enforcement of delegation-only in TLDs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (top level domains) and root zones with an optional
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exclude list.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DS queries are expected to be made to and be answered by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delegation only zones. Such queries and responses are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce treated as an exception to delegation-only processing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses provided
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a CNAME is not discovered at the query name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If a delegation only zone server also serves a child
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone it is not always possible to determine whether
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an answer comes from the delegation only zone or the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce child zone. SOA NS and DNSKEY records are apex
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only records and a matching response that contains
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce these records or DS is treated as coming from a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce child zone. RRSIG records are also examined to see
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if they are signed by a child zone or not. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authority section is also examined to see if there
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is evidence that the answer is from the child zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Answers that are determined to be from a child zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are not converted to NXDOMAIN responses. Despite
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all these checks there is still a possibility of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce false negatives when a child zone is being served.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Similarly false positives can arise from empty nodes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (no records at the name) in the delegation only zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when the query type is not ANY.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note some TLDs are not delegation only (e.g. "DE", "LV",
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "US" and "MUSEUM"). This list is not exhaustive.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce root-delegation-only exclude { "de"; "lv"; "us"; "museum"; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Disable the specified DNSSEC algorithms at and below the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Multiple <span><strong class="command">disable-algorithms</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statements are allowed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Only the most specific will be applied.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When set, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> provides the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce validator with an alternate method to validate DNSKEY
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records at the top of a zone. When a DNSKEY is at or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce below a domain specified by the deepest
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span>, and the normal DNSSEC
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce validation has left the key untrusted, the trust-anchor
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will be appended to the key name and a DLV record will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce looked up to see if it can validate the key. If the DLV
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce record validates a DNSKEY (similarly to the way a DS
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce record does) the DNSKEY RRset is deemed to be trusted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, then built-in default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce values for the DLV domain and trust anchor will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used, along with a built-in key for validation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default DLV key is stored in the file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will load that key at
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce startup if <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> is set to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="constant">auto</code>. A copy of the file is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce installed along with <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, and is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce current as of the release date. If the DLV key expires, a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce new copy of <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> can be downloaded
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from <a href="" target="_top">https://www.isc.org/solutions/dlv</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (To prevent problems if <code class="filename">bind.keys</code> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not found, the current key is also compiled in to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Relying on this is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recommended, however, as it requires <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be recompiled with a new key when the DLV key expires.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NOTE: <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only loads certain specific
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys from <code class="filename">bind.keys</code>: those for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DLV zone and for the DNS root zone. The file cannot be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to store keys for other zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-must-be-secure</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify hierarchies which must be or may not be secure
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (signed and validated). If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will only accept answers if
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce they are secure. If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, then normal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation applies allowing for insecure answers to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be accepted. The specified domain must be under a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> must be active.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This directive instructs <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce return mapped IPv4 addresses to AAAA queries when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce there are no AAAA records. It is intended to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used in conjunction with a NAT64. Each
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> defines one DNS64 prefix.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Multiple DNS64 prefixes can be defined.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Compatible IPv6 prefixes have lengths of 32, 40, 48, 56,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 64 and 96 as per RFC 6052.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Additionally a reverse IP6.ARPA zone will be created for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the prefix to provide a mapping from the IP6.ARPA names
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the corresponding IN-ADDR.ARPA names using synthesized
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce CNAMEs. <span><strong class="command">dns64-server</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dns64-contact</strong></span> can be used to specify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the name of the server and contact for the zones. These
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are settable at the view / options level. These are
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington not settable on a per-prefix basis.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <span><strong class="command">clients</strong></span> ACL that determines which
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington clients are affected by this directive. If not defined,
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington it defaults to <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <span><strong class="command">mapped</strong></span> ACL that selects which
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington IPv4 addresses are to be mapped in the corresponding
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington A RRset. If not defined it defaults to
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <strong class="userinput"><code>any;</code></strong>.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Each <span><strong class="command">dns64</strong></span> supports an optional
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington <span><strong class="command">exclude</strong></span> ACL that selects which
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington IPv6 addresses will be ignored for the purposes
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington of determining whether dns64 is to be applied.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington Any non-matching address will prevent further
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington DNS64 processing from occurring for this client.
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington A optional <span><strong class="command">suffix</strong></span> can also
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington be defined to set the bits trailing the mapped
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington IPv4 address bits. By default these bits are
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington set to <strong class="userinput"><code>::</code></strong>. The bits
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington matching the prefix and mapped IPv4 address
116dd27475e0521a033139ad5ac2355cf4b3e29bBrian Wellington must be zero.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce dns64 64:FF9B::/96 {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce clients { any; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce mapped { !rfc1918; any; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="boolean_options"></a>Boolean Options</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-new-zones</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then zones can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce added at runtime via <span><strong class="command">rndc addzone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or deleted via <span><strong class="command">rndc delzone</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the <span><strong class="command">AA</strong></span> bit
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is always set on NXDOMAIN responses, even if the server is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not actually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authoritative. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a change from <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8. If you
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson are using very old DNS software, you
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson may need to set it to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">deallocate-on-exit</strong></span></span></dt>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson 8 to enable checking
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson for memory leaks on exit. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option and always performs
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">memstatistics</strong></span></span></dt>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Write memory statistics to the file specified by
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">memstatistics-file</strong></span> at exit.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> unless
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson '-m record' is specified on the command line in
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson which case it is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson server treats all zones as if they are doing zone transfers
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson a dial-on-demand dialup link, which can be brought up by
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson originating from this server. This has different effects
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson to zone type and concentrates the zone maintenance so that
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson happens in a short interval, once every <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> and
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson hopefully during the one call. It also suppresses some of
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson zone maintenance traffic. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> option
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson may also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> and
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements,
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson in which case it overrides the global <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson If the zone is a master zone, then the server will send out a
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson request to all the slaves (default). This should trigger the
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson number check in the slave (providing it supports NOTIFY)
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson allowing the slave
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson to verify the zone while the connection is active.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson The set of servers to which NOTIFY is sent can be controlled
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson zone is a slave or stub zone, then the server will suppress
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson "zone up to date" (refresh) queries and only perform them
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span> expires in
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson addition to sending
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson NOTIFY requests.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson Finer control can be achieved by using
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <strong class="userinput"><code>notify</code></strong> which only sends NOTIFY
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <strong class="userinput"><code>notify-passive</code></strong> which sends NOTIFY
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson suppresses the normal refresh queries, <strong class="userinput"><code>refresh</code></strong>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson which suppresses normal refresh processing and sends refresh
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson when the <span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <strong class="userinput"><code>passive</code></strong> which just disables normal
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce normal refresh
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson heart-beat refresh
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson heart-beat notify
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> (default)</p>
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span></p>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></p>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">refresh</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">passive</strong></span></p>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">notify-passive</strong></span></p>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson Note that normal NOTIFY processing is not affected by
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span>.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fake-iquery</strong></span></span></dt>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson enabled simulating the obsolete DNS query type
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson IQUERY. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 never does
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson IQUERY simulation.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span></span></dt>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson This option is obsolete.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson In BIND 8, <strong class="userinput"><code>fetch-glue yes</code></strong>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson caused the server to attempt to fetch glue resource records
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson didn't have when constructing the additional
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson data section of a response. This is now considered a bad
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson and BIND 9 never does it.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span></span></dt>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson When the nameserver exits due receiving SIGTERM,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson flush or do not flush any pending zone writes. The default
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">flush-zones-on-shutdown</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson This option was incorrectly implemented
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, and is ignored by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson To achieve the intended effect
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">has-old-clients</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, specify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the two separate options <span><strong class="command">auth-nxdomain</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong> instead.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In BIND 8, this enables keeping of
c71787bd6356c92e9c7d0a174cd63ab17fcf34c6Eric Luce statistics for every host that the name server interacts
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Not implemented in BIND 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">maintain-ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson determine whether a transaction log was
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce kept for Incremental Zone Transfer. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains a transaction
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce log whenever possible. If you need to disable outgoing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce incremental zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce transfers, use <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">minimal-responses</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then when generating
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce responses the server will only add records to the authority
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and additional data sections when they are required (e.g.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce delegations, negative responses). This may improve the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce performance of the server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multiple-cnames</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to allow
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a domain name to have multiple CNAME records in violation of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the DNS standards. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.2 onwards
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce always strictly enforces the CNAME rules both in master
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce files and dynamic updates.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> (the default),
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS NOTIFY messages are sent when a zone the server is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authoritative for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce changes, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#notify" title="Notify">the section called “Notify”</a>. The messages are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers listed in the zone's NS records (except the master
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server identified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the SOA MNAME field), and to any servers listed in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>master-only</code></strong>, notifies are only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for master zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>explicit</code></strong>, notifies are sent only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers explicitly listed using <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, no notifies are sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> option may also be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in which case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options notify</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It would only be necessary to turn off this option if it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce caused slaves
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> do not check the nameservers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the NS RRset against the SOA MNAME. Normally a NOTIFY
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce message is not sent to the SOA MNAME (SOA ORIGIN) as it is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce supposed to contain the name of the ultimate master.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sometimes, however, a slave is listed as the SOA MNAME in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce hidden master configurations and in that case you would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce want the ultimate master to still send NOTIFY messages to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all the nameservers listed in the NS RRset.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, and a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS query requests recursion, then the server will attempt
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all the work required to answer the query. If recursion is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and the server does not already know the answer, it will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce referral response. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that setting <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> does not prevent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce clients from getting data from the server's cache; it only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prevents new data from being cached as an effect of client
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Caching may still occur as an effect the server's internal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce operation, such as NOTIFY address lookups.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See also <span><strong class="command">fetch-glue</strong></span> above.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">rfc2308-type1</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Setting this to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> will
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson cause the server to send NS records along with the SOA
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer record for negative
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer answers. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer Not yet implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-id-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 always allocates query
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IDs from a pool.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, the server will collect
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statistical data on all zones (unless specifically turned
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on a per-zone basis by specifying <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics no</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These statistics may be accessed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using <span><strong class="command">rndc stats</strong></span>, which will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce dump them to the file listed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span>. See
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson also <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statsfile" title="The Statistics File">the section called “The Statistics File”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>This option is obsolete</em></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you need to disable IXFR to a particular server or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers, see
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the information on the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#incremental_zone_transfers" title="Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)">the section called “Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR)”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_statement_definition_and_usage" title="server Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">treat-cr-as-space</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server treat carriage return ("<span><strong class="command">\r</strong></span>") characters the same way
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as a space or tab character,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to facilitate loading of zone files on a UNIX system that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce were generated
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on an NT or DOS machine. In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, both UNIX "<span><strong class="command">\n</strong></span>"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and NT/DOS "<span><strong class="command">\r\n</strong></span>" newlines
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are always accepted,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and the option is ignored.
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-auth</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span></span>
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson These options control the behavior of an authoritative
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson answering queries which have additional data, or when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce following CNAME
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and DNAME chains.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When both of these options are set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (the default) and a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce query is being answered from authoritative data (a zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configured into the server), the additional data section of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reply will be filled in using data from other authoritative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and from the cache. In some situations this is undesirable,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as when there is concern over the correctness of the cache,
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson in servers where slave zones may be added and modified by
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson untrusted third parties. Also, avoiding
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson the search for this additional data will speed up server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce at the possible expense of additional queries to resolve
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce otherwise be provided in the additional section.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, if a query asks for an MX record for host <code class="literal">foo.example.com</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and the record found is "<code class="literal">MX 10 mail.example.net</code>", normally the address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records (A and AAAA) for <code class="literal">mail.example.net</code> will be provided as well,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if known, even though they are not in the example.com zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Setting these options to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disables this behavior and makes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server only search for additional data in the zone it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce answers from.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These options are intended for use in authoritative-only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers, or in authoritative-only views. Attempts to set
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce them to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> without also
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">recursion no</strong></span> will cause the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ignore the options and log a warning message.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifying <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span> actually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disables the use of the cache not only for additional data
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but also when looking up the answer. This is usually the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce behavior in an authoritative-only server where the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce correctness of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the cached data is an issue.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When a name server is non-recursively queried for a name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce below the apex of any served zone, it normally answers with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "upwards referral" to the root servers or the servers of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce known parent of the query name. Since the data in an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce upwards referral
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce comes from the cache, the server will not be able to provide
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce referrals when <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache no</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce has been specified. Instead, it will respond to such
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with REFUSED. This should not cause any problems since
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce upwards referrals are not required for the resolution
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">match-mapped-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then an
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson IPv4-mapped IPv6 address will match any address match
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson list entries that match the corresponding IPv4 address.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option was introduced to work around a kernel quirk
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson in some operating systems that causes IPv4 TCP
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce connections, such as zone transfers, to be accepted on an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 socket using mapped addresses. This caused address
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson match lists designed for IPv4 to fail to match. However,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> now solves this problem
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson internally. The use of this option is discouraged.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span></span></dt>
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson This option is only available when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 is compiled with the
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson <strong class="userinput"><code>--enable-filter-aaaa</code></strong> option on the
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson "configure" command line. It is intended to help the
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson transition from IPv4 to IPv6 by not giving IPv6 addresses
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson to DNS clients unless they have connections to the IPv6
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson Internet. This is not recommended unless absolutely
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson necessary. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span> option
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson may also be specified in <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson to override the global <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the DNS client is at an IPv4 address, in <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and if the response does not include DNSSEC signatures,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then all AAAA records are deleted from the response.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This filtering applies to all responses and not only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authoritative responses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>break-dnssec</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then AAAA records are deleted even when dnssec is enabled.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce As suggested by the name, this makes the response not verify,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce because the DNSSEC protocol is designed detect deletions.
c71787bd6356c92e9c7d0a174cd63ab17fcf34c6Eric Luce This mechanism can erroneously cause other servers to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not give AAAA records to their clients.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A recursing server with both IPv6 and IPv4 network connections
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that queries an authoritative server using this mechanism
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce via IPv4 will be denied AAAA records even if its client is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This mechanism is applied to authoritative as well as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce non-authoritative records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A client using IPv4 that is not allowed recursion can
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce erroneously be given AAAA records because the server is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allowed to check for A records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Some AAAA records are given to IPv4 clients in glue records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 clients that are servers can then erroneously
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce answer requests for AAAA records received via IPv4.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson When <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> and the server loads a new version of a master
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson zone from its zone file or receives a new version of a slave
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson file by a non-incremental zone transfer, it will compare
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson the new version to the previous one and calculate a set
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson of differences. The differences are then logged in the
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson zone's journal file such that the changes can be transmitted
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson to downstream slaves as an incremental zone transfer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce By allowing incremental zone transfers to be used for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce non-dynamic zones, this option saves bandwidth at the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce expense of increased CPU and memory consumption at the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In particular, if the new version of a zone is completely
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce different from the previous one, the set of differences
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will be of a size comparable to the combined size of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce old and new zone version, and the server will need to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce temporarily allocate memory to hold this complete
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce difference set.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also accepts <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> at the view and options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce levels which causes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> to be enabled for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones respectively.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is off by default.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This should be set when you have multiple masters for a zone
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson addresses refer to different machines. If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson when the serial number on the master is less than what <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson has. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson Enable DNSSEC support in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>. Unless set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> behaves as if it does not support DNSSEC.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-validation</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Enable DNSSEC validation in <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note <span><strong class="command">dnssec-enable</strong></span> also needs to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce set to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong> to be effective.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is disabled. If set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation is enabled, and a default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce trust-anchor for the DNS root zone is used. If set to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, DNSSEC validation is enabled,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but a trust anchor must be manually configured using
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement. The default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-accept-expired</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Accept expired signatures when verifying DNSSEC signatures.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>no</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Setting this option to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce leaves <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> vulnerable to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce replay attacks.
