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bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<title>Chapter�3.�Name Server Configuration</title>
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bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter�3.�Name Server Configuration</th></tr>
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bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="Bv9ARM.ch03"></a>Chapter�3.�Name Server Configuration</h2></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#sample_configuration">Sample Configurations</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2567897">A Caching-only Name Server</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2567913">An Authoritative-only Name Server</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2568004">Load Balancing</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2568358">Name Server Operations</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2568363">Tools for Use With the Name Server Daemon</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="Bv9ARM.ch03.html#id2570071">Signals</a></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift In this chapter we provide some suggested configurations along
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift with guidelines for their use. We suggest reasonable values for
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift certain option settings.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="sample_configuration"></a>Sample Configurations</h2></div></div></div>
7ce59cffdb903ce1661537ac78892e0ca8a79dd2matthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="id2567897"></a>A Caching-only Name Server</h3></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The following sample configuration is appropriate for a caching-only
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift name server for use by clients internal to a corporation. All
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift from outside clients are refused using the <span><strong class="command">allow-query</strong></span>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift option. Alternatively, the same effect could be achieved using
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift firewall rules.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift// Two corporate subnets we wish to allow queries from.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swiftacl corpnets { 192.168.4.0/24; 192.168.7.0/24; };
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift allow-query { corpnets; };
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="id2567913"></a>An Authoritative-only Name Server</h3></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift This sample configuration is for an authoritative-only server
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift that is the master server for "<code class="filename">example.com</code>"
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift and a slave for the subdomain "<code class="filename">eng.example.com</code>".
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift allow-query-cache { none; }; // Do not allow access to cache
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift allow-query { any; }; // This is the default
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift recursion no; // Do not provide recursive service
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift// Provide a reverse mapping for the loopback address 127.0.0.1
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift// We are the master server for example.com
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift // IP addresses of slave servers allowed to transfer example.com
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift allow-transfer {
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift 192.168.4.14;
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift 192.168.5.53;
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift// We are a slave server for eng.example.com
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift // IP address of eng.example.com master server
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift masters { 192.168.4.12; };
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="id2568004"></a>Load Balancing</h2></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift A primitive form of load balancing can be achieved in
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift the <acronym class="acronym">DNS</acronym> by using multiple records
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift (such as multiple A records) for one name.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift For example, if you have three WWW servers with network addresses
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift of 10.0.0.1, 10.0.0.2 and 10.0.0.3, a set of records such as the
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift following means that clients will connect to each machine one third
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Resource Record (RR) Data
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift When a resolver queries for these records, <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> will rotate
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift them and respond to the query with the records in a different
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift order. In the example above, clients will randomly receive
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift records in the order 1, 2, 3; 2, 3, 1; and 3, 1, 2. Most clients
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift will use the first record returned and discard the rest.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift For more detail on ordering responses, check the
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift <span><strong class="command">rrset-order</strong></span> substatement in the
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift <span><strong class="command">options</strong></span> statement, see
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift <a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#rrset_ordering">RRset Ordering</a>.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="id2568358"></a>Name Server Operations</h2></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="id2568363"></a>Tools for Use With the Name Server Daemon</h3></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift This section describes several indispensable diagnostic,
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift administrative and monitoring tools available to the system
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift administrator for controlling and debugging the name server
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="diagnostic_tools"></a>Diagnostic Tools</h4></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">host</strong></span>, and
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift <span><strong class="command">nslookup</strong></span> programs are all command
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift for manually querying name servers. They differ in style and
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift output format.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="term"><a name="dig"></a><span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The domain information groper (<span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span>)
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift is the most versatile and complete of these lookup tools.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift It has two modes: simple interactive
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift mode for a single query, and batch mode which executes a
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift each in a list of several query lines. All query options are
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift from the command line.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dig</code> [@<em class="replaceable"><code>server</code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>query-type</code></em>] [<em class="replaceable"><code>query-class</code></em>] [+<em class="replaceable"><code>query-option</code></em>] [-<em class="replaceable"><code>dig-option</code></em>] [%<em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em>]</p></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The usual simple use of <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> will take the form
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift <span><strong class="command">dig @server domain query-type query-class</strong></span>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift For more information and a list of available commands and
