<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"

"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"

[<!ENTITY mdash "&#8212;">]>

<refentry id="man.rndc">

<refentryinfo>

<date>August 15, 2014</date>

</refentryinfo>

<refmeta>

<refentrytitle><application>rndc</application></refentrytitle>

<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

<refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>

</refmeta>

<refnamediv>

<refname><application>rndc</application></refname>

<refpurpose>name server control utility</refpurpose>

</refnamediv>

<docinfo>

<copyright>

<year>2004</year>

<year>2005</year>

<year>2007</year>

<year>2013</year>

<year>2014</year>

<year>2015</year>

<holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>

</copyright>

<copyright>

<year>2000</year>

<year>2001</year>

<holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>

</copyright>

</docinfo>

<refsynopsisdiv>

<cmdsynopsis>

<command>rndc</command>

<arg><option>-b <replaceable class="parameter">source-address</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg><option>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key-file</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg><option>-s <replaceable class="parameter">server</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg><option>-q</option></arg>

<arg><option>-V</option></arg>

<arg><option>-y <replaceable class="parameter">key_id</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="req">command</arg>

</cmdsynopsis>

</refsynopsisdiv>

<refsect1>

<title>DESCRIPTION</title>

<para><command>rndc</command>

controls the operation of a name

server. It supersedes the <command>ndc</command> utility

that was provided in old BIND releases. If

<command>rndc</command> is invoked with no command line

options or arguments, it prints a short summary of the

supported commands and the available options and their

arguments.

</para>

<para><command>rndc</command>

communicates with the name server over a TCP connection, sending

commands authenticated with digital signatures. In the current

versions of

<command>rndc</command> and <command>named</command>,

the only supported authentication algorithms are HMAC-MD5

(for compatibility), HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224, HMAC-SHA256

(default), HMAC-SHA384 and HMAC-SHA512.

They use a shared secret on each end of the connection.

This provides TSIG-style authentication for the command

request and the name server's response. All commands sent

over the channel must be signed by a key_id known to the

server.

</para>

<para><command>rndc</command>

reads a configuration file to

determine how to contact the name server and decide what

algorithm and key it should use.

</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>OPTIONS</title>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term>-b <replaceable class="parameter">source-address</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Use <replaceable class="parameter">source-address</replaceable>

as the source address for the connection to the server.

Multiple instances are permitted to allow setting of both

the IPv4 and IPv6 source addresses.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Use <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable>

as the configuration file instead of the default,

<filename>/etc/rndc.conf</filename>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key-file</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Use <replaceable class="parameter">key-file</replaceable>

as the key file instead of the default,

<filename>/etc/rndc.key</filename>. The key in

<filename>/etc/rndc.key</filename> will be used to

authenticate

commands sent to the server if the <replaceable class="parameter">config-file</replaceable>

does not exist.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-s <replaceable class="parameter">server</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para><replaceable class="parameter">server</replaceable> is

the name or address of the server which matches a

server statement in the configuration file for

<command>rndc</command>. If no server is supplied on the

command line, the host named by the default-server clause

in the options statement of the <command>rndc</command>

configuration file will be used.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-p <replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Send commands to TCP port

<replaceable class="parameter">port</replaceable>

instead

of BIND 9's default control channel port, 953.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-q</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Quiet mode: Message text returned by the server

will not be printed except when there is an error.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-V</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Enable verbose logging.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-y <replaceable class="parameter">key_id</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Use the key <replaceable class="parameter">key_id</replaceable>

from the configuration file.

<replaceable class="parameter">key_id</replaceable>

must be

known by named with the same algorithm and secret string

in order for control message validation to succeed.

If no <replaceable class="parameter">key_id</replaceable>

is specified, <command>rndc</command> will first look

for a key clause in the server statement of the server

being used, or if no server statement is present for that

host, then the default-key clause of the options statement.

Note that the configuration file contains shared secrets

which are used to send authenticated control commands

to name servers. It should therefore not have general read

or write access.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>COMMANDS</title>

<para>

A list of commands supported by <command>rndc</command> can

be seen by running <command>rndc</command> without arguments.

</para>

<para>

Currently supported commands are:

</para>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>reload</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Reload configuration file and zones.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>reload <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Reload the given zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>refresh <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Schedule zone maintenance for the given zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>retransfer <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Retransfer the given slave zone from the master server.