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span></span></dt>
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce Specify whether query logging should be started when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">querylog</strong></span> is not specified,
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce then the query logging
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce is determined by the presence of the logging category <span><strong class="command">queries</strong></span>.
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce This option is used to restrict the character set and syntax
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
ea91cb523112b44b4d2799ac7eb5e878721f2a59Eric Luce from the network. The default varies according to usage
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones the default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For answers received from the network (<span><strong class="command">response</strong></span>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the default is <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The rules for legal hostnames and mail domains are derived
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from RFC 952 and RFC 821 as modified by RFC 1123.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce applies to the owner names of A, AAAA and MX records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It also applies to the domain names in the RDATA of NS, SOA,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce MX, and SRV records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It also applies to the RDATA of PTR records where the owner
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name indicated that it is a reverse lookup of a hostname
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (the owner name ends in IN-ADDR.ARPA, IP6.ARPA, or IP6.INT).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-dup-records</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Check master zones for records that are treated as different
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by DNSSEC but are semantically equal in plain DNS. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Check whether the MX record appears to refer to a IP address.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>. Other possible
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce values are <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">ignore</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option is used to check for non-terminal wildcards.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The use of non-terminal wildcards is almost always as a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce result of a failure
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to understand the wildcard matching algorithm (RFC 1034).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce affects master zones. The default (<span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>) is to check
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for non-terminal wildcards and issue a warning.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Perform post load zone integrity checks on master
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zones. This checks that MX and SRV records refer
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to address (A or AAAA) records and that glue
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address records exist for delegated zones. For
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce MX and SRV records only in-zone hostnames are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce checked (for out-of-zone hostnames use
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For NS records only names below top of zone are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce checked (for out-of-zone names and glue consistency
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce checks use <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce fail, warn or ignore MX records that refer
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-srv-cname</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> is set then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce fail, warn or ignore SRV records that refer
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to CNAMES. The default is to <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When performing integrity checks, also check that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sibling glue exists. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When returning authoritative negative responses to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SOA queries set the TTL of the SOA record returned in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the authority section to zero.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson When caching a negative response to a SOA query
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson set the TTL to zero.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson When set to the default value of <code class="literal">yes</code>,
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson check the KSK bit in each key to determine how the key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be used when generating RRSIGs for a secure zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Ordinarily, zone-signing keys (that is, keys without the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce KSK bit set) are used to sign the entire zone, while
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key-signing keys (keys with the KSK bit set) are only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce However, if this option is set to <code class="literal">no</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then the KSK bit is ignored; KSKs are treated as if they
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce were ZSKs and are used to sign the entire zone. This is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce similar to the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -z</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce command line option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When this option is set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, there
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce must be at least two active keys for every algorithm
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce represented in the DNSKEY RRset: at least one KSK and one
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ZSK per algorithm. If there is any algorithm for which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this requirement is not met, this option will be ignored
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for that algorithm.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When this option and <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are both set to <code class="literal">yes</code>, only key-signing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys (that is, keys with the KSK bit set) will be used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to sign the DNSKEY RRset at the zone apex. Zone-signing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys (keys without the KSK bit set) will be used to sign
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the remainder of the zone, but not the DNSKEY RRset.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is similar to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone -x</strong></span> command line option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> is set to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">no</code>, this option is ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Try to refresh the zone using TCP if UDP queries fail.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For BIND 8 compatibility, the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Allow a dynamic zone to transition from secure to
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson insecure (i.e., signed to unsigned) by deleting all
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson of the DNSKEY records. The default is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, and if the DNSKEY RRset
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson at the zone apex is deleted, all RRSIG and NSEC records
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson will be removed from the zone as well.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson If the zone uses NSEC3, then it is also necessary to
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson delete the NSEC3PARAM RRset from the zone apex; this will
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson cause the removal of all corresponding NSEC3 records.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson (It is expected that this requirement will be eliminated
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson in a future release.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that if a zone has been configured with
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain</strong></span> and the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce private keys remain accessible in the key repository,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then the zone will be automatically signed again the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is started.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2583480"></a>Forwarding</h4></div></div></div>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The forwarding facility can be used to create a large site-wide
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson cache on a few servers, reducing traffic over links to external
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson name servers. It can also be used to allow queries by servers that
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson do not have direct access to the Internet, but wish to look up
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce names anyway. Forwarding occurs only on those queries for which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server is not authoritative and does not have the answer in
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson This option is only meaningful if the
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson forwarders list is not empty. A value of <code class="varname">first</code>,
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson the default, causes the server to query the forwarders
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson first — and
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson if that doesn't answer the question, the server will then
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson the answer itself. If <code class="varname">only</code> is
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson specified, the
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson server will only query the forwarders.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Specifies the IP addresses to be used
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson for forwarding. The default is the empty list (no
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Forwarding can also be configured on a per-domain basis, allowing
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson for the global forwarding options to be overridden in a variety
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson of ways. You can set particular domains to use different
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson or have a different <span><strong class="command">forward only/first</strong></span> behavior,
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson or not forward at all, see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_statement_grammar" title="zone
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Statement Grammar”</a>.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2583607"></a>Dual-stack Servers</h4></div></div></div>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Dual-stack servers are used as servers of last resort to work
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson problems in reachability due the lack of support for either IPv4
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on the host machine.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span></span></dt>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Specifies host names or addresses of machines with access to
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson both IPv4 and IPv6 transports. If a hostname is used, the
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson server must be able
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson to resolve the name using only the transport it has. If the
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson machine is dual
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson stacked, then the <span><strong class="command">dual-stack-servers</strong></span> have no effect unless
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson access to a transport has been disabled on the command line
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson (e.g. <span><strong class="command">named -4</strong></span>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="access_control"></a>Access Control</h4></div></div></div>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Access to the server can be restricted based on the IP address
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson of the requesting system. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#address_match_lists" title="Address Match Lists">the section called “Address Match Lists”</a> for
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson details on how to specify IP address lists.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Specifies which hosts are allowed to
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson notify this server, a slave, of zone changes in addition
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the zone masters.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> may also be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement, in which case
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it overrides the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">options allow-notify</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement. It is only meaningful
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for a slave zone. If not specified, the default is to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce process notify messages
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only from a zone's master.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to ask ordinary
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS questions. <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, in which case it overrides the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">options allow-query</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is to allow queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from all hosts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is now
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to specify access to the cache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which local addresses can accept ordinary
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS questions. This makes it possible, for instance,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to allow queries on internal-facing interfaces but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disallow them on external-facing ones, without
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce necessarily knowing the internal network's addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, in which case it overrides the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">options allow-query-on</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is to allow queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on all addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to specify access to the cache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to get answers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from the cache. If <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is not set then <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used if set unless <span><strong class="command">recursion no;</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce set in which case <span><strong class="command">none;</strong></span> is used,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce otherwise the default (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache-on</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which local addresses can give answers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from the cache. If not specified, the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to allow cache queries on any address,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">localnets</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">localhost</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to make recursive
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce queries through this server. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-recursion</strong></span> is not set
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce then <span><strong class="command">allow-query-cache</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used if set, otherwise <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used if set, otherwise the default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">localnets;</strong></span>
035cd7b5bd983b3845da08680ac311c754809403Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">localhost;</strong></span>) is used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-recursion-on</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which local addresses can accept recursive
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce queries. If not specified, the default is to allow
035cd7b5bd983b3845da08680ac311c754809403Andreas Gustafsson recursive queries on all addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce submit Dynamic DNS updates for master zones. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce updates from all hosts. Note that allowing updates based
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on the requestor's IP address is insecure; see
035cd7b5bd983b3845da08680ac311c754809403Andreas Gustafsson <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a> for details.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce submit Dynamic DNS updates to slave zones to be forwarded to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce master. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce means that no update forwarding will be performed. To
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce update forwarding, specify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>allow-update-forwarding { any; };</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifying values other than <strong class="userinput"><code>{ none; }</code></strong> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>{ any; }</code></strong> is usually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce counterproductive, since
035cd7b5bd983b3845da08680ac311c754809403Andreas Gustafsson the responsibility for update access control should rest
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce master server, not the slaves.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that enabling the update forwarding feature on a slave
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may expose master servers relying on insecure IP address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce access control to attacks; see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch07.html#dynamic_update_security" title="Dynamic Update Security">the section called “Dynamic Update Security”</a>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for more details.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-v6-synthesis</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option was introduced for the smooth transition from
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to A6 and from "nibble labels" to binary labels.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce However, since both A6 and binary labels were then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this option was also deprecated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is now ignored with some warning messages.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies which hosts are allowed to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce receive zone transfers from the server. <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also be specified in the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, in which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce case it overrides the <span><strong class="command">options allow-transfer</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If not specified, the default is to allow transfers to all
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">blackhole</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies a list of addresses that the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server will not accept queries from or use to resolve a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce query. Queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from these addresses will not be responded to. The default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is <strong class="userinput"><code>none</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies a list of addresses to which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">filter-aaaa-on-v4</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is applies. The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>any</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">resolver-query-timeout</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The amount of time the resolver will spend attempting
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to resolve a recursive query before failing. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default is <code class="literal">10</code> and the maximum is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">30</code>. Setting it to <code class="literal">0</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will result in the default being used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2584227"></a>Interfaces</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The interfaces and ports that the server will answer queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from may be specified using the <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> option. <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> takes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an optional port and an <code class="varname">address_match_list</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server will listen on all interfaces allowed by the address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match list. If a port is not specified, port 53 will be used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> statements are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">listen-on { 5.6.7.8; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will enable the name server on port 53 for the IP address
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 5.6.7.8, and on port 1234 of an address on the machine in net
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 1.2 that is not 1.2.3.4.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> is specified, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server will listen on port 53 on all IPv4 interfaces.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option is used to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify the interfaces and the ports on which the server will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for incoming queries sent using IPv6.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server does not bind a separate socket to each IPv6 interface
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address as it does for IPv4 if the operating system has enough API
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson support for IPv6 (specifically if it conforms to RFC 3493 and RFC
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson Instead, it listens on the IPv6 wildcard address.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson If the system only has incomplete API support for IPv6, however,
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson the behavior is the same as that for IPv4.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson A list of particular IPv6 addresses can also be specified, in
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson the server listens on a separate socket for each specified
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson regardless of whether the desired API is supported by the system.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Multiple <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> options can
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { any; };
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafssonlisten-on-v6 port 1234 { !2001:db8::/32; any; };
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson will enable the name server on port 53 for any IPv6 addresses
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson (with a single wildcard socket),
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson and on port 1234 of IPv6 addresses that is not in the prefix
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson 2001:db8::/32 (with separate sockets for each matched address.)
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson To make the server not listen on any IPv6 address, use
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">listen-on-v6 { none; };
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson If no <span><strong class="command">listen-on-v6</strong></span> option is
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson specified, the server will not listen on any IPv6 address
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson unless <span><strong class="command">-6</strong></span> is specified when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson invoked. If <span><strong class="command">-6</strong></span> is specified then
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will listen on port 53 on all IPv6 interfaces by default.
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson<a name="query_address"></a>Query Address</h4></div></div></div>
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson If the server doesn't know the answer to a question, it will
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson query other name servers. <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> specifies
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson the address and port used for such queries. For queries sent over
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson IPv6, there is a separate <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> option.
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson If <span><strong class="command">address</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> (asterisk) or is omitted,
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson a wildcard IP address (<span><strong class="command">INADDR_ANY</strong></span>)
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson If <span><strong class="command">port</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">*</strong></span> or is omitted,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a random port number from a pre-configured
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce range is picked up and will be used for each query.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The port range(s) is that specified in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv4)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> (for IPv6)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce options, excluding the ranges specified in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options, respectively.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">query-source address * port *;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucequery-source-v6 address * port *;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> is unspecified,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will check if the operating
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce system provides a programming interface to retrieve the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce system's default range for ephemeral ports.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson If such an interface is available,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will use the corresponding system
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson default range; otherwise, it will use its own defaults:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">use-v4-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luceuse-v6-udp-ports { range 1024 65535; };
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Note: make sure the ranges be sufficiently large for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce security. A desirable size depends on various parameters,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but we generally recommend it contain at least 16384 ports
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson (14 bits of entropy).
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson Note also that the system's default range when used may be
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson too small for this purpose, and that the range may even be
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson changed while <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is running; the new
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce range will automatically be applied when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is reloaded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is encouraged to
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson configure <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> explicitly so that the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce ranges are sufficiently large and are reasonably
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce independent from the ranges used by other applications.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: the operational configuration
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson where <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs may prohibit the use
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson of some ports. For example, UNIX systems will not allow
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> running without a root privilege
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to use ports less than 1024.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If such ports are included in the specified (or detected)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce set of query ports, the corresponding query attempts will
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson fail, resulting in resolution failures or delay.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson It is therefore important to configure the set of ports
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that can be safely used in the expected operational environment.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The defaults of the <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luceavoid-v6-udp-ports {};
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: BIND 9.5.0 introduced
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option to support a pool of such random ports, but this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option is now obsolete because reusing the same ports in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the pool may not be sufficiently secure.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For the same reason, it is generally strongly discouraged to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify a particular port for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> or
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> options;
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson it implicitly disables the use of randomized port numbers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-queryport-pool</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson This option is obsolete.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-ports</strong></span></span></dt>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson This option is obsolete.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">queryport-pool-updateinterval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option is obsolete.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The address specified in the <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used for both UDP and TCP queries, but the port applies only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to UDP queries. TCP queries always use a random
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce unprivileged port.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the source
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address for TCP sockets.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See also <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="zone_transfers"></a>Zone Transfers</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> has mechanisms in place to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce facilitate zone transfers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and set limits on the amount of load that transfers place on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce system. The following options apply to zone transfers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Defines a global list of IP addresses of name servers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that are also sent NOTIFY messages whenever a fresh copy of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone is loaded, in addition to the servers listed in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone's NS records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This helps to ensure that copies of the zones will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce quickly converge on stealth servers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Optionally, a port may be specified with each
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> address to send
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the notify messages to a port other than the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default of 53.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If an <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is given in a <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it will override
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the <span><strong class="command">options also-notify</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson statement. When a <span><strong class="command">zone notify</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>, the IP
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce addresses in the global <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> list will
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson not be sent NOTIFY messages for that zone. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce list (no global notification list).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Inbound zone transfers running longer than
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Inbound zone transfers making no progress
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson (1 hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Outbound zone transfers running longer than
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 120
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson (2 hours). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Outbound zone transfers making no progress
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in this many minutes will be terminated. The default is 60
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson hour). The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Slave servers will periodically query master servers
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to find out if zone serial numbers have changed. Each such
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a minute amount of the slave server's network bandwidth. To
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson amount of bandwidth used, BIND 9 limits the rate at which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sent. The value of the <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an integer, is the maximum number of queries sent per
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is 20.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In BIND 8, the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson set the maximum number of concurrent serial number queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allowed to be outstanding at any given time.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce BIND 9 does not limit the number of outstanding
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce serial queries and ignores the <span><strong class="command">serial-queries</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Instead, it limits the rate at which the queries are sent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as defined using the <span><strong class="command">serial-query-rate</strong></span> option.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zone transfers can be sent using two different formats,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> and
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option is used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on the master server to determine which format it sends.