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift options, see the <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> man
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">host</strong></span></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The <span><strong class="command">host</strong></span> utility emphasizes
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift and ease of use. By default, it converts
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift between host names and Internet addresses, but its
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift functionality
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift can be extended with the use of options.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">host</code> [-aCdlnrsTwv] [-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em>] [-N <em class="replaceable"><code>ndots</code></em>] [-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>] [-W <em class="replaceable"><code>timeout</code></em>] [-R <em class="replaceable"><code>retries</code></em>] [-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em>] [-4] [-6] <em class="replaceable"><code>hostname</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>server</code></em>]</p></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift For more information and a list of available commands and
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift options, see the <span><strong class="command">host</strong></span> man
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">nslookup</strong></span></span></dt>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<p><span><strong class="command">nslookup</strong></span>
443912c6877a8ce1c66a3fd7446e9eaa1e9d919amatthew_swift has two modes: interactive and
443912c6877a8ce1c66a3fd7446e9eaa1e9d919amatthew_swift non-interactive. Interactive mode allows the user to
443912c6877a8ce1c66a3fd7446e9eaa1e9d919amatthew_swift query name servers for information about various
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift hosts and domains or to print a list of hosts in a
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift domain. Non-interactive mode is used to print just
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift the name and requested information for a host or
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nslookup</code> [-option...] [[<em class="replaceable"><code>host-to-find</code></em>] | [- [server]]]</p></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Interactive mode is entered when no arguments are given (the
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift default name server will be used) or when the first argument
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift hyphen (`-') and the second argument is the host name or
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Internet address
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift of a name server.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Non-interactive mode is used when the name or Internet
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift of the host to be looked up is given as the first argument.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift optional second argument specifies the host name or address
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift of a name server.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Due to its arcane user interface and frequently inconsistent
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift behavior, we do not recommend the use of <span><strong class="command">nslookup</strong></span>.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Use <span><strong class="command">dig</strong></span> instead.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="admin_tools"></a>Administrative Tools</h4></div></div></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Administrative tools play an integral part in the management
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="named-checkconf"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-checkconf</strong></span></span>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The <span><strong class="command">named-checkconf</strong></span> program
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift checks the syntax of a <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named-checkconf</code> [-jvz] [-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em>] [<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>]</p></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="named-checkzone"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span></span>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift The <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone</strong></span> program
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift checks a master file for
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift syntax and consistency.
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named-checkzone</code> [-djqvD] [-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em>] [-o <em class="replaceable"><code>output</code></em>] [-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em>] [-w <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em>] [-k <em class="replaceable"><code>(ignore|warn|fail)</code></em>] [-n <em class="replaceable"><code>(ignore|warn|fail)</code></em>] [-W <em class="replaceable"><code>(ignore|warn)</code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>]</p></div>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift<a name="named-compilezone"></a><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">named-compilezone</strong></span></span>
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift Similar to <span><strong class="command">named-checkzone,</strong></span> but
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift it always dumps the zone content to a specified file
bb8874d71cdd8e5288297b9727703437c6dfcfedmatthew_swift (typically in a different format).
Since <acronym class="acronym">BIND</acronym> 9.2, <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span>
<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">rndc</code> [-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config</code></em>] [-s <em class="replaceable"><code>server</code></em>] [-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>] [-y <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>...]</p></div>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>reload <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>refresh <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>retransfer <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>notify <em class="replaceable"><code>zone</code></em>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view</code></em></span>]</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
[<span class="optional"><em class="replaceable"><code>view ...</code></em></span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>stop [<span class="optional">-p</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
If <code class="option">-p</code> is specified <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>'s process id is returned.
This allows an external process to determine when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>halt [<span class="optional">-p</span>]</code></strong></span></dt>
If <code class="option">-p</code> is specified <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>'s process id is returned.
This allows an external process to determine when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>trace <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code></strong></span></dt>
<dt><span class="term"><strong class="userinput"><code>flushname</code></strong> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt>
Note that the number of zones includes the internal <span><strong class="command">bind/CH</strong></span> zone
<a href="Bv9ARM.ch06.html#controls_statement_definition_and_usage" title="controls Statement Definition and
Usage">the section called “<span><strong class="command">controls</strong></span> Statement Definition and
<span><strong class="command">key</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">server</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">default-server</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">default-key</strong></span>,
the name of a key as its argument, as defined by a <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement.
<span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> statement in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
<span><strong class="command">algorithm</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">secret</strong></span>.
has two clauses: <span><strong class="command">key</strong></span> and <span><strong class="command">port</strong></span>.