</para>

<para>

If the zone is configured to use

<command>inline-signing</command>, the signed

version of the zone is discarded; after the

retransfer of the unsigned version is complete, the

signed version will be regenerated with all new

signatures.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>sign <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Fetch all DNSSEC keys for the given zone

from the key directory (see the

<command>key-directory</command> option in

the BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual). If they are within

their publication period, merge them into the

zone's DNSKEY RRset. If the DNSKEY RRset

is changed, then the zone is automatically

re-signed with the new key set.

</para>

<para>

This command requires that the

<command>auto-dnssec</command> zone option be set

to <literal>allow</literal> or

<literal>maintain</literal>,

and also requires the zone to be configured to

allow dynamic DNS.

(See "Dynamic Update Policies" in the Administrator

Reference Manual for more details.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>loadkeys <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Fetch all DNSSEC keys for the given zone

from the key directory. If they are within

their publication period, merge them into the

zone's DNSKEY RRset. Unlike <command>rndc

sign</command>, however, the zone is not

immediately re-signed by the new keys, but is

allowed to incrementally re-sign over time.

</para>

<para>

This command requires that the

<command>auto-dnssec</command> zone option

be set to <literal>maintain</literal>,

and also requires the zone to be configured to

allow dynamic DNS.

(See "Dynamic Update Policies" in the Administrator

Reference Manual for more details.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>freeze <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Suspend updates to a dynamic zone. If no zone is

specified, then all zones are suspended. This allows

manual edits to be made to a zone normally updated by

dynamic update. It also causes changes in the

journal file to be synced into the master file.

All dynamic update attempts will be refused while

the zone is frozen.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>thaw <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Enable updates to a frozen dynamic zone. If no

zone is specified, then all frozen zones are

enabled. This causes the server to reload the zone

from disk, and re-enables dynamic updates after the

load has completed. After a zone is thawed,

dynamic updates will no longer be refused. If

the zone has changed and the

<command>ixfr-from-differences</command> option is

in use, then the journal file will be updated to

reflect changes in the zone. Otherwise, if the

zone has changed, any existing journal file will be

removed.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>scan</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Scan the list of available network interfaces

for changes, without performing a full

<command>reconfig</command> or waiting for the

<command>interface-interval</command> timer.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>sync <optional>-clean</optional> <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sync changes in the journal file for a dynamic zone

to the master file. If the "-clean" option is

specified, the journal file is also removed. If

no zone is specified, then all zones are synced.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>notify <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Resend NOTIFY messages for the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>reconfig</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Reload the configuration file and load new zones,

but do not reload existing zone files even if they

have changed.

This is faster than a full <command>reload</command> when there

is a large number of zones because it avoids the need

to examine the

modification times of the zones files.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>zonestatus <optional><replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Displays the current status of the given zone,

including the master file name and any include

files from which it was loaded, when it was most

recently loaded, the current serial number, the

number of nodes, whether the zone supports

dynamic updates, whether the zone is DNSSEC

signed, whether it uses automatic DNSSEC key

management or inline signing, and the scheduled

refresh or expiry times for the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>stats</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Write server statistics to the statistics file.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>querylog</userinput> <optional>on|off</optional> </term>

<listitem>

<para>

Enable or disable query logging. (For backward

compatibility, this command can also be used without

an argument to toggle query logging on and off.)

</para>

<para>

Query logging can also be enabled

by explicitly directing the <command>queries</command>

<command>category</command> to a

<command>channel</command> in the

<command>logging</command> section of

<filename>named.conf</filename> or by specifying

<command>querylog yes;</command> in the

<command>options</command> section of

<filename>named.conf</filename>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>dumpdb <optional>-all|-cache|-zone</optional> <optional><replaceable>view ...</replaceable></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Dump the server's caches (default) and/or zones to

the

dump file for the specified views. If no view is

specified, all

views are dumped.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>secroots <optional><replaceable>view ...</replaceable></optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Dump the server's security roots and negative trust anchors

to the secroots file for the specified views. If no view is

specified, all views are dumped.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>stop <optional>-p</optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Stop the server, making sure any recent changes

made through dynamic update or IXFR are first saved to

the master files of the updated zones.

If <option>-p</option> is specified <command>named</command>'s process id is returned.

This allows an external process to determine when <command>named</command>

had completed stopping.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>halt <optional>-p</optional></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Stop the server immediately. Recent changes

made through dynamic update or IXFR are not saved to

the master files, but will be rolled forward from the

journal files when the server is restarted.