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span> uses one DNS message per
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson resource record transferred.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs as many resource
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records as possible into a message.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is more efficient, but is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only supported by relatively new slave servers,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce such as <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson 8.x and <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.5 onwards.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> format is also supported by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recent Microsoft Windows nameservers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> may be overridden on a
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson that can be running concurrently. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-in</strong></span> may
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson speed up the convergence
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of slave zones, but it also may increase the load on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce local system.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-out</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The maximum number of outbound zone transfers
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson that can be running concurrently. Zone transfer requests in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson of the limit will be refused. The default value is <code class="literal">10</code>.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span></span></dt>
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson The maximum number of inbound zone transfers
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson that can be concurrently transferring from a given remote
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson The default value is <code class="literal">2</code>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Increasing <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span>
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson speed up the convergence of slave zones, but it also may
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson the load on the remote name server. <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> may
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson be overridden on a per-server basis by using the <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> phrase
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson of the <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson<p><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson determines which local address will be bound to IPv4
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson TCP connections used to fetch zones transferred
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson inbound by the server. It also determines the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson source IPv4 address, and optionally the UDP port,
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson used for the refresh queries and forwarded dynamic
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson updates. If not set, it defaults to a system
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson controlled value which will usually be the address
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson of the interface "closest to" the remote end. This
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson address must appear in the remote end's
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span> option for the
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson zone being transferred, if one is specified. This
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson statement sets the
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> for all zones,
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson but can be overridden on a per-view or per-zone
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson basis by including a
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> statement within
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> or
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> block in the configuration
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson source address for TCP sockets.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The same as <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce except zone transfers are performed using IPv6.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> fails and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you do not wish the alternate transfer source
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be used, you should set
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson appropriately and you should not depend upon
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson getting an answer back to the first refresh
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An alternate transfer source if the one listed in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> fails and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Use the alternate transfer sources or not. If views are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified this defaults to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce otherwise it defaults to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> (for BIND 8
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce compatibility).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce determines which local source address, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce optionally UDP port, will be used to send NOTIFY
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce messages. This address must appear in the slave
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server's <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> zone clause or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in an <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> clause. This
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement sets the <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson for all zones, but can be overridden on a per-zone or
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson per-view basis by including a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> statement within
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Solaris 2.5.1 and earlier does not support setting the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce source address for TCP sockets.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Like <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson but applies to notify messages sent to IPv6 addresses.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2585362"></a>UDP Port Lists</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify a list of IPv4 and IPv6 UDP ports that will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used or not used as source ports for UDP messages.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#query_address" title="Query Address">the section called “Query Address”</a> about how the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce available ports are determined.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, with the following configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luceuse-v6-udp-ports { range 32768 65535; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luceavoid-v6-udp-ports { 40000; range 50000 60000; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce UDP ports of IPv6 messages sent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will be in one
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the following ranges: 32768 to 39999, 40001 to 49999,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and 60001 to 65535.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">avoid-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">avoid-v6-udp-ports</strong></span> can be used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to prevent <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> from choosing as its random source port a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce port that is blocked by your firewall or a port that is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used by other applications;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if a query went out with a source port blocked by a
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson answer would not get by the firewall and the name server would
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson have to query again.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson Note: the desired range can also be represented only with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-v4-udp-ports</strong></span> and
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">use-v6-udp-ports</strong></span>, and the
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">avoid-</strong></span> options are redundant in that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sense; they are provided for backward compatibility and
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson to possibly simplify the port specification.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2585421"></a>Operating System Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server's usage of many system resources can be limited.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Scaled values are allowed when specifying resource limits. For
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce example, <span><strong class="command">1G</strong></span> can be used instead of
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">1073741824</strong></span> to specify a limit of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce gigabyte. <span><strong class="command">unlimited</strong></span> requests
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce unlimited use, or the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum available amount. <span><strong class="command">default</strong></span>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson uses the limit
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson that was in force when the server was started. See the description
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of <span><strong class="command">size_spec</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#configuration_file_elements" title="Configuration File Elements">the section called “Configuration File Elements”</a>.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The following options set operating system resource limits for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the name server process. Some operating systems don't support
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson any of the limits. On such systems, a warning will be issued if
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson unsupported limit is used.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">coresize</strong></span></span></dt>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The maximum size of a core dump. The default
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">datasize</strong></span></span></dt>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The maximum amount of data memory the server
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson This is a hard limit on server memory usage.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson If the server attempts to allocate memory in excess of this
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson limit, the allocation will fail, which may in turn leave
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson the server unable to perform DNS service. Therefore,
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson this option is rarely useful as a way of limiting the
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson amount of memory used by the server, but it can be used
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson to raise an operating system data size limit that is
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson too small by default. If you wish to limit the amount
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson of memory used by the server, use the
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span> and
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson options instead.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">files</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum number of files the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may have open concurrently. The default is <code class="literal">unlimited</code>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">stacksize</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum amount of stack memory the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may use. The default is <code class="literal">default</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="server_resource_limits"></a>Server Resource Limits</h4></div></div></div>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The following options set limits on the server's
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson resource consumption that are enforced internally by the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson server rather than the operating system.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ixfr-log-size</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson This option is obsolete; it is accepted
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and ignored for BIND 8 compatibility. The option
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> performs a
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson similar function in BIND 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sets a maximum size for each journal file
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#journal" title="The journal file">the section called “The journal file”</a>). When the journal file
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson the specified size, some of the oldest transactions in the
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson will be automatically removed. The default is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson This may also be set on a per-zone basis.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host-statistics-max</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson In BIND 8, specifies the maximum number of host statistics
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson entries to be kept.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Not implemented in BIND 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum number of simultaneous recursive lookups
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server will perform on behalf of clients. The default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">1000</code>. Because each recursing
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson client uses a fair
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson bit of memory, on the order of 20 kilobytes, the value of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span> option may
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce have to be decreased
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson on hosts with limited memory.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum number of simultaneous client TCP
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce connections that the server will accept.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">reserved-sockets</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of file descriptors reserved for TCP, stdio,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce etc. This needs to be big enough to cover the number of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interfaces <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> listens on, <span><strong class="command">tcp-clients</strong></span> as well as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to provide room for outgoing TCP queries and incoming zone
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson transfers. The default is <code class="literal">512</code>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The minimum value is <code class="literal">128</code> and the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum value is <code class="literal">128</code> less than
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson maxsockets (-S). This option may be removed in the future.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This option has little effect on Windows.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The maximum amount of memory to use for the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson server's cache, in bytes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When the amount of data in the cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reaches this limit, the server will cause records to expire
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prematurely based on an LRU based strategy so that
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the limit is not exceeded.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson A value of 0 is special, meaning that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records are purged from the cache only when their
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson Another special keyword <strong class="userinput"><code>unlimited</code></strong>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson means the maximum value of 32-bit unsigned integers
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson (0xffffffff), which may not have the same effect as
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson 0 on machines that support more than 32 bits of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Any positive values less than 2MB will be ignored reset
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson separately to the cache of each view.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The default is 0.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">tcp-listen-queue</strong></span></span></dt>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson The listen queue depth. The default and minimum is 3.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If the kernel supports the accept filter "dataready" this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also controls how
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce many TCP connections that will be queued in kernel space
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce some data before being passed to accept. Values less than 3
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce silently raised.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2585912"></a>Periodic Task Intervals</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This interval is effectively obsolete. Previously,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server would remove expired resource records
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson from the cache every <span><strong class="command">cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 now manages cache
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson memory in a more sophisticated manner and does not
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson rely on the periodic cleaning any more.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifying this option therefore has no effect on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server's behavior.
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">heartbeat-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson The server will perform zone maintenance tasks
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson for all zones marked as <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> whenever this
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson interval expires. The default is 60 minutes. Reasonable
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson to 1 day (1440 minutes). The maximum value is 28 days
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson (40320 minutes).
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson If set to 0, no zone maintenance for these zones will occur.
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson The server will scan the network interface list
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson every <span><strong class="command">interface-interval</strong></span>
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson minutes. The default
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson is 60 minutes. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson If set to 0, interface scanning will only occur when
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson the configuration file is loaded. After the scan, the
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson begin listening for queries on any newly discovered
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson interfaces (provided they are allowed by the
7598325e6bbc3eb3cebcb08c7a9dec7ea4a64c27Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">listen-on</strong></span> configuration), and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce stop listening on interfaces that have gone away.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Name server statistics will be logged
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce every <span><strong class="command">statistics-interval</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce minutes. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 60. The maximum value is 28 days (40320 minutes).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If set to 0, no statistics will be logged.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Not yet implemented in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="topology"></a>Topology</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All other things being equal, when the server chooses a name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to query from a list of name servers, it prefers the one that is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce topologically closest to itself. The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce takes an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
c71787bd6356c92e9c7d0a174cd63ab17fcf34c6Eric Luce interprets it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in a special way. Each top-level list element is assigned a
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson Non-negated elements get a distance based on their position in the
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson list, where the closer the match is to the start of the list, the
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson shorter the distance is between it and the server. A negated match
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson will be assigned the maximum distance from the server. If there
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson is no match, the address will get a distance which is further than
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson any non-negated list element, and closer than any negated element.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson will prefer servers on network 10 the most, followed by hosts
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson on network 1.2.0.0 (netmask 255.255.0.0) and network 3, with the
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson exception of hosts on network 1.2.3 (netmask 255.255.255.0), which
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson is preferred least of all.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson The default topology is
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting"> topology { localhost; localnets; };
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="the_sortlist_statement"></a>The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The response to a DNS query may consist of multiple resource
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records (RRs) forming a resource records set (RRset).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The name server will normally return the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RRs within the RRset in an indeterminate order
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson (but see the <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson statement in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>).
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The client resolver code should rearrange the RRs as appropriate,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that is, using any addresses on the local net in preference to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce other addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce However, not all resolvers can do this or are correctly
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson When a client is using a local server, the sorting can be performed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the server, based on the client's address. This only requires
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuring the name servers, not all the clients.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement (see below)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interprets it even
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson more specifically than the <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span>
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson does (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#topology" title="Topology">the section called “Topology”</a>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each top level statement in the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> must
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce itself be an explicit <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce one or two elements. The first element (which may be an IP
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson an IP prefix, an ACL name or a nested <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>)
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson of each top level list is checked against the source address of
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson the query until a match is found.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Once the source address of the query has been matched, if
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson the top level statement contains only one element, the actual
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson element that matched the source address is used to select the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the response to move to the beginning of the response. If the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement is a list of two elements, then the second element is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson treated the same as the <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span> in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson a <span><strong class="command">topology</strong></span> statement. Each top
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson is assigned a distance and the address in the response with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce distance is moved to the beginning of the response.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson In the following example, any queries received from any of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the addresses of the host itself will get responses preferring
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on any of the locally connected networks. Next most preferred are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on the 192.168.1/24 network, and after that either the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 192.168.3/24 network with no preference shown between these two
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce networks. Queries received from a host on the 192.168.1/24 network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will prefer other addresses on that network to the 192.168.2/24
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 192.168.3/24 networks. Queries received from a host on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or the 192.168.5/24 network will only prefer other addresses on
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson their directly connected networks.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // IF the local host
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // THEN first fit on the following nets
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce { localhost;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce { localnets;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // IF on class C 192.168.1 THEN use .1, or .2 or .3
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson // IF on class C 192.168.2 THEN use .2, or .1 or .3
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // IF on class C 192.168.3 THEN use .3, or .1 or .2
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson // IF .4 or .5 THEN prefer that net
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The following example will give reasonable behavior for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce local host and hosts on directly connected networks. It is similar
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to the behavior of the address sort in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4.9.x. Responses sent
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to queries from the local host will favor any of the directly
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson networks. Responses sent to queries from any other hosts on a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce connected network will prefer addresses on that same network.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to other queries will not be sorted.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson { localhost; localnets; };
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson { localnets; };
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<a name="rrset_ordering"></a>RRset Ordering</h4></div></div></div>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson When multiple records are returned in an answer it may be
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson useful to configure the order of the records placed into the
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer The <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement permits
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer configuration
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson of the ordering of the records in a multiple record response.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See also the <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> statement,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson An <span><strong class="command">order_spec</strong></span> is defined as
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional">class <em class="replaceable"><code>class_name</code></em></span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional">type <em class="replaceable"><code>type_name</code></em></span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional">name <em class="replaceable"><code>"domain_name"</code></em></span>]
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson order <em class="replaceable"><code>ordering</code></em>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson If no class is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson If no type is specified, the default is <span><strong class="command">ANY</strong></span>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson If no name is specified, the default is "<span><strong class="command">*</strong></span>" (asterisk).
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The legal values for <span><strong class="command">ordering</strong></span> are:
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command">fixed</strong></span></p>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Records are returned in the order they
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are defined in the zone file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">random</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Records are returned in some random order.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Records are returned in a cyclic round-robin order.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> is configured with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "--enable-fixed-rrset" option at compile time, then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the initial ordering of the RRset will match the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson one specified in the zone file.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson class IN type A name "host.example.com" order random;
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson will cause any responses for type A records in class IN that
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson have "<code class="literal">host.example.com</code>" as a
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson suffix, to always be returned
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson in random order. All other records are returned in cyclic order.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson If multiple <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statements
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson they are not combined — the last one applies.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson In this release of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, the
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> statement does not support
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson "fixed" ordering by default. Fixed ordering can be enabled
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson at compile time by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" on
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson the "configure" command line.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<a name="tuning"></a>Tuning</h4></div></div></div>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">lame-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Sets the number of seconds to cache a
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson lame server indication. 0 disables caching. (This is
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson <span class="bold"><strong>NOT</strong></span> recommended.)
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson The default is <code class="literal">600</code> (10 minutes) and the
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson maximum value is
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">1800</code> (30 minutes).
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson Lame-ttl also controls the amount of time DNSSEC
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson validation failures are cached. There is a minimum
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson of 30 seconds applied to bad cache entries if the
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson lame-ttl is set to less than 30 seconds.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson To reduce network traffic and increase performance,
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson the server stores negative answers. <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson used to set a maximum retention time for these answers in
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson in seconds. The default
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> is <code class="literal">10800</code> seconds (3 hours).
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-ncache-ttl</strong></span> cannot exceed
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson 7 days and will
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson be silently truncated to 7 days if set to a greater value.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-cache-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson Sets the maximum time for which the server will
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson cache ordinary (positive) answers. The default is
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson one week (7 days).
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson A value of zero may cause all queries to return
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson SERVFAIL, because of lost caches of intermediate
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson RRsets (such as NS and glue AAAA/A records) in the
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson resolution process.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-roots</strong></span></span></dt>
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson The minimum number of root servers that
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson is required for a request for the root servers to be
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson accepted. The default
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson is <strong class="userinput"><code>2</code></strong>.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson Not implemented in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson Specifies the number of days into the future when
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson DNSSEC signatures automatically generated as a
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson result of dynamic updates (<a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#dynamic_update" title="Dynamic Update">the section called “Dynamic Update”</a>) will expire. There
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson is an optional second field which specifies how
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson long before expiry that the signatures will be
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson regenerated. If not specified, the signatures will
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson be regenerated at 1/4 of base interval. The second
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson field is specified in days if the base interval is
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson greater than 7 days otherwise it is specified in hours.
1328f25787fcdaacf2dd7b094dcac26342cea341Andreas Gustafsson The default base interval is <code class="literal">30</code> days
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson giving a re-signing interval of 7 1/2 days. The maximum
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson values are 10 years (3660 days).
