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div class="refentry">
2410N/A <
span class="application">dnssec-signzone</
span>
2410N/A — DNSSEC zone signing tool
906N/A <
div class="refsynopsisdiv">
906N/A <
div class="cmdsynopsis"><
p>
906N/A <
code class="command">dnssec-signzone</
code>
906N/A [<
code class="option">-a</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-D</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-E <
em class="replaceable"><
code>engine</
code></
em></
code>]
2410N/A [<
code class="option">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-g</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-h</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-K <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-L <
em class="replaceable"><
code>serial</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-M <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-P</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-p</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-Q</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-R</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-S</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-T <
em class="replaceable"><
code>ttl</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-t</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-u</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-V</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-X <
em class="replaceable"><
code>extended end-time</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-x</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-z</
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-3 <
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-H <
em class="replaceable"><
code>iterations</
code></
em></
code>]
906N/A [<
code class="option">-A</
code>]
906N/A <
div class="refsection">
906N/A<
a name="id-1.7"></
a><
h2>DESCRIPTION</
h2>
906N/A <
p><
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
906N/A signs a zone. It generates
906N/A NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
906N/A zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
906N/A (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
906N/A determined by the presence or absence of a
906N/A <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> file for each child zone.
906N/A <
div class="refsection">
906N/A<
a name="id-1.8"></
a><
h2>OPTIONS</
h2>
906N/A <
div class="variablelist"><
dl class="variablelist">
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-a</
span></
dt>
906N/A Verify all generated signatures.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-C</
span></
dt>
906N/A Compatibility mode: Generate a
906N/A <
code class="filename">keyset-<
em class="replaceable"><
code>zonename</
code></
em></
code>
906N/A <
code class="filename">dsset-<
em class="replaceable"><
code>zonename</
code></
em></
code>
906N/A when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Look for <
code class="filename">dsset-</
code> or
906N/A <
code class="filename">keyset-</
code> files in <
code class="option">directory</
code>.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-D</
span></
dt>
906N/A Output only those record types automatically managed by
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>,
i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
906N/A NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
906N/A (<
code class="option">-S</
code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
906N/A included. The resulting file can be included in the original
906N/A zone file with <
span class="command"><
strong>$INCLUDE</
strong></
span>. This option
906N/A cannot be combined with <
code class="option">-O raw</
code>,
906N/A <
code class="option">-O map</
code>, or serial number updating.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-E <
em class="replaceable"><
code>engine</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
2410N/A When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
906N/A cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
906N/A When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
906N/A to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
906N/A that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
906N/A module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
906N/A (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
906N/A provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-g</
span></
dt>
906N/A Generate DS records for child zones from
906N/A <
code class="filename">dsset-</
code> or <
code class="filename">keyset-</
code>
906N/A file. Existing DS records will be removed.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-K <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
906N/A If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
906N/A key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
906N/A The domain is appended to the name of the records.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-M <
em class="replaceable"><
code>maxttl</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
906N/A Any TTL higher than <
em class="replaceable"><
code>maxttl</
code></
em> in the
906N/A input zone will be reduced to <
em class="replaceable"><
code>maxttl</
code></
em>
906N/A in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
906N/A possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
906N/A rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
906N/A signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
906N/A from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
906N/A option should be configured to use a matching
906N/A <
code class="option">max-zone-ttl</
code> in <
code class="filename">
named.conf</
code>.
906N/A (Note: This option is incompatible with <
code class="option">-D</
code>,
906N/A because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
906N/A become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
906N/A time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
906N/A in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
906N/A 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
906N/A indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
906N/A If no <
code class="option">start-time</
code> is specified, the current
906N/A time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
906N/A expire. As with <
code class="option">start-time</
code>, an absolute
906N/A time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
906N/A to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
906N/A the start time. A time relative to the current time is
906N/A indicated with now+N. If no <
code class="option">end-time</
code> is
906N/A specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
906N/A <
code class="option">end-time</
code> must be later than
906N/A <
code class="option">start-time</
code>.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-X <
em class="replaceable"><
code>extended end-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
906N/A for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
906N/A when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
906N/A signatures on other records;
e.g., when the private component
906N/A of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
906N/A As with <
code class="option">start-time</
code>, an absolute
906N/A time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
906N/A to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
906N/A the start time. A time relative to the current time is
906N/A indicated with now+N. If no <
code class="option">extended end-time</
code> is
906N/A specified, the value of <
code class="option">end-time</
code> is used as
906N/A the default. (<
code class="option">end-time</
code>, in turn, defaults to
906N/A 30 days from the start time.) <
code class="option">extended end-time</
code>
906N/A must be later than <
code class="option">start-time</
code>.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
906N/A default is to append <
code class="filename">.signed</
code> to
906N/A the input filename. If <
code class="option">output-file</
code> is
906N/A set to <
code class="literal">"-"</
code>, then the signed zone is
906N/A written to the standard output, with a default output
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-h</
span></
dt>
906N/A Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-V</
span></
dt>
906N/A Prints version information.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
906N/A may be resigned. The <
code class="option">interval</
code> option
906N/A specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
906N/A time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
906N/A cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
906N/A to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
906N/A The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
906N/A between the signature end and start times. So if neither
906N/A <
code class="option">end-time</
code> or <
code class="option">start-time</
code>
906N/A are specified, <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
906N/A signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
906N/A interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
906N/A are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A The format of the input zone file.
906N/A Possible formats are <
span class="command"><
strong>"text"</
strong></
span> (default),
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>"raw"</
strong></
span>, and <
span class="command"><
strong>"map"</
strong></
span>.
906N/A This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
906N/A signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
906N/A format containing updates can be signed directly.
