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6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<title>dnssec-signzone</title>
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16b55a35cff91315d261d1baa776138af465c4e4fuankg<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="refnamediv">
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<h2>Name</h2>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<h2>Synopsis</h2>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<a name="id2543612"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd signs a zone. It generates
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd determined by the presence or absence of a
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<a name="id2543627"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="variablelist"><dl>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Verify all generated signatures.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Compatibility mode: Generate a
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd file in addition to
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Output only those record types automatically managed by
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd included. The resulting file can be included in the original
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code> or serial
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd number updating.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Generate DS records for child zones from
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd file. Existing DS records will be removed.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The domain is appended to the name of the records.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd the start time. A time relative to the current time is
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg <code class="option">start-time</code>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg refreshed manually.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd the start time. A time relative to the current time is
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd the
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd input filename.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd between the signature end and start times. So if neither
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd generates
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd replaced.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The format of the input zone file.
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd format containing updates can be signed directly.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The use of this option does not make much sense for
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd non-dynamic zones.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
8ffac2c334103c0336602aaede650cb578611151fuankg all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
8ffac2c334103c0336602aaede650cb578611151fuankg same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg regeneration over time.
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg thread is started for each detected CPU.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd </p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<div class="variablelist"><dl>
ac7985784d08a3655291f24f711812b4d8b1cbcffuankg<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd arithmetics.</p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd since epoch.</p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</dl></div>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd</dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dd><p>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd is assumed to be the origin.
0662ed52e814f8f08ef0e09956413a792584eddffuankg </p></dd>
6bdda696b3ea703c47e87fea61017ec655f91d92nd<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545050"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545106"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545130"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div></body>
</html>