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson The signature inception time is unconditionally
faf83c82e0825a2e6ce6ac975a8e3faab1357310Andreas Gustafsson set to one hour before the current time to allow
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson for a limited amount of clock skew.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be, at least, several multiples of the SOA
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce expire interval to allow for reasonable interaction
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce between the various timer and expiry dates.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify the maximum number of nodes to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce examined in each quantum when signing a zone with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a new DNSKEY. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify a threshold number of signatures that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will terminate processing a quantum when signing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a zone with a new DNSKEY. The default is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify a private RDATA type to be used when generating
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key signing records. The default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is expected that this parameter may be removed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in a future version once there is a standard type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These options control the server's behavior on refreshing a
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson (querying for SOA changes) or retrying failed transfers.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Usually the SOA values for the zone are used, but these
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson are set by the master, giving slave server administrators
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce control over their contents.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson These options allow the administrator to set a minimum and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce refresh and retry time either per-zone, per-view, or
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson These options are valid for slave and stub zones,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson and clamp the SOA refresh and retry times to the specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The following defaults apply.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span> 300 seconds,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span> 2419200 seconds
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (4 weeks), <span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span> 500 seconds,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span> 1209600 seconds
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sets the advertised EDNS UDP buffer size in bytes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to control the size of packets received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Valid values are 1024 to 4096 (values outside this range
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will be silently adjusted). The default value
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is 4096. The usual reason for setting
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson firewalls that block fragmented packets and/or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
c71787bd6356c92e9c7d0a174cd63ab17fcf34c6Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will fallback to using 512 bytes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if it get a series of timeout at the initial value. 512
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce bytes is not being offered to encourage sites to fix their
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce firewalls. Small EDNS UDP sizes will result in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce excessive use of TCP.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Sets the maximum EDNS UDP message size
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will send in bytes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Valid values are 512 to 4096 (values outside this
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson range will be silently adjusted). The default
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson value is 4096. The usual reason for setting
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> to a non-default
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson value is to get UDP answers to pass through broken
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson firewalls that block fragmented packets and/or
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson block UDP packets that are greater than 512 bytes.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson This is independent of the advertised receive
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson buffer (<span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span>).
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson Setting this to a low value will encourage additional
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson TCP traffic to the nameserver.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson the file format of zone files (see
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zonefile_format" title="Additional File Formats">the section called “Additional File Formats”</a>).
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson The default value is <code class="constant">text</code>, which is the
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson standard textual representation. Files in other formats
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson than <code class="constant">text</code> are typically expected
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to be generated by the <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> tool.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson Note that when a zone file in a different format than
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson <code class="constant">text</code> is loaded, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may omit some of the checks which would be performed for a
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson file in the <code class="constant">text</code> format. In particular,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span> checks do not apply
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for the <code class="constant">raw</code> format. This means
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a zone file in the <code class="constant">raw</code> format
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce must be generated with the same check level as that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified in the <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file. This statement sets the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> for all zones,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but can be overridden on a per-zone or per-view basis
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by including a <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement within the <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> block in the configuration
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="clients-per-query"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<p>These set the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce initial value (minimum) and maximum number of recursive
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce simultaneous clients for any given query
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<qname,qtype,qclass>) that the server will accept
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson before dropping additional clients. <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will attempt to
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson self tune this value and changes will be logged. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default values are 10 and 100.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson This value should reflect how many queries come in for
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson a given name in the time it takes to resolve that name.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson If the number of queries exceed this value, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson assume that it is dealing with a non-responsive zone
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson and will drop additional queries. If it gets a response
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson after dropping queries, it will raise the estimate. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce estimate will then be lowered in 20 minutes if it has
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce remained unchanged.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson If <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson then there is no limit on the number of clients per query
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson and no queries will be dropped.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson If <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span> is set to zero,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson then there is no upper bound other than imposed by
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">recursive-clients</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson The delay, in seconds, between sending sets of notify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce messages for a zone. The default is five (5) seconds.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="builtin"></a>Built-in server information zones</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server provides some helpful diagnostic information
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce through a number of built-in zones under the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce pseudo-top-level-domain <code class="literal">bind</code> in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> class. These zones are part
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce built-in view (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#view_statement_grammar" title="view Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>) of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span> which is separate from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default view of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce class <span><strong class="command">IN</strong></span>; therefore, any global
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson server options
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson such as <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> do not apply
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the these zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you feel the need to disable these zones, use the options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce below, or hide the built-in <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson defining an explicit view of class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that matches all clients.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">version</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The version the server should report
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce via a query of the name <code class="literal">version.bind</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is the real version number of this server.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Specifying <span><strong class="command">version none</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson disables processing of the queries.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">hostname</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The hostname the server should report via a query of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the name <code class="filename">hostname.bind</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with type <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This defaults to the hostname of the machine hosting the
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson name server as
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson found by the gethostname() function. The primary purpose of such queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">hostname none;</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disables processing of the queries.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The ID the server should report when receiving a Name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Server Identifier (NSID) query, or a query of the name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">TXT</strong></span>, class <span><strong class="command">CHAOS</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The primary purpose of such queries is to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce identify which of a group of anycast servers is actually
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce answering your queries. Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id none;</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disables processing of the queries.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifying <span><strong class="command">server-id hostname;</strong></span> will cause <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use the hostname as found by the gethostname() function.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default <span><strong class="command">server-id</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">none</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="empty"></a>Built-in Empty Zones</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Named has some built-in empty zones (SOA and NS records only).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These are for zones that should normally be answered locally
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and which queries should not be sent to the Internet's root
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers. The official servers which cover these namespaces
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson return NXDOMAIN responses to these queries. In particular,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson these cover the reverse namespace for addresses from RFC 1918 and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RFC 3330. They also include the reverse namespace for IPv6 local
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address (locally assigned), IPv6 link local addresses, the IPv6
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce loopback address and the IPv6 unknown address.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Named will attempt to determine if a built-in zone already exists
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or is active (covered by a forward-only forwarding declaration)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and will not create an empty zone in that case.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The current list of empty zones is:
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<li>0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<li>1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.IP6.ARPA</li>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Empty zones are settable at the view level and only apply to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce views of class IN. Disabled empty zones are only inherited
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from options if there are no disabled empty zones specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce at the view level. To override the options list of disabled
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zones, you can disable the root zone at the view level, for example:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disable-empty-zone ".";
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If you are using the address ranges covered here, you should
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce already have reverse zones covering the addresses you use.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In practice this appears to not be the case with many queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce being made to the infrastructure servers for names in these
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce spaces. So many in fact that sacrificial servers were needed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be deployed to channel the query load away from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce infrastructure servers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson The real parent servers for these zones should disable all
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson empty zone under the parent zone they serve. For the real
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce root servers, this is all built-in empty zones. This will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce enable them to return referrals to deeper in the tree.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-server</strong></span></span></dt>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Specify what server name will appear in the returned
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the zone's name will be used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-contact</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify what contact name will appear in the returned
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SOA record for empty zones. If none is specified, then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "." will be used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">empty-zones-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Enable or disable all empty zones. By default, they
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are enabled.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">disable-empty-zone</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Disable individual empty zones. By default, none are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disabled. This option can be specified multiple times.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="acache"></a>Additional Section Caching</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The additional section cache, also called <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is an internal cache to improve the response performance of BIND 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When additional section caching is enabled, BIND 9 will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cache an internal short-cut to the additional section content for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce each answer RR.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note that <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is an internal caching
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce mechanism of BIND 9, and is not related to the DNS caching
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server function.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Additional section caching does not change the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce response content (except the RRsets ordering of the additional
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce section, see below), but can improve the response performance
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce significantly.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is particularly effective when BIND 9 acts as an authoritative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server for a zone that has many delegations with many glue RRs.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In order to obtain the maximum performance improvement
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson from additional section caching, setting
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">additional-from-cache</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span> is recommended, since the current
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson implementation of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson does not short-cut of additional section information from the
699095b077b0e4e6138b7546d5bb3f05b0d00bb7Andreas Gustafsson DNS cache data.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One obvious disadvantage of <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that it requires much more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce memory for the internal cached data.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Thus, if the response performance does not matter and memory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce consumption is much more critical, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span> mechanism can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disabled by setting <span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span> to
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson It is also possible to specify the upper limit of memory
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for acache by using <span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Additional section caching also has a minor effect on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RRset ordering in the additional section.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Without <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">cyclic</strong></span> order is effective for the additional
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce section as well as the answer and authority sections.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce However, additional section caching fixes the ordering when it
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson first caches an RRset for the additional section, and the same
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson ordering will be kept in succeeding responses, regardless of the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson setting of <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The effect of this should be minor, however, since an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RRset in the additional section
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce typically only contains a small number of RRs (and in many cases
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it only contains a single RR), in which case the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson ordering does not matter much.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson The following is a summary of options related to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">acache</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-enable</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, additional section caching is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce enabled. The default value is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server will remove stale cache entries, based on an LRU
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce algorithm, every <span><strong class="command">acache-cleaning-interval</strong></span> minutes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is 60 minutes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If set to 0, no periodic cleaning will occur.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-acache-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum amount of memory in bytes to use for the server's acache.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When the amount of data in the acache reaches this limit,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will clean more aggressively so that the limit is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In a server with multiple views, the limit applies
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce separately to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce acache of each view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2588025"></a>Content Filtering</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides the ability to filter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce out DNS responses from external DNS servers containing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce certain types of data in the answer section.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifically, it can reject address (A or AAAA) records if
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the corresponding IPv4 or IPv6 addresses match the given
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It can also reject CNAME or DNAME records if the "alias"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name (i.e., the CNAME alias or the substituted query name
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson due to DNAME) matches the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson given <code class="varname">namelist</code> of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span> option, where
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "match" means the alias name is a subdomain of one of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <code class="varname">name_list</code> elements.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If the optional <code class="varname">namelist</code> is specified
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson with <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span>, records whose query name
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson matches the list will be accepted regardless of the filter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Likewise, if the alias name is a subdomain of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce corresponding zone, the <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson filter will not apply;
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson for example, even if "example.com" is specified for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-aliases</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">www.example.com. CNAME xxx.example.com.</pre>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson returned by an "example.com" server will be accepted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">deny-answer-addresses</strong></span> option, only
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson and <code class="varname">ip_prefix</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are meaningful;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce any <code class="varname">key_id</code> will be silently ignored.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson If a response message is rejected due to the filtering,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the entire message is discarded without being cached, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a SERVFAIL error will be returned to the client.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson This filtering is intended to prevent "DNS rebinding attacks," in
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson which an attacker, in response to a query for a domain name the
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson attacker controls, returns an IP address within your own network or
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson an alias name within your own domain.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson A naive web browser or script could then serve as an
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson unintended proxy, allowing the attacker
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson to get access to an internal node of your local network
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson that couldn't be externally accessed otherwise.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson See the paper available at
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1315245.1315298
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson for more details about the attacks.
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson For example, if you own a domain named "example.net" and
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson your internal network uses an IPv4 prefix 192.0.2.0/24,
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson you might specify the following rules:
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">deny-answer-addresses { 192.0.2.0/24; } except-from { "example.net"; };
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafssondeny-answer-aliases { "example.net"; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If an external attacker lets a web browser in your local
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson network look up an IPv4 address of "attacker.example.com",
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson the attacker's DNS server would return a response like this:
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">attacker.example.com. A 192.0.2.1</pre>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson in the answer section.
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson Since the rdata of this record (the IPv4 address) matches
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson the specified prefix 192.0.2.0/24, this response will be
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson On the other hand, if the browser looks up a legitimate
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson internal web server "www.example.net" and the
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson following response is returned to
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 server
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">www.example.net. A 192.0.2.2</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it will be accepted since the owner name "www.example.net"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matches the <span><strong class="command">except-from</strong></span> element,
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson Note that this is not really an attack on the DNS per se.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson In fact, there is nothing wrong for an "external" name to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be mapped to your "internal" IP address or domain name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from the DNS point of view.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson It might actually be provided for a legitimate purpose,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce such as for debugging.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce As long as the mapping is provided by the correct owner,
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson it is not possible or does not make sense to detect
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson whether the intent of the mapping is legitimate or not
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson within the DNS.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson The "rebinding" attack must primarily be protected at the
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson application that uses the DNS.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson For a large site, however, it may be difficult to protect
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson all possible applications at once.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson This filtering feature is provided only to help such an
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson operational environment;
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson it is generally discouraged to turn it on unless you are
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson very sure you have no other choice and the attack is a
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson real threat for your applications.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson Care should be particularly taken if you want to use this
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson option for addresses within 127.0.0.0/8.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson These addresses are obviously "internal", but many
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson applications conventionally rely on a DNS mapping from
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson some name to such an address.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson Filtering out DNS records containing this address
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson spuriously can break such applications.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2588148"></a>Response Policy Zone (RPZ) Rewriting</h4></div></div></div>
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 includes an intentionally limited
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce mechanism to modify DNS responses for recursive requests
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce similar to email anti-spam DNS blacklists.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson All response policy zones are named in the
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option for the view or among the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce global options if there is no response-policy option for the view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The rules encoded in a response policy zone (RPZ) are applied
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only to responses to queries that ask for recursion (RD=1).
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson RPZs are normal DNS zones containing largely valid RRsets
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson that can be queried normal if allowed.
9ffd207c48e20881634d91210885c0a177124ca9Andreas Gustafsson It is usually best to restrict those queries with something like
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query {none; };</strong></span> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-query { 127.0.0.1; };</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson There are four kinds of RPZ rewrite rules. QNAME rules are
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson applied to query names in requests and to targets of CNAME
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce records resolved in the process of generating the response.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The owner name of a QNAME rule is the query name relativized
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IP rules are triggered by addresses in A and AAAA records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All IP addresses in A or AAAA RRsets are tested and the rule
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce longest prefix is applied. Ties between rules with equal prefixes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are broken in favor of the first RPZ mentioned in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce response-policy option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The rule matching the smallest IP address is chosen among equal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prefix rules from a single RPZ.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IP rules are expressed in RRsets with owner names that are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce subdomains of rpz-ip and encoding an IP address block, reversed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as in IN-ARPA.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prefix.B.B.B.B with prefix between 1 and 32 and B between 1 and 255
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson encodes an IPv4 address.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson IPv6 addresses are encoded by with prefix.W.W.W.W.W.W.W.W or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prefix.WORDS.zz.WORDS. The words in the standard IPv6 text
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce representation are reversed, "::" is replaced with ".zz.",
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and ":" becomes ".".
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NSDNAME rules match names in NS RRsets for the response or a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce parent. They are encoded as subdomains of rpz-nsdomain relativized
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the RPZ origin name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NSIP rules match IP addresses in A and AAAA RRsets for names of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce responsible servers or the names that can be matched by NSDNAME
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson rules. The are encoded like IP rules except as subdomains of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Authority verification issues and variations in authority data in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the current version of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 can cause
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson inconsistent results from NSIP and NSDNAME. So they are available
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only when <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> is built with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>--enable-rpz-nsip</code></strong> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>--enable-rpz-nsdname</code></strong> options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on the "configure" command line.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Four policies can be expressed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span> policy causes a NXDOMAIN response
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and is expressed with an RRset consisting of a single CNAME
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce whose target is the root domain (.).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">NODATA</strong></span> generates NODATA or ANCOUNT=1 regardless
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of query type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is expressed with a CNAME whose target is the wildcard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce top-level domain (*.).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">NO-OP</strong></span> policy does not change the response
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and is used to "poke holes" in policies for larger CIDR blocks or in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zones named later in the <span><strong class="command">response-policy</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The NO-OP policy is expressed by a CNAME with a target consisting
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the variable part of the owner name, such as "example.com." for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a QNAME rule or "128.1.0.0.127." for an IP rule.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">CNAME</strong></span> policy is used to replace the RRsets
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of response.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A and AAAA RRsets are most common and useful to capture
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson an evil domain in a walled garden, but any valid set of RRsets
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All of the policies in an RPZ can be overridden with a
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">policy</strong></span> clause.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">given</strong></span> says "do not override."
