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80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<title>dnssec-signzone</title>
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80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="refnamediv">
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<h2>Name</h2>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper</div>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<h2>Synopsis</h2>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper</div>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<a name="id2543584"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper signs a zone. It generates
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper determined by the presence or absence of a
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper</div>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<a name="id2543598"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<div class="variablelist"><dl>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Verify all generated signatures.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Compatibility mode: Generate a
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper file in addition to
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Generate DS records for child zones from
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper file. Existing DS records will be removed.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper The domain is appended to the name of the records.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper the start time. A time relative to the current time is
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="option">start-time</code>.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper the
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper input filename.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd><p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p></dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<dd>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper </p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper<p>
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper between the signature end and start times. So if neither
80c77071c6700660c39046da32a0d7953620f608Mark de Reeper <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the input zone file.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be signed directly.
The use of this option does not make much sense for
non-dynamic zones.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
</p>
<p>
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not specified,
the default is the minimum TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544908"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). The zone's keys must be in the master
file (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">keyset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be generated from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545096"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2545121"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div></body>
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