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9c3531d72aeaad6c5f01efe6a1c82023e1379e4dDavid Lawrence<html>
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0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<title>dnssec-signzone</title>
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0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<div class="refnamediv">
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<h2>Name</h2>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley</div>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<h2>Synopsis</h2>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley</div>
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<a name="id2543629"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence signs a zone. It generates
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence determined by the presence or absence of a
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence </p>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence</div>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<a name="id2543644"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<div class="variablelist"><dl>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Verify all generated signatures.
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence </p></dd>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dd><p>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence </p></dd>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dd><p>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence Compatibility mode: Generate a
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence file in addition to
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
c32b87bc54abacf95fb3b063d72b7d1855c1643bMichael Graff when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence </p></dd>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence<dd><p>
460b427411b72da26b1836b9424e2e70d65d9394David Lawrence Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Output only those record types automatically managed by
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley included. The resulting file can be included in the original
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="option">-O fast</code>, or serial number updating.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Generate DS records for child zones from
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley file. Existing DS records will be removed.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley The domain is appended to the name of the records.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd><p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley the start time. A time relative to the current time is
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley <code class="option">start-time</code>.
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley </p></dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<dd>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley<p>
0b72c791466d0807bcf22522b5ddb7da902c2720Bob Halley Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
refreshed manually.
</p>
<p>
As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
the start time. A time relative to the current time is
indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
written to the standard output, with a default output
format of "full".
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
</p>
<p>
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
between the signature end and start times. So if neither
<code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the input zone file.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"fast"</strong></span>.
This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be signed directly.
The use of this option does not make much sense for
non-dynamic zones.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
</p>
<p>
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "fast" format, set the
"source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
purposes.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
<span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts;
and <span><strong class="command">"fast"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
<span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that no longer exist.
</p>
<p>
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
that are still within their validity period are retained.
This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-R</code> forces
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove all orphaned
signatures.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545140"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545195"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545220"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div></body>
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