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">no-op</strong></span> says "do nothing" regardless of the policy
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in RPZ records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nxdomain</strong></span> causes all RPZ rules to generate
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NXDOMAIN results.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nodata</strong></span> gives nodata.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">cname domain</strong></span> causes all RPZ rules to act as if
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson the consisted of a "cname domain" record.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, you might use this option statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">response-policy { zone "bl"; };</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and this zone statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">zone "bl" {type master; file "example/bl"; allow-query {none;}; };</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with this zone file
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson@ SOA LOCALHOST. named-mgr.example.com (1 1h 15m 30d 2h)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce; QNAME rules
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson AAAA 2001:2::1
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce; IP rules rewriting all answers for 127/8 except 127.0.0.1
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce32.1.0.0.127.ip CNAME 32.1.0.0.127.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson; NSDNAME and NSIP rules
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="server_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr[/prefixlen]</code></em> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> bogus <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> provide-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> request-ixfr <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> edns <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> edns-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-udp-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfers <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-format <em class="replaceable"><code>( one-answer | many-answers )</code></em> ; ]</span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> keys <em class="replaceable"><code>{ string ; [<span class="optional"> string ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>] }</code></em> ; </span>]
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> query-source [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> query-source-v6 [<span class="optional"> address ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> port ( <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em> ) </span>]; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> use-queryport-pool <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-ports <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> queryport-pool-updateinterval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em>; </span>]
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<a name="server_statement_definition_and_usage"></a><span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> Statement Definition and
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement defines
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson characteristics
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson to be associated with a remote name server. If a prefix length is
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson specified, then a range of servers is covered. Only the most
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson server clause applies regardless of the order in
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statement can occur at
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson the top level of the
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson configuration file or inside a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson If a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement contains
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson one or more <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements, only
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson apply to the view and any top-level ones are ignored.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson If a view contains no <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson any top-level <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> statements are
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson If you discover that a remote server is giving out bad data,
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson marking it as bogus will prevent further queries to it. The
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson value of <span><strong class="command">bogus</strong></span> is <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the local server, acting as master, will respond with an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone transfer when the given remote server, a slave, requests it.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson If set to <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>, incremental transfer
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson will be provided
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce whenever possible. If set to <span><strong class="command">no</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all transfers
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to the remote server will be non-incremental. If not set, the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> option in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce global options block is used as a default.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clause determines
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the local server, acting as a slave, will request incremental zone
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson transfers from the given remote server, a master. If not set, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce value of the <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> option in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson global options block is used as a default.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IXFR requests to servers that do not support IXFR will
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson fall back to AXFR. Therefore, there is no need to manually list
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson which servers support IXFR and which ones do not; the global
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span> should always work.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The purpose of the <span><strong class="command">provide-ixfr</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">request-ixfr</strong></span> clauses is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to make it possible to disable the use of IXFR even when both
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and slave claim to support it, for example if one of the servers
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson is buggy and crashes or corrupts data when IXFR is used.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">edns</strong></span> clause determines whether
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson the local server will attempt to use EDNS when communicating
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with the remote server. The default is <span><strong class="command">yes</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">edns-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the EDNS UDP size
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson that is advertised by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> when querying the remote server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Valid values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce silently adjusted). This option is useful when you wish to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce advertises a different value to this server than the value you
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson advertise globally, for example, when there is a firewall at the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson remote site that is blocking large replies.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">max-udp-size</strong></span> option sets the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce maximum EDNS UDP message size <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will send. Valid
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce values are 512 to 4096 bytes (values outside this range will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be silently adjusted). This option is useful when you
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson know that there is a firewall that is blocking large
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson replies from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The server supports two zone transfer methods. The first, <span><strong class="command">one-answer</strong></span>,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson uses one DNS message per resource record transferred. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> packs
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson as many resource records as possible into a message. <span><strong class="command">many-answers</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce more efficient, but is only known to be understood by <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 8.x, and patched versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 4.9.5. You can specify which method
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to use for a server with the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span> is not
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson specified, the <span><strong class="command">transfer-format</strong></span>
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson by the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement will be
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson<p><span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span>
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson is used to limit the number of concurrent inbound zone
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson transfers from the specified server. If no
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfers</strong></span> clause is specified, the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson limit is set according to the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfers-per-ns</strong></span> option.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> clause identifies a
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">key_id</strong></span> defined by the <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson to be used for transaction security (TSIG, <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#tsig" title="TSIG">the section called “TSIG”</a>)
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson when talking to the remote server.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson When a request is sent to the remote server, a request signature
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson will be generated using the key specified here and appended to the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson message. A request originating from the remote server is not
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson to be signed by this key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Although the grammar of the <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson allows for multiple keys, only a single key per server is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the IPv4 and IPv6 source
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson address to be used for zone transfer with the remote server,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For an IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> can
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be specified.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server, only
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For more details, see the description of
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> and
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> and
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for notify
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson messages sent to remote servers, respectively. For an
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson IPv4 remote server, only <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span>
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson can be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson only <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> and
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> clauses specify the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson IPv4 and IPv6 source address to be used for queries
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson sent to remote servers, respectively. For an IPv4
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson remote server, only <span><strong class="command">query-source</strong></span> can
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson be specified. Similarly, for an IPv6 remote server,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson only <span><strong class="command">query-source-v6</strong></span> can be specified.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson<a name="statschannels"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ inet ( ip_addr | * ) [ port ip_port ]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [ allow { <em class="replaceable"><code> address_match_list </code></em> } ]; ]
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2589239"></a><span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson declares communication channels to be used by system
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson administrators to get access to statistics information of
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson the name server.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson This statement intends to be flexible to support multiple
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson communication protocols in the future, but currently only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce HTTP access is supported.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson It requires that BIND 9 be compiled with libxml2;
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson the <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson still accepted even if it is built without the library,
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson but any HTTP access will fail with an error.
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson An <span><strong class="command">inet</strong></span> control channel is a TCP socket
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson listening at the specified <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span> on the
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson specified <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span>, which can be an IPv4 or IPv6
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson address. An <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">*</code> (asterisk) is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson interpreted as the IPv4 wildcard address; connections will be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce accepted on any of the system's IPv4 addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To listen on the IPv6 wildcard address,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use an <span><strong class="command">ip_addr</strong></span> of <code class="literal">::</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no port is specified, port 80 is used for HTTP channels.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The asterisk "<code class="literal">*</code>" cannot be used for
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">ip_port</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The attempt of opening a statistics channel is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce restricted by the optional <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Connections to the statistics channel are permitted based on the
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">address_match_list</strong></span>.
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson If no <span><strong class="command">allow</strong></span> clause is present,
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> accepts connection
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson attempts from any address; since the statistics may
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson contain sensitive internal information, it is highly
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson recommended to restrict the source of connection requests
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson appropriately.
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson If no <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement is present,
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will not open any communication channels.
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson<a name="trusted-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> {
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
e250148432865805a3d2fd0029c02af8a67ff266Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2589379"></a><span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement defines
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson DNSSEC security roots. DNSSEC is described in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch04.html#DNSSEC" title="DNSSEC">the section called “DNSSEC”</a>. A security root is defined when the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce public key for a non-authoritative zone is known, but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cannot be securely obtained through DNS, either because
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it is the DNS root zone or because its parent zone is
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson unsigned. Once a key has been configured as a trusted
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson key, it is treated as if it had been validated and
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson proven secure. The resolver attempts DNSSEC validation
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson on all DNS data in subdomains of a security root.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All keys (and corresponding zones) listed in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> are deemed to exist regardless
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson of what parent zones say. Similarly for all keys listed in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> only those keys are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to validate the DNSKEY RRset. The parent's DS RRset
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will not be used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement can contain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce multiple key entries, each consisting of the key's
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce domain name, flags, protocol, algorithm, and the Base-64
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson representation of the key data.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Spaces, tabs, newlines and carriage returns are ignored
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the key data, so the configuration may be split up into
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce multiple lines.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> may be set at the top level
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of <code class="filename">named.conf</code> or within a view. If it is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce set in both places, they are additive: keys defined at the top
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson level are inherited by all views, but keys defined in a view
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are only used within that view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2589494"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> initial-key <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> initial-key <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; [<span class="optional">...</span>]</span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="managed-keys"></a><span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> Statement Definition
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, like
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, defines DNSSEC
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce security roots. The difference is that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> can be kept up to date
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce automatically, without intervention from the resolver
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Suppose, for example, that a zone's key-signing
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson key was compromised, and the zone owner had to revoke and
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson replace the key. A resolver which had the old key in a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement would be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce unable to validate this zone any longer; it would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reply with a SERVFAIL response code. This would
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson continue until the resolver operator had updated the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> statement with the new key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If, however, the zone were listed in a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement instead, then the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone owner could add a "stand-by" key to the zone in advance.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> would store the stand-by key, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when the original key was revoked, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce would be able to transition smoothly to the new key. It would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce also recognize that the old key had been revoked, and cease
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using that key to validate answers, minimizing the damage that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the compromised key could do.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement contains a list of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the keys to be managed, along with information about how the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys are to be initialized for the first time. The only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce initialization method currently supported (as of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.7.0) is <code class="literal">initial-key</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This means the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement must
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contain a copy of the initializing key. (Future releases may
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson allow keys to be initialized by other methods, eliminating this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Consequently, a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce appears similar to a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>, differing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the presence of the second field, containing the keyword
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">initial-key</code>. The difference is, whereas the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys listed in a <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span> continue to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce trusted until they are removed from
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, an initializing key listed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in a <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement is only trusted
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>once</em></span>: for as long as it takes to load the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce managed key database and start the RFC 5011 key maintenance
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The first time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs with a managed key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configured in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, it fetches the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSKEY RRset directly from the zone apex, and validates it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using the key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement. If the DNSKEY RRset is validly signed, then it is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used as the basis for a new managed keys database.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce From that point on, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs, it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sees the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, checks to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce make sure RFC 5011 key maintenance has already been initialized
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for the specified domain, and if so, it simply moves on. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key specified in the <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to validate answers; it has been superseded by the key or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys stored in the managed keys database.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The next time <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> runs after a name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce has been <span class="emphasis"><em>removed</em></span> from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> statement, the corresponding
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone will be removed from the managed keys database,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and RFC 5011 key maintenance will no longer be used for that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> only maintains a single managed keys
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce database; consequently, unlike <span><strong class="command">trusted-keys</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">managed-keys</strong></span> may only be set at the top
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce level of <code class="filename">named.conf</code>, not within a view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In the current implementation, the managed keys database is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce stored as a master-format zone file called
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind</code>. When the key database
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is changed, the zone is updated. As with any other dynamic
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone, changes will be written into a journal file,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">managed-keys.bind.jnl</code>. They are committed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the master file as soon as possible afterward; in the case
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the managed key database, this will usually occur within 30
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce seconds. So, whenever <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is using
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce automatic key maintenance, those two files can be expected to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exist in the working directory. (For this reason among others,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the working directory should be always be writable by
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson If the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-lookaside</strong></span> option is
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson set to <strong class="userinput"><code>auto</code></strong>, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will automatically initialize a managed key for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone <code class="literal">dlv.isc.org</code>. The key that is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to initialize the key maintenance process is built
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce into <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, and can be overridden
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from <span><strong class="command">bindkeys-file</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson<a name="view_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Grammar</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match-clients { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match-destinations { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match-recursive-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ;
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_option</code></em>; ...</span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_statement</code></em>; ...</span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2589851"></a><span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement is a powerful
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 that lets a name server
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson answer a DNS query differently
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce depending on who is asking. It is particularly useful for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce implementing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce split DNS setups without having to run multiple servers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement defines a view
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS namespace that will be seen by a subset of clients. A client
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a view if its source IP address matches the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the view's
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> clause and its
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson destination IP address matches
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson the <code class="varname">address_match_list</code> of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span> clause. If not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified, both
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default to matching all addresses. In addition to checking IP
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">match-clients</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">match-destinations</strong></span>
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson can also take <span><strong class="command">keys</strong></span> which provide an
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson mechanism for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce client to select the view. A view can also be specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as <span><strong class="command">match-recursive-only</strong></span>, which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce means that only recursive
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce requests from matching clients will match that view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The order of the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce significant —
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a client request will be resolved in the context of the first
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> that it matches.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zones defined within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only be accessible to clients that match the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce By defining a zone of the same name in multiple views, different
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone data can be given to different clients, for example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and "external" clients in a split DNS setup.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Many of the options given in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can also be used within a <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, and then
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce apply only when resolving queries with that view. When no
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce view-specific
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce value is given, the value in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used as a default. Also, zone options can have default values
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statement; these
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce view-specific defaults
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce take precedence over those in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Views are class specific. If no class is given, class IN
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is assumed. Note that all non-IN views must contain a hint zone,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce since only the IN class has compiled-in default hints.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If there are no <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file, a default view that matches any client is automatically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in class IN. Any <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statements
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the top level of the configuration file are considered to be part
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this default view, and the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson statement will
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson apply to the default view. If any explicit <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span>
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson statements are present, all <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
4e243fdc6b33a6371208b48d64912d8e327b4f5cAndreas Gustafsson statements must
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson occur inside <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements.
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson Here is an example of a typical split DNS setup implemented
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson using <span><strong class="command">view</strong></span> statements:
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">view "internal" {
8e245ec21beee31a780de9b89ba1e8bb2b9f4c9aAndreas Gustafsson // This should match our internal networks.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match-clients { 10.0.0.0/8; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Provide recursive service to internal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // clients only.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recursion yes;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Provide a complete view of the example.com
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // zone including addresses of internal hosts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type master;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luceview "external" {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Match all clients not matched by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // previous view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match-clients { any; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Refuse recursive service to external clients.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recursion no;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // Provide a restricted view of the example.com
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce // zone containing only publicly accessible hosts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type master;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="zone_statement_grammar"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting"><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type master;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> allow-update { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> update-policy <em class="replaceable"><code>local</code></em> | { <em class="replaceable"><code>update_policy_rule</code></em> [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-mx (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-wildcard <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> check-integrity <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-validity-interval <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-nodes <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-signatures <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> sig-signing-type <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> key-directory <em class="replaceable"><code>path_name</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> auto-dnssec <code class="constant">allow</code>|<code class="constant">maintain</code>|<code class="constant">create</code>|<code class="constant">off</code>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucezone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-transfer { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-update-forwarding { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> update-check-ksk <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-dnskey-kskonly <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dnssec-secure-to-insecure <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> try-tcp-refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> also-notify { <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> journal <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-journal-size <em class="replaceable"><code>size_spec</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-from-differences <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> ixfr-tmp-file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> maintain-ixfr-base <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-ixfr-log-size <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-out <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson [<span class="optional"> notify <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>explicit</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>master-only</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-delay <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-to-soa <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> notify-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zero-no-soa-ttl <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucezone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>] // Not Implemented.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucezone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query-on { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> check-names (<code class="constant">warn</code>|<code class="constant">fail</code>|<code class="constant">ignore</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> dialup <em class="replaceable"><code>dialup_option</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> file <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> masterfile-format (<code class="constant">text</code>|<code class="constant">raw</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> masters [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] { ( <em class="replaceable"><code>masters_list</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">key <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span>] ) ; [<span class="optional">...</span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-idle-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-transfer-time-in <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> pubkey <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip4_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>) [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> alt-transfer-source-v6 (<em class="replaceable"><code>ip6_addr</code></em> | <code class="constant">*</code>)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> use-alt-transfer-source <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em>; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> database <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-refresh-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> min-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> max-retry-time <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> multi-master <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucezone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type static-stub;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> allow-query { <em class="replaceable"><code>address_match_list</code></em> }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> server-addresses { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> server-names { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>namelist</code></em> </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> zone-statistics <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Lucezone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type forward;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forward (<code class="constant">only</code>|<code class="constant">first</code>) ; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> forwarders { [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_addr</code></em> [<span class="optional">port <em class="replaceable"><code>ip_port</code></em></span>] ; ... </span>] }; </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> delegation-only <em class="replaceable"><code>yes_or_no</code></em> ; </span>]
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafssonzone <em class="replaceable"><code>zone_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>] {
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafsson type delegation-only;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2591396"></a><span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> Statement Definition and Usage</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2591403"></a>Zone Types</h4></div></div></div>
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson The server has a master copy of the data
6c6af6107a75ce28a0af57851dca3c87b042ab4aAndreas Gustafsson for the zone and will be able to provide authoritative
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson A slave zone is a replica of a master
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson zone. The <span><strong class="command">masters</strong></span> list
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson specifies one or more IP addresses
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson of master servers that the slave contacts to update
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson its copy of the zone.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson Masters list elements can also be names of other
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson masters lists.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson By default, transfers are made from port 53 on the
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson servers; this can
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson be changed for all servers by specifying a port number
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson list of IP addresses, or on a per-server basis after
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson the IP address.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson Authentication to the master can also be done with
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson per-server TSIG keys.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson If a file is specified, then the
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson replica will be written to this file whenever the zone
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson and reloaded from this file on a server restart. Use
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson recommended, since it often speeds server startup and
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson a needless waste of bandwidth. Note that for large
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson numbers (in the
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson tens or hundreds of thousands) of zones per server, it
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson use a two-level naming scheme for zone filenames. For
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson a slave server for the zone <code class="literal">example.com</code> might place
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson the zone contents into a file called
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">ex/example.com</code> where <code class="filename">ex/</code> is
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson just the first two letters of the zone name. (Most
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson operating systems
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson behave very slowly if you put 100000 files into
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson a single directory.)