906N/A The use of this option does not make much sense for
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
906N/A RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
906N/A simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed,
i.e. 906N/A a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
906N/A all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
906N/A same time. The <
code class="option">jitter</
code> option specifies a
906N/A jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
906N/A expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
906N/A regeneration over time.
906N/A Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
906N/A validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
906N/A i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
906N/A from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
906N/A validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-L <
em class="replaceable"><
code>serial</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
906N/A "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
906N/A number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-n <
em class="replaceable"><
code>ncpus</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
906N/A thread is started for each detected CPU.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
906N/A Possible formats are <
span class="command"><
strong>"keep"</
strong></
span> (default),
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>"increment"</
strong></
span>, <
span class="command"><
strong>"unixtime"</
strong></
span>,
906N/A and <
span class="command"><
strong>"date"</
strong></
span>.
906N/A <
div class="variablelist"><
dl class="variablelist">
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span class="command"><
strong>"keep"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
906N/A <
p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</
p>
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span class="command"><
strong>"increment"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
906N/A <
p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span class="command"><
strong>"unixtime"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
906N/A <
p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term"><
span class="command"><
strong>"date"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
906N/A <
p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
906N/A is assumed to be the origin.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
906N/A Possible formats are <
span class="command"><
strong>"text"</
strong></
span> (default),
906N/A which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>"full"</
strong></
span>, which is text output in a
906N/A format suitable for processing by external scripts;
906N/A and <
span class="command"><
strong>"map"</
strong></
span>, <
span class="command"><
strong>"raw"</
strong></
span>,
906N/A and <
span class="command"><
strong>"raw=N"</
strong></
span>, which store the zone in
906N/A binary formats for rapid loading by <
span class="command"><
strong>named</
strong></
span>.
906N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>"raw=N"</
strong></
span> specifies the format version of
906N/A the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
906N/A any version of <
span class="command"><
strong>named</
strong></
span>; if N is 1, the file
906N/A can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-p</
span></
dt>
906N/A Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
906N/A but less secure, than using real random data. This option
906N/A may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-P</
span></
dt>
906N/A Disable post sign verification tests.
906N/A The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
906N/A in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
906N/A that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
906N/A in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
906N/A This option skips these tests.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-Q</
span></
dt>
906N/A Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
906N/A Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
906N/A to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
906N/A replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
906N/A that are still within their validity period are retained.
906N/A This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
906N/A copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <
code class="option">-Q</
code>
906N/A forces <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> to remove
906N/A signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
906N/A enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
906N/A RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-R</
span></
dt>
906N/A Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
906N/A This option is similar to <
code class="option">-Q</
code>, except it
906N/A forces <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> to signatures from
906N/A keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
906N/A using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
906N/A ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
906N/A or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
906N/A is keyboard input. <
code class="filename">randomdev</
code>
906N/A the name of a character device or file containing random
906N/A data to be used instead of the default. The special value
906N/A <
code class="filename">keyboard</
code> indicates that keyboard
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-S</
span></
dt>
906N/A Smart signing: Instructs <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> to
906N/A search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
906N/A signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
906N/A When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
906N/A determine how it should be used, according to the following
906N/A rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
906N/A <
div class="variablelist"><
dl class="variablelist">
906N/A If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
906N/A published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
906N/A If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
906N/A key is published in the zone.
906N/A If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
906N/A key is published (regardless of publication date) and
906N/A If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
906N/A key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
906N/A is used to sign the zone.
906N/A If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
906N/A and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
906N/A zone, regardless of any other metadata.
906N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-T <
em class="replaceable"><
code>ttl</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
906N/A Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
906N/A into the zone from the key repository. If not
906N/A specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
906N/A record. This option is ignored when signing without
906N/A <
code class="option">-S</
code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
2410N/A from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
906N/A there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
2410N/A in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
2410N/A them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
2410N/A TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
2410N/A imported keys, the shortest one is used.
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-t</
span></
dt>
2410N/A Print statistics at completion.
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-u</
span></
dt>
2410N/A zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
2410N/A switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
2410N/A be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
2410N/A Without this option, <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> will
2410N/A retain the existing chain when re-signing.
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-x</
span></
dt>
2410N/A Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
2410N/A signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
2410N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</
strong></
span> zone option in
2410N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>named</
strong></
span>.)
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-z</
span></
dt>
2410N/A Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
2410N/A causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
2410N/A DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
2410N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>update-check-ksk no;</
strong></
span> zone option in
2410N/A <
span class="command"><
strong>named</
strong></
span>.)
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-3 <
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
2410N/A Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
2410N/A A dash (<
em class="replaceable"><
code>salt</
code></
em>) can
2410N/A be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
2410N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-H <
em class="replaceable"><
code>iterations</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
2410N/A When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
<
dt><
span class="term">-A</
span></
dt>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
Using this option twice (
i.e., <
code class="option">-AA</
code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <
code class="option">-u</
code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
<
dt><
span class="term">zonefile</
span></
dt>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
<
dt><
span class="term">key</
span></
dt>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
<
a name="id-1.9"></
a><
h2>EXAMPLE</
h2>
The following command signs the <
strong class="userinput"><
code>
example.com</
code></
strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-keygen</
strong></
span>
(
Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <
span class="command"><
strong>-S</
strong></
span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
for <
code class="filename">dsset</
code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<
span class="command"><
strong>-g</
strong></
span>).
In the above example, <
span class="command"><
strong>dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> creates
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
<
a name="id-1.10"></
a><
h2>SEE ALSO</
h2>
<
p><
span class="citerefentry">
<
span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</
span>(8)
<
em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</
em>,
<
em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</
em>, <
em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</
em>.