If <option>-p</option> is specified <command>named</command>'s process id is returned.

This allows an external process to determine when <command>named</command>

had completed halting.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>trace</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Increment the servers debugging level by one.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>trace <replaceable>level</replaceable></userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sets the server's debugging level to an explicit

value.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>notrace</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sets the server's debugging level to 0.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>flush</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Flushes the server's cache.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>flushname</userinput> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional> </term>

<listitem>

<para>

Flushes the given name from the view's DNS cache

and, if applicable, from the view's nameserver address

database, bad server cache and SERVFAIL cache.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>flushtree</userinput> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional> </term>

<listitem>

<para>

Flushes the given name, and all of its subdomains,

from the view's DNS cache, address database,

bad server cache, and SERVFAIL cache.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>status</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Display status of the server.

Note that the number of zones includes the internal <command>bind/CH</command> zone

and the default <command>/IN</command>

hint zone if there is not an

explicit root zone configured.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>recursing</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Dump the list of queries <command>named</command> is currently recursing

on.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>validation ( on | off | check ) <optional><replaceable>view ...</replaceable></optional> </userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Enable, disable, or check the current status of

DNSSEC validation.

Note <command>dnssec-enable</command> also needs to be

set to <userinput>yes</userinput> or

<userinput>auto</userinput> to be effective.

It defaults to enabled.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>nta

<optional>( -d | -f | -r | -l <replaceable>duration</replaceable>)</optional>

<replaceable>domain</replaceable>

<optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional>

</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sets a DNSSEC negative trust anchor (NTA)

for <option>domain</option>, with a lifetime of

<option>lifetime</option>. The default lifetime is

configured in <filename>named.conf</filename> via the

<option>nta-lifetime</option> option, and defaults to

one hour. The lifetime cannot exceed one week.

</para>

<para>

A negative trust anchor selectively disables

DNSSEC validation for zones that are known to be

failing because of misconfiguration rather than

an attack. When data to be validated is

at or below an active NTA (and above any other

configured trust anchors), <command>named</command> will

abort the DNSSEC validation process and treat the data as

insecure rather than bogus. This continues until the

NTA's lifetime is elapsed, or until the server is

restarted (NTAs do not persist across restarts).

</para>

<para>

An existing NTA can be removed by using the

<option>-remove</option> option.

</para>

<para>

An NTA's lifetime can be specified with the

<option>-lifetime</option> option. TTL-style

suffixes can be used to specify the lifetime in

seconds, minutes, or hours. If the specified NTA

already exists, its lifetime will be updated to the

new value. Setting <option>lifetime</option> to zero

is equivalent to <option>-remove</option>.

</para>

<para>

If <option>-dump</option> is used, any other arguments

are ignored, and a list of existing NTAs is printed

(note that this may include NTAs that are expired but

have not yet been cleaned up).

</para>

<para>

Normally, <command>named</command> will periodically

test to see whether data below an NTA can now be

validated (see the <option>nta-recheck</option> option

in the Administrator Reference Manual for details).

If data can be validated, then the NTA is regarded as

no longer necessary, and will be allowed to expire

early. The <option>-force</option> overrides this

behavior and forces an NTA to persist for its entire

lifetime, regardless of whether data could be

validated if the NTA were not present.

</para>

<para>

All of these options can be shortened, i.e., to

<option>-l</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-d</option>,

and <option>-f</option>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>tsig-list</userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

List the names of all TSIG keys currently configured

for use by <command>named</command> in each view. The

list both statically configured keys and dynamic

TKEY-negotiated keys.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>tsig-delete</userinput> <replaceable>keyname</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Delete a given TKEY-negotiated key from the server.

(This does not apply to statically configured TSIG

keys.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>addzone <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional> <replaceable>configuration</replaceable> </userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Add a zone while the server is running. This

command requires the

<command>allow-new-zones</command> option to be set

to <userinput>yes</userinput>. The

<replaceable>configuration</replaceable> string

specified on the command line is the zone

configuration text that would ordinarily be

placed in <filename>named.conf</filename>.

</para>

<para>

The configuration is saved in a file called

<filename><replaceable>name</replaceable>.nzf</filename>,

where <replaceable>name</replaceable> is the

name of the view, or if it contains characters

that are incompatible with use as a file name, a

cryptographic hash generated from the name

of the view.