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson A stub zone is similar to a slave zone,
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson except that it replicates only the NS records of a
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson master zone instead
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson of the entire zone. Stub zones are not a standard part
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson they are a feature specific to the <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> implementation.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson Stub zones can be used to eliminate the need for glue
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson in a parent zone at the expense of maintaining a stub
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson zone entry and
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson a set of name server addresses in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson This usage is not recommended for new configurations,
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson supports it only in a limited way.
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 4/8, zone
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson transfers of a parent zone
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson included the NS records from stub children of that
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson zone. This meant
3d9b2687475344a87c377a5158c41b43a03fc443Andreas Gustafsson that, in some cases, users could get away with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configuring child stubs
989b28f988e35401f1a50ecbeed0b38b023604b4Andreas Gustafsson only in the master server for the parent zone. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 9 never mixes together zone data from different zones
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce way. Therefore, if a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 master serving a parent
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson zone has child stub zones configured, all the slave
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson servers for the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson parent zone also need to have the same child stub
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Stub zones can also be used as a way of forcing the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of a given domain to use a particular set of
fafd1d771905532e8dc3efa2ce90ce4c9e74af61Eric Luce authoritative servers.
fafd1d771905532e8dc3efa2ce90ce4c9e74af61Eric Luce For example, the caching name servers on a private
fafd1d771905532e8dc3efa2ce90ce4c9e74af61Eric Luce network using
fafd1d771905532e8dc3efa2ce90ce4c9e74af61Eric Luce RFC1918 addressing may be configured with stub zones
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to use a set of internal name servers as the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce authoritative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce servers for that domain.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A static-stub zone is similar to a stub zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with the following exceptions:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the zone data is statically configured, rather
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce than transferred from a master server;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when recursion is necessary for a query that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matches a static-stub zone, the locally
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configured data (nameserver names and glue addresses)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is always used even if different authoritative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information is cached.
fafd1d771905532e8dc3efa2ce90ce4c9e74af61Eric Luce Zone data is configured via the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> zone options.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The zone data is maintained in the form of NS
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and (if necessary) glue A or AAAA RRs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce internally, which can be seen by dumping zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce databases by <span><strong class="command">rndc dumpdb -all</strong></span>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The configured RRs are considered local configuration
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson parameters rather than public data.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Non recursive queries (i.e., those with the RD
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce bit off) to a static-stub zone are therefore
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prohibited and will be responded with REFUSED.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Since the data is statically configured, no
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone maintenance action takes place for a static-stub
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, there is no periodic refresh
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce attempt, and an incoming notify message
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will be rejected with an rcode of NOTAUTH.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson Each static-stub zone is configured with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce internally generated NS and (if necessary)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce glue A or AAAA RRs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A "forward zone" is a way to configure
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson forwarding on a per-domain basis. A <span><strong class="command">zone</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> can
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contain a <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and/or <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which will apply to queries within the domain given by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name. If no <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement is present or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an empty list for <span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span> is given, then no
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson forwarding will be done for the domain, canceling the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce any forwarders in the <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement. Thus
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson if you want to use this type of zone to change the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson behavior of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce global <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span> option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (that is, "forward first"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to, then "forward only", or vice versa, but want to
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson servers as set globally) you need to re-specify the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce global forwarders.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The initial set of root name servers is
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson specified using a "hint zone". When the server starts
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson the root hints to find a root name server and get the
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson list of root name servers. If no hint zone is
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson specified for class
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson IN, the server uses a compiled-in default set of root
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson servers hints.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Classes other than IN have no built-in defaults hints.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson <code class="varname">delegation-only</code>
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson This is used to enforce the delegation-only
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson status of infrastructure zones (e.g. COM,
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson NET, ORG). Any answer that is received
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson without an explicit or implicit delegation
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson in the authority section will be treated
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson as NXDOMAIN. This does not apply to the
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson zone apex. This should not be applied to
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="varname">delegation-only</code> has no
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce effect on answers received from forwarders.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2592085"></a>Class</h4></div></div></div>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The zone's name may optionally be followed by a class. If
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson a class is not specified, class <code class="literal">IN</code> (for <code class="varname">Internet</code>),
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson is assumed. This is correct for the vast majority of cases.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The <code class="literal">hesiod</code> class is
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson named for an information service from MIT's Project Athena. It
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson used to share information about various systems databases, such
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as users, groups, printers and so on. The keyword
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson a synonym for hesiod.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Another MIT development is Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson in the mid-1970s. Zone data for it can be specified with the <code class="literal">CHAOS</code> class.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2592118"></a>Zone Options</h4></div></div></div>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">allow-notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span></span></dt>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson See the description of
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">allow-query-on</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-transfer</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Specifies a "Simple Secure Update" policy. See
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#dynamic_update_policies" title="Dynamic Update Policies">the section called “Dynamic Update Policies”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of <span><strong class="command">allow-update-forwarding</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#access_control" title="Access Control">the section called “Access Control”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Only meaningful if <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson active for this zone. The set of machines that will
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">DNS NOTIFY</code> message
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson for this zone is made up of all the listed name servers
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson the primary master) for the zone plus any IP addresses
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson with <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>. A port
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson may be specified
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson with each <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson address to send the notify
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson messages to a port other than the default of 53.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">also-notify</strong></span> is not
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson meaningful for stub zones.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The default is the empty list.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-names</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson This option is used to restrict the character set and
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson certain domain names in master files and/or DNS responses
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson received from the
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson network. The default varies according to zone type. For <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> zones the default is <span><strong class="command">fail</strong></span>. For <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson zones the default is <span><strong class="command">warn</strong></span>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson It is not implemented for <span><strong class="command">hint</strong></span> zones.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">check-mx</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">check-wildcard</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">check-integrity</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">check-sibling</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">zero-no-soa-ttl</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">try-tcp-refresh</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">database</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Specify the type of database to be used for storing the
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson zone data. The string following the <span><strong class="command">database</strong></span> keyword
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson is interpreted as a list of whitespace-delimited words.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The first word
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson identifies the database type, and any subsequent words are
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson as arguments to the database to be interpreted in a way
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson to the database type.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The default is <strong class="userinput"><code>"rbt"</code></strong>, BIND 9's
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson native in-memory
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson red-black-tree database. This database does not take
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson Other values are possible if additional database drivers
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson have been linked into the server. Some sample drivers are
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson with the distribution but none are linked in by default.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">dialup</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">delegation-only</strong></span></span></dt>
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The flag only applies to hint and stub zones. If set
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson to <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, then the zone will also be
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson treated as if it is also a delegation-only type zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See caveats in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#root_delegation_only"><span><strong class="command">root-delegation-only</strong></span></a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Only meaningful if the zone has a forwarders
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce list. The <span><strong class="command">only</strong></span> value causes
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson the lookup to fail
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce after trying the forwarders and getting no answer, while <span><strong class="command">first</strong></span> would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allow a normal lookup to be tried.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">forwarders</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Used to override the list of global forwarders.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If it is not specified in a zone of type <span><strong class="command">forward</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce no forwarding is done for the zone and the global options are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-base</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Was used in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specify the name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the transaction log (journal) file for dynamic update
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 ignores the option
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and constructs the name of the journal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file by appending "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>"
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the name of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-tmp-file</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Was an undocumented option in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Ignored in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">journal</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Allow the default journal's filename to be overridden.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default is the zone's filename with "<code class="filename">.jnl</code>" appended.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is applicable to <span><strong class="command">master</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">slave</strong></span> zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-journal-size</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#server_resource_limits" title="Server Resource Limits">the section called “Server Resource Limits”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span></span></dt>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-in</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-time-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-transfer-idle-out</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-delay</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-to-soa</strong></span> in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">pubkey</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8, this option was
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce intended for specifying
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a public zone key for verification of signatures in DNSSEC
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zones when they are loaded from disk. <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 does not verify signatures
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on load and ignores the option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>, the server will keep
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information for this zone, which can be dumped to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> defined in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the server options.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is a list of IP addresses to which queries
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be sent in recursive resolution for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A non empty list for this option will internally
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson configure the apex NS RR with associated glue A or
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson static-stub zone with 192.0.2.1 and 2001:db8::1234
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson in a <span><strong class="command">server-addresses</strong></span> option,
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson the following RRs will be internally configured.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS example.com.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson These records are internally used to resolve
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson names under the static-stub zone.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson For instance, if the server receives a query for
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson will initiate recursive resolution and send
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson queries to 192.0.2.1 and/or 2001:db8::1234.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span></span></dt>
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson Only meaningful for static-stub zones.
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson This is a list of domain names of nameservers that
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson act as authoritative servers of the static-stub
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson These names will be resolved to IP addresses when
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> needs to send queries to
873355df80e292cfdd67b9482f1846e2bc9b423eAndreas Gustafsson these servers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To make this supplemental resolution successful,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce these names must not be a subdomain of the origin
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name of static-stub zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce That is, when "example.net" is the origin of a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce static-stub zone, "ns.example" and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "master.example.com" can be specified in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option, but
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "ns.example.net" cannot, and will be rejected by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the configuration parser.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A non empty list for this option will internally
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce configure the apex NS RR with the specified names.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, if "example.com" is configured as a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce static-stub zone with "ns1.example.net" and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in a <span><strong class="command">server-names</strong></span> option,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the following RRs will be internally configured.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">example.com. NS ns1.example.net.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These records are internally used to resolve
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce names under the static-stub zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For instance, if the server receives a query for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "www.example.com" with the RD bit on, the server
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson initiate recursive resolution,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce "ns2.example.net" to IP addresses, and then send
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce queries to (one or more of) these addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">sig-validity-interval</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-nodes</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-signatures</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span></span></dt>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">sig-signing-type</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson See the description of
3ba6d0298ae3414ab12f1a6ae35e14b119f4311eAndreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">alt-transfer-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">use-alt-transfer-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-source</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">notify-source-v6</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#zone_transfers" title="Zone Transfers">the section called “Zone Transfers”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-refresh-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">min-retry-time</strong></span>, </span><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">max-retry-time</strong></span></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson (Note that the <span><strong class="command">ixfr-from-differences</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>master</code></strong> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>slave</code></strong> choices are not
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson available at the zone level.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">key-directory</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#options" title="options Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> Statement Definition and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Usage”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zones configured for dynamic DNS may also use this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce option to allow varying levels of automatic DNSSEC key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce management. There are four possible settings:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec allow;</strong></span> permits
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys to be updated and the zone fully re-signed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce whenever the user issues the command <span><strong class="command">rndc sign
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec maintain;</strong></span> includes the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce above, but also automatically adjusts the zone's DNSSEC
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce keys on schedule, according to the keys' timing metadata
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (see <a href="man.dnssec-keygen.html" title="dnssec-keygen"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></span>(8)</a> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="man.dnssec-settime.html" title="dnssec-settime"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">dnssec-settime</span></span>(8)</a>). The command
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce repository and sign the zone with all keys that are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></strong></span> causes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to load keys from the key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce repository and schedule key maintenance events to occur
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the future, but it does not sign the full zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce immediately.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec create;</strong></span> includes the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce above, but also allows <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to create new keys in the key repository when needed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (NOTE: This option is not yet implemented; the syntax is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce being reserved for future use.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The default setting is <span><strong class="command">auto-dnssec off</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of <span><strong class="command">multi-master</strong></span> in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#tuning" title="Tuning">the section called “Tuning”</a>.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See the description of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dnssec-secure-to-insecure</strong></span> in <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#boolean_options" title="Boolean Options">the section called “Boolean Options”</a>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="dynamic_update_policies"></a>Dynamic Update Policies</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 supports two alternative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce methods of granting clients the right to perform
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce dynamic updates to a zone, configured by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> option, respectively.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> clause works the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce same way as in previous versions of <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It grants given clients the permission to update any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce record of any name in the zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> clause
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allows more fine-grained control over what updates are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce allowed. A set of rules is specified, where each rule
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce either grants or denies permissions for one or more
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce names to be updated by one or more identities. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the dynamic update request message is signed (that is,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it includes either a TSIG or SIG(0) record), the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce identity of the signer can be determined.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Rules are specified in the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone option, and are only meaningful for master zones.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When the <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is present, it is a configuration error for the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">allow-update</strong></span> statement to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce present. The <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only examines the signer of a message; the source
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address is not relevant.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce There is a pre-defined <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce rule which can be switched on with the command
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">update-policy local;</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Switching on this rule in a zone causes
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to generate a TSIG session
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key and place it in a file, and to allow that key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to update the zone. (By default, the file is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>, the key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name is "local-ddns" and the key algorithm is HMAC-SHA256,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce but these values are configurable with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">session-keyfile</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">session-keyname</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">session-keyalg</strong></span> options, respectively).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A client running on the local system, and with appropriate
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce permissions, may read that file and use the key to sign update
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce requests. The zone's update policy will be set to allow that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key to change any record within the zone. Assuming the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce key name is "local-ddns", this policy is equivalent to:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">update-policy { grant local-ddns zonesub any; };
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The command <span><strong class="command">nsupdate -l</strong></span> sends update
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce requests to localhost, and signs them using the session key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Other rule definitions look like this:
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson( <span><strong class="command">grant</strong></span> | <span><strong class="command">deny</strong></span> ) <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>types</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each rule grants or denies privileges. Once a message has
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce successfully matched a rule, the operation is immediately
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce granted or denied and no further rules are examined. A rule
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is matched when the signer matches the identity field, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name matches the name field in accordance with the nametype
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce field, and the type matches the types specified in the type
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce No signer is required for <em class="replaceable"><code>tcp-self</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or <em class="replaceable"><code>6to4-self</code></em> however the standard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reverse mapping / prefix conversion must match the identity
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The identity field specifies a name or a wildcard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name. Normally, this is the name of the TSIG or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SIG(0) key used to sign the update request. When a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TKEY exchange has been used to create a shared secret,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the identity of the shared secret is the same as the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce identity of the key used to authenticate the TKEY
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exchange. TKEY is also the negotiation method used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by GSS-TSIG, which establishes an identity that is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the Kerberos principal of the client, such as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>"user@host.domain"</code></strong>. When the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field specifies
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a wildcard name, it is subject to DNS wildcard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce expansion, so the rule will apply to multiple identities.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field must
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contain a fully-qualified domain name.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson The <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em> field has 13
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">name</code>, <code class="varname">subdomain</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">wildcard</code>, <code class="varname">self</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">selfsub</code>, <code class="varname">selfwild</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">krb5-self</code>, <code class="varname">ms-self</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">tcp-self</code>, <code class="varname">6to4-self</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="varname">zonesub</code>, and <code class="varname">external</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Exact-match semantics. This rule matches
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when the name being updated is identical
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson to the contents of the
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This rule matches when the name being updated
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is a subdomain of, or identical to, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contents of the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer This rule is similar to subdomain, except that
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer it matches when the name being updated is a
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer subdomain of the zone in which the
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer appears. This obviates the need to type the zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name twice, and enables the use of a standard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">update-policy</strong></span> statement in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce multiple zones without modification.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When this rule is used, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field is omitted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is subject to DNS wildcard expansion, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce this rule matches when the name being updated
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name is a valid expansion of the wildcard.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This rule matches when the name being updated
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce matches the contents of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> field
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson is ignored, but should be the same as the
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> field.
