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div class="refentry" lang="en">
0N/A<
div class="refnamediv">
0N/A<
p><
span class="application">named</
span> — Internet domain name server</
p>
0N/A<
div class="refsynopsisdiv">
0N/A<
div class="cmdsynopsis"><
p><
code class="command">named</
code> [<
code class="option">-4</
code>] [<
code class="option">-6</
code>] [<
code class="option">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>config-file</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>debug-level</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-E <
em class="replaceable"><
code>engine-name</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-f</
code>] [<
code class="option">-g</
code>] [<
code class="option">-m <
em class="replaceable"><
code>flag</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-n <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#cpus</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-p <
em class="replaceable"><
code>port</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-s</
code>] [<
code class="option">-S <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#max-socks</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-t <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-U <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#listeners</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-u <
em class="replaceable"><
code>user</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-v</
code>] [<
code class="option">-V</
code>] [<
code class="option">-x <
em class="replaceable"><
code>cache-file</
code></
em></
code>]</
p></
div>
0N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
0N/A<
a name="id2543492"></
a><
h2>DESCRIPTION</
h2>
0N/A<
p><
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span>
0N/A is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
0N/A part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
0N/A information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
0N/A When invoked without arguments, <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span>
0N/A read the default configuration file
0N/A data, and listen for queries.
0N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
0N/A<
a name="id2543516"></
a><
h2>OPTIONS</
h2>
0N/A<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-4</
span></
dt>
0N/A Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
0N/A <
code class="option">-4</
code> and <
code class="option">-6</
code> are mutually
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-6</
span></
dt>
0N/A Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
0N/A <
code class="option">-4</
code> and <
code class="option">-6</
code> are mutually
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>config-file</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Use <
em class="replaceable"><
code>config-file</
code></
em> as the
0N/A configuration file instead of the default,
0N/A ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
0N/A to work after the server has changed its working
0N/A directory due to to a possible
0N/A <
code class="option">directory</
code> option in the configuration
0N/A file, <
em class="replaceable"><
code>config-file</
code></
em> should be
0N/A an absolute pathname.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>debug-level</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Set the daemon's debug level to <
em class="replaceable"><
code>debug-level</
code></
em>.
0N/A Debugging traces from <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> become
0N/A more verbose as the debug level increases.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-E <
em class="replaceable"><
code>engine-name</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
0N/A it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
0N/A a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>engine-name</
code></
em>
0N/A defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-f</
span></
dt>
0N/A Run the server in the foreground (
i.e. do not daemonize).
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-g</
span></
dt>
0N/A Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
0N/A to <
code class="filename">stderr</
code>.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-m <
em class="replaceable"><
code>flag</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>usage</
code></
em>,
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>trace</
code></
em>,
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>record</
code></
em>,
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>size</
code></
em>, and
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>mctx</
code></
em>.
0N/A These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
82N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-n <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#cpus</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
99N/A Create <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#cpus</
code></
em> worker threads
82N/A to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
0N/A <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> will try to determine the
0N/A number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
0N/A If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
0N/A single worker thread will be created.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-p <
em class="replaceable"><
code>port</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Listen for queries on port <
em class="replaceable"><
code>port</
code></
em>. If not
0N/A specified, the default is port 53.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-s</
span></
dt>
0N/A Write memory usage statistics to <
code class="filename">stdout</
code> on exit.
0N/A<
div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
0N/A<
h3 class="title">Note</
h3>
0N/A This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
0N/A and may be removed or changed in a future release.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-S <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#max-socks</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Allow <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> to use up to
0N/A <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#max-socks</
code></
em> sockets.
113N/A<
div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
0N/A<
h3 class="title">Warning</
h3>
0N/A This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
113N/A The use of this option could even be harmful because the
0N/A specified value may exceed the limitation of the
0N/A underlying system API.
0N/A It is therefore set only when the default configuration
0N/A causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
0N/A operational environment is known to support the
0N/A specified number of sockets.
0N/A Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
0N/A fewer than the specified value because
0N/A <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> reserves some file descriptors
0N/A for its internal use.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-t <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A to <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em> after
0N/A processing the command line arguments, but before
0N/A reading the configuration file.
0N/A<
div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
0N/A<
h3 class="title">Warning</
h3>
0N/A This option should be used in conjunction with the
0N/A <
code class="option">-u</
code> option, as chrooting a process
0N/A running as root doesn't enhance security on most
0N/A systems; the way <
code class="function">chroot(2)</
code> is
0N/A defined allows a process with root privileges to
0N/A escape a chroot jail.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-U <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#listeners</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A Use <
em class="replaceable"><
code>#listeners</
code></
em>
0N/A worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
0N/A address. If not specified, <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> will
0N/A use all of the worker threads for this purpose; the
0N/A <
code class="option">-U</
code> option allows the number to be
0N/A decreased but not increased.
0N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-u <
em class="replaceable"><
code>user</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
0N/A to <
em class="replaceable"><
code>user</
code></
em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
<
div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<
h3 class="title">Note</
h3>
On Linux, <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <
code class="function">bind(2)</
code> to
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <
code class="option">-u</
code>
option only works when <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> is
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <
code class="function">setuid(2)</
code>.
<
dt><
span class="term">-v</
span></
dt>
Report the version number and exit.
<
dt><
span class="term">-V</
span></
dt>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
<
dt><
span class="term">-x <
em class="replaceable"><
code>cache-file</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
Load data from <
em class="replaceable"><
code>cache-file</
code></
em> into the
cache of the default view.
<
div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<
h3 class="title">Warning</
h3>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2544003"></
a><
h2>SIGNALS</
h2>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <
span><
strong class="command">rndc</
strong></
span> should be used
<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
<
dt><
span class="term">SIGHUP</
span></
dt>
Force a reload of the server.
<
dt><
span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</
span></
dt>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2544119"></
a><
h2>CONFIGURATION</
h2>
The <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
<
em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</
em>.
<
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> inherits the <
code class="function">umask</
code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <
code class="function">umask</
code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<
span><
strong class="command">named</
strong></
span> process.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2544155"></
a><
h2>FILES</
h2>
<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
<
dt><
span class="term"><
code class="filename">/
etc/
named.conf</
code></
span></
dt>
The default configuration file.
The default process-id file.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2544263"></
a><
h2>SEE ALSO</
h2>
<
p><
em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</
em>,
<
em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</
em>,
<
em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</
em>,
<
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</
span>(8)</
span>,
<
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</
span>(8)</
span>,
<
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">rndc</
span>(8)</
span>,
<
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</
span>(8)</
span>,
<
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">
named.conf</
span>(5)</
span>,
<
em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</
em>.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2544333"></
a><
h2>AUTHOR</
h2>
<
p><
span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</
span>