When <command>named</command> is

restarted, the file will be loaded into the view

configuration, so that zones that were added

can persist after a restart.

</para>

<para>

This sample <command>addzone</command> command

would add the zone <literal>example.com</literal>

to the default view:

</para>

<para>

<prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>rndc addzone example.com '{ type master; file "example.com.db"; };'</userinput>

</para>

<para>

(Note the brackets and semi-colon around the zone

configuration text.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>delzone <optional>-clean</optional> <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional> </userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Delete a zone while the server is running.

</para>

<para>

If the <option>-clean</option> is specified,

the zone's master file (and journal file, if any)

will be deleted along with the zone. Without the

<option>-clean</option> option, zone files must

be cleaned up by hand. (If the zone is of

type "slave" or "stub", the files needing to

be cleaned up will be reported in the output

of the <command>rndc delzone</command> command.)

</para>

<para>

If the zone was originally added via

<command>rndc addzone</command>, then it will be

removed permanently. However, if it was originally

configured in <filename>named.conf</filename>, then

that original configuration is still in place; when

the server is restarted or reconfigured, the zone will

come back. To remove it permanently, it must also be

removed from <filename>named.conf</filename>

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>showzone <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional> </userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Print the configuration of a running zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><userinput>signing <optional>( -list | -clear <replaceable>keyid/algorithm</replaceable> | -clear <literal>all</literal> | -nsec3param ( <replaceable>parameters</replaceable> | <literal>none</literal> ) | -serial <replaceable>value</replaceable> ) </optional> <replaceable>zone</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>class</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>view</replaceable></optional></optional> </userinput></term>

<listitem>

<para>

List, edit, or remove the DNSSEC signing state records

for the specified zone. The status of ongoing DNSSEC

operations (such as signing or generating

NSEC3 chains) is stored in the zone in the form

of DNS resource records of type

<command>sig-signing-type</command>.

<command>rndc signing -list</command> converts

these records into a human-readable form,

indicating which keys are currently signing

or have finished signing the zone, and which NSEC3

chains are being created or removed.

</para>

<para>

<command>rndc signing -clear</command> can remove

a single key (specified in the same format that

<command>rndc signing -list</command> uses to

display it), or all keys. In either case, only

completed keys are removed; any record indicating

that a key has not yet finished signing the zone

will be retained.

</para>

<para>

<command>rndc signing -nsec3param</command> sets

the NSEC3 parameters for a zone. This is the

only supported mechanism for using NSEC3 with

<command>inline-signing</command> zones.

Parameters are specified in the same format as

an NSEC3PARAM resource record: hash algorithm,

flags, iterations, and salt, in that order.

</para>

<para>

Currently, the only defined value for hash algorithm

is <literal>1</literal>, representing SHA-1.

The <option>flags</option> may be set to

<literal>0</literal> or <literal>1</literal>,

depending on whether you wish to set the opt-out

bit in the NSEC3 chain. <option>iterations</option>

defines the number of additional times to apply

the algorithm when generating an NSEC3 hash. The

<option>salt</option> is a string of data expressed

in hexadecimal, a hyphen (`-') if no salt is

to be used, or the keyword <literal>auto</literal>,

which causes <command>named</command> to generate a

random 64-bit salt.

</para>

<para>

So, for example, to create an NSEC3 chain using

the SHA-1 hash algorithm, no opt-out flag,

10 iterations, and a salt value of "FFFF", use:

<command>rndc signing -nsec3param 1 0 10 FFFF <replaceable>zone</replaceable></command>.

To set the opt-out flag, 15 iterations, and no

salt, use:

<command>rndc signing -nsec3param 1 1 15 - <replaceable>zone</replaceable></command>.

</para>

<para>

<command>rndc signing -nsec3param none</command>

removes an existing NSEC3 chain and replaces it

with NSEC.

</para>

<para>

<command>rndc signing -serial value</command> sets

the serial number of the zone to value. If the value

would cause the serial number to go backwards it will

be rejected. The primary use is to set the serial on

inline signed zones.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>LIMITATIONS</title>

<para>

There is currently no way to provide the shared secret for a

<option>key_id</option> without using the configuration file.

</para>

<para>

Several error messages could be clearer.

</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>SEE ALSO</title>

<para><citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>rndc.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>rndc-confgen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>named</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>named.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>ndc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>.

</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>AUTHOR</title>

<para><corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium</corpauthor>

</para>

</refsect1>

</refentry><!--