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson The <code class="varname">self</code> nametype is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce most useful when allowing using one key per
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name to update, where the key has the same
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson name as the name to be updated. The
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em> would
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be specified as <code class="constant">*</code> (an asterisk) in
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson except that subdomains of <code class="varname">self</code>
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson can also be updated.
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson This rule is similar to <code class="varname">self</code>
ff5760e233f6ab75e33783b6dd48f961ce04d933Andreas Gustafsson except that only subdomains of
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson <code class="varname">self</code> can be updated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Allow updates that have been sent via TCP and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for which the standard mapping from the initiating
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce namespaces match the name to be updated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Allow the 6to4 prefix to be update by any TCP
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce connection from the 6to4 network or from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce corresponding IPv4 address. This is intended
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to allow NS or DNAME RRsets to be added to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reverse tree.
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce It is theoretically possible to spoof these TCP
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson This rule allows <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson to defer the decision of whether to allow a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce given update to an external daemon.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The method of communicating with the daemon is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified in the <em class="replaceable"><code>identity</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce field, the format of which is
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson "<code class="constant">local:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em>",
e1ad5fdd33cb05f65b06825e7b1bcfb720879289Andreas Gustafsson where <em class="replaceable"><code>path</code></em> is the location
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of a UNIX-domain socket. (Currently, "local" is the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce only supported mechanism.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests to the external daemon are sent over the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce UNIX-domain socket as datagrams with the following
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Protocol version number (4 bytes, network byte order, currently 1)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Request length (4 bytes, network byte order)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Signer (null-terminated string)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Name (null-terminated string)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TCP source address (null-terminated string)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Rdata type (null-terminated string)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Key (null-terminated string)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TKEY token length (4 bytes, network byte order)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TKEY token (remainder of packet)</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The daemon replies with a four-byte value in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce network byte order, containing either 0 or 1; 0
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce indicates that the specified update is not
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce permitted, and 1 indicates that it is.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In all cases, the <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce field must specify a fully-qualified domain name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no types are explicitly specified, this rule matches
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all types except RRSIG, NS, SOA, NSEC and NSEC3. Types
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce may be specified by name, including "ANY" (ANY matches
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all types except NSEC and NSEC3, which can never be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce updated). Note that when an attempt is made to delete
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce all records associated with a name, the rules are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce checked for each existing record type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2594592"></a>Zone File</h2></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="types_of_resource_records_and_when_to_use_them"></a>Types of Resource Records and When to Use Them</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This section, largely borrowed from RFC 1034, describes the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce concept of a Resource Record (RR) and explains when each is used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Since the publication of RFC 1034, several new RRs have been
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and implemented in the DNS. These are also included.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2594610"></a>Resource Records</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A domain name identifies a node. Each node has a set of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resource information, which may be empty. The set of resource
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information associated with a particular name is composed of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce separate RRs. The order of RRs in a set is not significant and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce need not be preserved by name servers, resolvers, or other
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce parts of the DNS. However, sorting of multiple RRs is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce permitted for optimization purposes, for example, to specify
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that a particular nearby server be tried first. See <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#the_sortlist_statement" title="The sortlist Statement">the section called “The <span><strong class="command">sortlist</strong></span> Statement”</a> and <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering" title="RRset Ordering">the section called “RRset Ordering”</a>.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson The components of a Resource Record are:
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The domain name where the RR is found.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An encoded 16-bit value that specifies
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the type of the resource record.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The time-to-live of the RR. This field
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is a 32-bit integer in units of seconds, and is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce primarily used by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resolvers when they cache RRs. The TTL describes how
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce long a RR can
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be cached before it should be discarded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce An encoded 16-bit value that identifies
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a protocol family or instance of a protocol.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The resource data. The format of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce data is type (and sometimes class) specific.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson The following are <span class="emphasis"><em>types</em></span> of valid RRs:
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A host address. In the IN class, this is a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 32-bit IP address. Described in RFC 1035.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 address. Described in RFC 1886.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 address. This can be a partial
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address (a suffix) and an indirection to the name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce where the rest of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address (the prefix) can be found. Experimental.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 2874.
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson Location of AFS database servers.
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
f37eb9482057adf62de35e634bfd574e59676950Andreas Gustafsson Address prefix list. Experimental.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 3123.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Holds a digital certificate.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 2538.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Identifies the canonical name of an alias.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 1035.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Is used for identifying which DHCP client is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce associated with this name. Described in RFC 4701.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Replaces the domain name specified with
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson another name to be looked up, effectively aliasing an
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson subtree of the domain name space rather than a single
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as in the case of the CNAME RR.
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson Described in RFC 2672.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Stores a public key associated with a signed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Stores the hash of a public key associated with a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce signed DNS zone. Described in RFC 4034.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies the global position. Superseded by LOC.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Identifies the CPU and OS used by a host.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 1035.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Provides a method for storing IPsec keying material in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS. Described in RFC 4025.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Representation of ISDN addresses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Stores a public key associated with a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS name. Used in original DNSSEC; replaced
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by DNSKEY in DNSSECbis, but still used with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SIG(0). Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Identifies a key exchanger for this
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS name. Described in RFC 2230.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson For storing GPS info. Described in RFC 1876.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Experimental.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson Identifies a mail exchange for the domain with
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson a 16-bit preference value (lower is better)
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson followed by the host name of the mail exchange.
5f09ce124cad9712a9675f17f83ddc915e734909Andreas Gustafsson Described in RFC 974, RFC 1035.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Name authority pointer. Described in RFC 2915.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson A network service access point.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson Described in RFC 1706.
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson The authoritative name server for the
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson domain. Described in RFC 1035.
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer existing name.
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer Described in RFC 4034.
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer Used in DNSSECbis to securely indicate that
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer RRs with an owner name in a certain name
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer interval do not exist in a zone and indicate
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer what RR types are present for an existing
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer name. NSEC3 differs from NSEC in that it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prevents zone enumeration but is more
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson computationally expensive on both the server
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson and the client than NSEC. Described in RFC
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Used in DNSSECbis to tell the authoritative
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson server which NSEC3 chains are available to use.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Described in RFC 5155.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Used in DNSSEC to securely indicate that
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson RRs with an owner name in a certain name interval do
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson a zone and indicate what RR types are present for an
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson existing name.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Used in original DNSSEC; replaced by NSEC in
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Described in RFC 2535.
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson A pointer to another part of the domain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name space. Described in RFC 1035.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Provides mappings between RFC 822 and X.400
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce addresses. Described in RFC 2163.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Information on persons responsible
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for the domain. Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Contains DNSSECbis signature data. Described
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in RFC 4034.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Route-through binding for hosts that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce do not have their own direct wide area network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Contains DNSSEC signature data. Used in
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson original DNSSEC; replaced by RRSIG in
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson DNSSECbis, but still used for SIG(0).
027e89d47af308db4b41761ca9f847c026b63ec8Andreas Gustafsson Described in RFCs 2535 and 2931.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Identifies the start of a zone of authority.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Described in RFC 1035.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Contains the Sender Policy Framework information
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for a given email domain. Described in RFC 4408.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Information about well known network
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce services (replaces WKS). Described in RFC 2782.
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Provides a way to securely publish a secure shell key's
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson fingerprint. Described in RFC 4255.
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Text records. Described in RFC 1035.
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Information about which well known
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson network services, such as SMTP, that a domain
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson supports. Historical.
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Representation of X.25 network addresses.
c60793c77f6b6b8b66ad57c73cd7eb67e8d7ff6fAndreas Gustafsson Experimental. Described in RFC 1183.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The following <span class="emphasis"><em>classes</em></span> of resource records
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are currently valid in the DNS:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The Internet.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Chaosnet, a LAN protocol created at MIT in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Rarely used for its historical purpose, but reused for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce built-in server information zones, e.g.,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Hesiod, an information service
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce developed by MIT's Project Athena. It is used to share
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson about various systems databases, such as users,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce groups, printers
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The owner name is often implicit, rather than forming an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce part of the RR. For example, many name servers internally form
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or hash structures for the name space, and chain RRs off nodes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The remaining RR parts are the fixed header (type, class, TTL)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which is consistent for all RRs, and a variable part (RDATA)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce fits the needs of the resource being described.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The meaning of the TTL field is a time limit on how long an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RR can be kept in a cache. This limit does not apply to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce data in zones; it is also timed out, but by the refreshing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for the zone. The TTL is assigned by the administrator for the
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson zone where the data originates. While short TTLs can be used to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce minimize caching, and a zero TTL prohibits caching, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of Internet performance suggest that these times should be on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce order of days for the typical host. If a change can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce anticipated,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the TTL can be reduced prior to the change to minimize
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce inconsistency
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce during the change, and then increased back to its former value
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The data in the RDATA section of RRs is carried as a combination
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafsson of binary strings and domain names. The domain names are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used as "pointers" to other data in the DNS.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2596301"></a>Textual expression of RRs</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RRs are represented in binary form in the packets of the DNS
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce protocol, and are usually represented in highly encoded form
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce stored in a name server or resolver. In the examples provided
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RFC 1034, a style similar to that used in master files was
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in order to show the contents of RRs. In this format, most RRs
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are shown on a single line, although continuation lines are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce using parentheses.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The start of the line gives the owner of the RR. If a line
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce begins with a blank, then the owner is assumed to be the same as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that of the previous RR. Blank lines are often included for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce readability.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Following the owner, we list the TTL, type, and class of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RR. Class and type use the mnemonics defined above, and TTL is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an integer before the type field. In order to avoid ambiguity
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce parsing, type and class mnemonics are disjoint, TTLs are
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson and the type mnemonic is always last. The IN class and TTL
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are often omitted from examples in the interests of clarity.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson The resource data or RDATA section of the RR are given using
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson knowledge of the typical representation for the data.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, we might show the RRs carried in a message as:
f1fd37f759991616d454ce371a2390da45141593Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">VENERA.ISI.EDU</code>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">VAXA.ISI.EDU</code>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The MX RRs have an RDATA section which consists of a 16-bit
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson number followed by a domain name. The address RRs use a
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson IP address format to contain a 32-bit internet address.
6b35c2fec9938cbd4cc39f2d054086d8af3c343dAndreas Gustafsson The above example shows six RRs, with two RRs at each of three
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Similarly we might see:
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson This example shows two addresses for
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">XX.LCS.MIT.EDU</code>, each of a different class.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2596822"></a>Discussion of MX Records</h3></div></div></div>
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer As described above, domain servers store information as a
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson series of resource records, each of which contains a particular
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson piece of information about a given domain name (which is usually,
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer but not always, a host). The simplest way to think of a RR is as
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson a typed pair of data, a domain name matched with a relevant datum,
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson and stored with some additional type information to help systems
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson determine when the RR is relevant.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson MX records are used to control delivery of email. The data
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson specified in the record is a priority and a domain name. The
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson controls the order in which email delivery is attempted, with the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson lowest number first. If two priorities are the same, a server is
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson chosen randomly. If no servers at a given priority are responding,
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson the mail transport agent will fall back to the next largest
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Priority numbers do not have any absolute meaning — they are
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson only respective to other MX records for that domain name. The
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson name given is the machine to which the mail will be delivered.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson It <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have an associated address record
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson (A or AAAA) — CNAME is not sufficient.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson For a given domain, if there is both a CNAME record and an
56f1285ca5d97d3205b74c32dc4de1ea7b69fea1Michael Sawyer MX record, the MX record is in error, and will be ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the mail will be delivered to the server specified in the MX
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson pointed to by the CNAME.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example:
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">example.com.</code>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">mail.backup.org.</code>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">mail.example.com.</code>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">mail2.example.com.</code>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Mail delivery will be attempted to <code class="literal">mail.example.com</code> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">mail2.example.com</code> (in
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson any order), and if neither of those succeed, delivery to <code class="literal">mail.backup.org</code> will
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson<a name="Setting_TTLs"></a>Setting TTLs</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The time-to-live of the RR field is a 32-bit integer represented
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in units of seconds, and is primarily used by resolvers when they
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cache RRs. The TTL describes how long a RR can be cached before it
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be discarded. The following three types of TTL are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used in a zone file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The last field in the SOA is the negative
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce caching TTL. This controls how long other servers will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce cache no-such-domain
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (NXDOMAIN) responses from you.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson The maximum time for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce negative caching is 3 hours (3h).
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson The $TTL directive at the top of the
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson zone file (before the SOA) gives a default TTL for every
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson a specific TTL set.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each RR can have a TTL as the second
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce field in the RR, which will control how long other
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson servers can cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce All of these TTLs default to units of seconds, though units
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson can be explicitly specified, for example, <code class="literal">1h30m</code>.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2597506"></a>Inverse Mapping in IPv4</h3></div></div></div>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Reverse name resolution (that is, translation from IP address
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson to name) is achieved by means of the <span class="emphasis"><em>in-addr.arpa</em></span> domain
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson and PTR records. Entries in the in-addr.arpa domain are made in
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson least-to-most significant order, read left to right. This is the
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson opposite order to the way IP addresses are usually written. Thus,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson a machine with an IP address of 10.1.2.3 would have a
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson 3.2.1.10.in-addr.arpa. This name should have a PTR resource record
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson whose data field is the name of the machine or, optionally,
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson PTR records if the machine has more than one name. For example,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the [<span class="optional">example.com</span>] domain:
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">2.1.10.in-addr.arpa</code>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <code class="literal">IN PTR foo.example.com.</code>
78d65c654251b02c41628914986723cbec93a7a1Andreas Gustafsson<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> lines in the examples
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson are for providing context to the examples only — they do not
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson appear in the actual usage. They are only used here to indicate
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson that the example is relative to the listed origin.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2597633"></a>Other Zone File Directives</h3></div></div></div>
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson The Master File Format was initially defined in RFC 1035 and
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson has subsequently been extended. While the Master File Format
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson is class independent all records in a Master File must be of the
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson Master File Directives include <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>,
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson and <span><strong class="command">$TTL.</strong></span>
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson<a name="id2597655"></a>The <span><strong class="command">@</strong></span> (at-sign)</h4></div></div></div>
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson When used in the label (or name) field, the asperand or
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson at-sign (@) symbol represents the current origin.
9090a36b61a90746738f66bce09ceaf8d8491d7eAndreas Gustafsson At the start of the zone file, it is the
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>> (followed by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce trailing dot).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2597671"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
dcebbac4f62ffa1a8c907095c85c4bea110216ffAndreas Gustafsson <em class="replaceable"><code>domain-name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sets the domain name that will be appended to any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce unqualified records. When a zone is first read in there
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is an implicit <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson <<code class="varname">zone_name</code>><span><strong class="command">.</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson (followed by trailing dot).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the domain specified in the <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span>
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas Gustafsson argument if it is not absolute.
