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03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<title>dnssec-signzone</title>
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03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
7014882c6a3672fd0e5d60200af8643ae53c5928Richard Lowe<div class="refnamediv">
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<h2>Name</h2>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel</div>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<h2>Synopsis</h2>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel</div>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<a name="id2549584"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel signs a zone. It generates
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel determined by the presence or absence of a
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel</div>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<a name="id2549598"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<div class="variablelist"><dl>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Verify all generated signatures.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel The domain is appended to the name of the records.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Look for <code class="filename">keyset</code> files in
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel <code class="option">directory</code> as the directory
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
7014882c6a3672fd0e5d60200af8643ae53c5928Richard Lowe<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
7014882c6a3672fd0e5d60200af8643ae53c5928Richard Lowe<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Generate DS records for child zones from keyset files.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Existing DS records will be removed.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel the start time. A time relative to the current time is
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel the
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel input file.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel<dd><p>
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
03831d35f7499c87d51205817c93e9a8d42c4baestevel </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When a previously signed zone is passed as input, records
may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
</p>
<p>
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
between the signature end and start times. So if neither
<code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the input zone file.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be signed directly.
The use of this option does not make much sense for
non-dynamic zones.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures has to be regenerated at about the
same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
</p>
<p>
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The keys used to sign the zone. If no keys are specified, the
default all zone keys that have private key files in the
current directory.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2550521"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated in the <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
man page. The zone's keys must be in the zone. If there are
<code class="filename">keyset</code> files associated with child
zones,
they must be in the current directory.
<strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>, the following command would be
issued:
</p>
<p><strong class="userinput"><code>dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
Kexample.com.+003+26160</code></strong>
</p>
<p>
The command would print a string of the form:
</p>
<p>
In this example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file
should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2550569"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 2535</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2550594"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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