86c1ac00da33c2ecc14f5ca69fba40186460ce57Andreas GustafssonWWW CNAME MAIN-SERVER
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2597800"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Read and process the file <code class="filename">filename</code> as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if it were included into the file at this point. If <span><strong class="command">origin</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified the file is processed with <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> set
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to that value, otherwise the current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The origin and the current domain name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce revert to the values they had prior to the <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span> once
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the file has been read.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RFC 1035 specifies that the current origin should be restored
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce an <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>, but it is silent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce on whether the current
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce domain name should also be restored. BIND 9 restores both of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This could be construed as a deviation from RFC 1035, a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce feature, or both.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2597869"></a>The <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span> Directive</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="replaceable"><code>default-ttl</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> </span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Set the default Time To Live (TTL) for subsequent records
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with undefined TTLs. Valid TTLs are of the range 0-2147483647
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">$TTL</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is defined in RFC 2308.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2597906"></a><acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> Master File Extension: the <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> Directive</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Syntax: <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em></span>]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used to create a series of resource records that only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce differ from each other by an
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce iterator. <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> can be used to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce easily generate the sets of records required to support
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sub /24 reverse delegations described in RFC 2317:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">$ORIGIN 0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce$GENERATE 1-2 @ NS SERVER$.EXAMPLE.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce$GENERATE 1-127 $ CNAME $.0</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. NS SERVER1.EXAMPLE.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce1.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 1.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce2.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 2.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce127.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA. CNAME 127.0.0.0.192.IN-ADDR.ARPA.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Generate a set of A and MX records. Note the MX's right hand
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce side is a quoted string. The quotes will be stripped when the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce right hand side is processed.
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson$ORIGIN EXAMPLE.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ A 1.2.3.$
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce$GENERATE 1-127 HOST-$ MX "0 ."</pre>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<pre class="programlisting">HOST-1.EXAMPLE. A 1.2.3.1
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">range</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This can be one of two forms: start-stop
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or start-stop/step. If the first form is used, then step
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 1. All of start, stop and step must be positive.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce describes the owner name of the resource records
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to be created. Any single <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (dollar sign)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce symbols within the <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> string
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are replaced by the iterator value.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To get a $ in the output, you need to escape the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> using a backslash
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce e.g. <span><strong class="command">\$</strong></span>. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> may optionally be followed
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by modifiers which change the offset from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce iterator, field width and base.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Modifiers are introduced by a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">{</strong></span> (left brace) immediately following the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">$</strong></span> as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">${offset[,width[,base]]}</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For example, <span><strong class="command">${-20,3,d}</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce subtracts 20 from the current value, prints the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce result as a decimal in a zero-padded field of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Available output forms are decimal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">d</strong></span>), octal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">o</strong></span>), hexadecimal
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">x</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">X</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for uppercase) and nibble
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<span><strong class="command">n</strong></span> or <span><strong class="command">N</strong></span>\
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for uppercase). The default modifier is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">${0,0,d}</strong></span>. If the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">lhs</strong></span> is not absolute, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce current <span><strong class="command">$ORIGIN</strong></span> is appended
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to the name.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In nibble mode the value will be treated as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if it was a reversed hexadecimal string
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with each hexadecimal digit as a separate
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce label. The width field includes the label
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For compatibility with earlier versions,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">$$</strong></span> is still recognized as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce indicating a literal $ in the output.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies the time-to-live of the generated records. If
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce not specified this will be inherited using the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce normal TTL inheritance rules.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce entered in either order.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies the class of the generated records.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This must match the zone class if it is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">class</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and <span><strong class="command">ttl</strong></span> can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce entered in either order.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">type</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Any valid type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">rhs</strong></span>, optionally, quoted string.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <span><strong class="command">$GENERATE</strong></span> directive is a <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> extension
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and not part of the standard zone file format.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce BIND 8 does not support the optional TTL and CLASS fields.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="zonefile_format"></a>Additional File Formats</h3></div></div></div>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson In addition to the standard textual format, BIND 9
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce supports the ability to read or dump to zone files in
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce other formats. The <code class="constant">raw</code> format is
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson currently available as an additional format. It is a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce binary format representing BIND 9's internal data
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce structure directly, thereby remarkably improving the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce loading time.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For a primary server, a zone file in the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="constant">raw</code> format is expected to be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce generated from a textual zone file by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command. For a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce secondary server or for a dynamic zone, it is automatically
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce generated (if this format is specified by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">masterfile-format</strong></span> option) when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> dumps the zone contents after
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce zone transfer or when applying prior updates.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If a zone file in a binary format needs manual modification,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it first must be converted to a textual form by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command. All
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce necessary modification should go to the text file, which
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should then be converted to the binary form by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span> command again.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Although the <code class="constant">raw</code> format uses the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce network byte order and avoids architecture-dependent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce data alignment so that it is as much portable as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce possible, it is primarily expected to be used inside
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the same single system. In order to export a zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce file in the <code class="constant">raw</code> format or make a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce portable backup of the file, it is recommended to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce convert the file to the standard textual representation.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="statistics"></a>BIND9 Statistics</h2></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 maintains lots of statistics
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce information and provides several interfaces for users to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce get access to the statistics.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The available statistics include all statistics counters
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that were available in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are meaningful in <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and other information that is considered useful.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The statistics information is categorized into the following
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of incoming DNS requests for each OPCODE.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of incoming queries for each RR type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of outgoing queries for each RR
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type sent from the internal resolver.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Maintained per view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Statistics counters about incoming request processing.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Statistics counters regarding zone maintenance
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce operations such as zone transfers.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Statistics counters about name resolution
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce performed in the internal resolver.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Maintained per view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of RRsets per RR type and nonexistent
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce names stored in the cache database.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If the exclamation mark (!) is printed for a RR
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce type, it means that particular type of RRset is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce known to be nonexistent (this is also known as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Maintained per view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Statistics counters about network related events.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A subset of Name Server Statistics is collected and shown
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce per zone for which the server has the authority when
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">zone-statistics</strong></span> is set to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <strong class="userinput"><code>yes</code></strong>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These statistics counters are shown with their zone and view
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In some cases the view names are omitted for the default view.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce There are currently two user interfaces to get access to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One is in the plain text format dumped to the file specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by the <span><strong class="command">statistics-file</strong></span> configuration option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The other is remotely accessible via a statistics channel
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce when the <span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> statement
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is specified in the configuration file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (see <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#statschannels" title="statistics-channels Statement Grammar">the section called “<span><strong class="command">statistics-channels</strong></span> Statement Grammar”</a>.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="statsfile"></a>The Statistics File</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The text format statistics dump begins with a line, like:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">+++ Statistics Dump +++ (973798949)</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number in parentheses is a standard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Unix-style timestamp, measured as seconds since January 1, 1970.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that line is a set of statistics information, which is categorized
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as described above.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each section begins with a line, like:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">++ Name Server Statistics ++</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each section consists of lines, each containing the statistics
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce counter value followed by its textual description.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce See below for available counters.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For brevity, counters that have a value of 0 are not shown
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in the statistics file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The statistics dump ends with the line where the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number is identical to the number in the beginning line; for example:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">--- Statistics Dump --- (973798949)</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="statistics_counters"></a>Statistics Counters</h3></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The following tables summarize statistics counters that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 provides.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For each row of the tables, the leftmost column is the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce abbreviated symbol name of that counter.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These symbols are shown in the statistics information
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce accessed via an HTTP statistics channel.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The rightmost column gives the description of the counter,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which is also shown in the statistics file
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (but, in this document, possibly with slight modification
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for better readability).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Additional notes may also be provided in this column.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When a middle column exists between these two columns,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce it gives the corresponding counter name of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 8 statistics, if applicable.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2598859"></a>Name Server Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND8 Symbol</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 requests received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: this also counts non query requests.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Requestv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 requests received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: this also counts non query requests.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqEdns0</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests with EDNS(0) received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadEDNSVer</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests with unsupported EDNS version received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTSIG</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests with TSIG received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqSIG0</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests with SIG(0) received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqBadSIG</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests with invalid (TSIG or SIG(0)) signature.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ReqTCP</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RTCP</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TCP requests received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RUQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Authoritative (non recursive) queries rejected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RURQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Recursive queries rejected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">XfrRej</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RUXFR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zone transfer requests rejected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateRej</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RUUpd</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dynamic update requests rejected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Response</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SAns</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Responses sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RespTruncated</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Truncated responses sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RespEDNS0</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Responses with EDNS(0) sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RespTSIG</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Responses with TSIG sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RespSIG0</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Responses with SIG(0) sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QrySuccess</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in a successful answer.
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson This means the query which returns a NOERROR response
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with at least one answer RR.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">success</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryAuthAns</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in authoritative answer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryNoauthAns</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SNaAns</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in non authoritative answer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryReferral</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in referral answer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">referral</strong></span> counter
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson of previous versions of
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryNxrrset</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in NOERROR responses with no data.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nxrrset</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QrySERVFAIL</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in SERVFAIL.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryFORMERR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SFErr</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in FORMERR.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryNXDOMAIN</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SNXD</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries resulted in NXDOMAIN.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nxdomain</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryRecursion</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RFwdQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries which caused the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to perform recursion in order to find the final answer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">recursion</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryDuplicate</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RDupQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries which the server attempted to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recurse but discovered an existing query with the same
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IP address, port, query ID, name, type and class
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce already being processed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">duplicate</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryDropped</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Recursive queries for which the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce discovered an excessive number of existing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce recursive queries for the same name, type and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce class and were subsequently dropped.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is the number of dropped queries due to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the reason explained with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">max-clients-per-query</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (see the description about
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#clients-per-query"><span><strong class="command">clients-per-query</strong></span></a>.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">dropped</strong></span> counter
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryFailure</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Other query failures.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This corresponds to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">failure</strong></span> counter
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson of previous versions of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Note: this counter is provided mainly for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce backward compatibility with the previous versions.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Normally a more fine-grained counters such as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">AuthQryRej</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">RecQryRej</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce that would also fall into this counter are provided,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and so this counter would not be of much
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce interest in practice.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">XfrReqDone</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requested zone transfers completed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateReqFwd</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Update requests forwarded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateRespFwd</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Update responses forwarded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateFwdFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dynamic update forward failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateDone</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dynamic updates completed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dynamic updates failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">UpdateBadPrereq</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Dynamic updates rejected due to prerequisite failure.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2600401"></a>Zone Maintenance Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyOutv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 notifies sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyOutv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 notifies sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyInv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 notifies received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyInv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 notifies received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NotifyRej</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Incoming notifies rejected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SOAOutv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 SOA queries sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SOAOutv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 SOA queries sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">AXFRReqv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 AXFR requested.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">AXFRReqv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 AXFR requested.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">IXFRReqv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 IXFR requested.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">IXFRReqv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 IXFR requested.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">XfrSuccess</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zone transfer requests succeeded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">XfrFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zone transfer requests failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2600852"></a>Resolver Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND8 Symbol</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Queryv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SFwdQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 queries sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Queryv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SFwdQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 queries sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Responsev4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 responses received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Responsev6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 responses received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">NXDOMAIN</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RNXD</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NXDOMAIN received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SERVFAIL</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SERVFAIL received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">FORMERR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RFErr</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce FORMERR received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">OtherError</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RErr</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Other errors received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">EDNS0Fail</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce EDNS(0) query failures.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Mismatch</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RDupR</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Mismatch responses received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The DNS ID, response's source address,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce match what was expected.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (The port must be 53 or as defined by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the <span><strong class="command">port</strong></span> option.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This may be an indication of a cache
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce poisoning attempt.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Truncated</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Truncated responses received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Lame</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">RLame</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Lame delegations received.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">Retry</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SDupQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Query retries performed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QueryAbort</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Queries aborted due to quota control.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QuerySockFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures in opening query sockets.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce One common reason for such failures is a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce failure of opening a new socket due to a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce limitation on file descriptors.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QueryTimeout</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Query timeouts.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">GlueFetchv4</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SSysQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 NS address fetches invoked.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">GlueFetchv6</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">SSysQ</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 NS address fetches invoked.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">GlueFetchv4Fail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv4 NS address fetch failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">GlueFetchv6Fail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce IPv6 NS address fetch failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ValAttempt</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation attempted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ValOk</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation succeeded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ValNegOk</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation on negative information succeeded.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">ValFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNSSEC validation failed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command">QryRTTnn</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"></strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Frequency table on round trip times (RTTs) of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each <span><strong class="command">nn</strong></span> specifies the corresponding
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In the sequence of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_1</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_2</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_m</strong></span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the value of <span><strong class="command">nn_i</strong></span> is the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of queries whose RTTs are between
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_(i-1)</strong></span> (inclusive) and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_i</strong></span> (exclusive) milliseconds.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For the sake of convenience we define
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_0</strong></span> to be 0.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The last entry should be represented as
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_m+</strong></span>, which means the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of queries whose RTTs are equal to or over
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">nn_m</strong></span> milliseconds.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a name="id2601942"></a>Socket I/O Statistics Counters</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Socket I/O statistics counters are defined per socket
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce types, which are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">UDP4</strong></span> (UDP/IPv4),
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">UDP6</strong></span> (UDP/IPv6),
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">TCP4</strong></span> (TCP/IPv4),
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">TCP6</strong></span> (TCP/IPv6),
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">Unix</strong></span> (Unix Domain), and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">FDwatch</strong></span> (sockets opened outside the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce socket module).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce In the following table <span><strong class="command"><TYPE></strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce represents a socket type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Not all counters are available for all socket types;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exceptions are noted in the description field.
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafsson<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
b9c96971964d87c2705c8dc29300ff8103479ee6Andreas Gustafsson <span class="emphasis"><em>Symbol</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>Open</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sockets opened successfully.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is not applicable to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">FDwatch</strong></span> type.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>OpenFail</strong></span></p>
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson Failures of opening sockets.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is not applicable to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">FDwatch</strong></span> type.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>Close</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sockets closed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>BindFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures of binding sockets.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>ConnFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures of connecting sockets.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>Conn</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Connections established successfully.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>AcceptFail</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Failures of accepting incoming connection requests.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is not applicable to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">UDP</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">FDwatch</strong></span> types.
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>Accept</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Incoming connections successfully accepted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is not applicable to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">UDP</strong></span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">FDwatch</strong></span> types.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>SendErr</strong></span></p>
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson Errors in socket send operations.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter corresponds
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to <span><strong class="command">SErr</strong></span> counter of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 8.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <p><span><strong class="command"><TYPE>RecvErr</strong></span></p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Errors in socket receive operations.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This includes errors of send operations on a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce connected UDP socket notified by an ICMP error
33682c92e96b39c395cdb2c3feb8eb5914e7d5a8Andreas Gustafsson<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
fcc9f7f86c2fa2ceb8a5c16dc934fea7fa6887f2Andreas Gustafsson<a name="id2602384"></a>Compatibility with <span class="emphasis"><em>BIND</em></span> 8 Counters</h4></div></div></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Most statistics counters that were available
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 8 are also supported in
aeb8fffc841865c3336383eadfd9987332a03286Andreas Gustafsson <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 9 as shown in the above tables.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Here are notes about other counters that do not appear
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in these tables.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RFwdR,SFwdR</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These counters are not supported
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce because <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 9 does not adopt
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the notion of <span class="emphasis"><em>forwarding</em></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce as <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 8 did.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RAXFR</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is accessible in the Incoming Queries section.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">RIQ</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is accessible in the Incoming Requests section.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">ROpts</strong></span></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This counter is not supported
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce because <span><strong class="command">BIND</strong></span> 9 does not care
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce about IP options in the first place.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<a accesskey="p" href="Bv9ARM.ch05.html">Prev</a>�</td>
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter�5.�The <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9 Lightweight Resolver�</td>
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