<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:id="man.dnssec-signzone">

<info>

<date>2014-02-18</date>

</info>

<refentryinfo>

<corpname>ISC</corpname>

<corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.</corpauthor>

</refentryinfo>

<refmeta>

<refentrytitle><application>dnssec-signzone</application></refentrytitle>

<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

<refmiscinfo>BIND9</refmiscinfo>

</refmeta>

<refnamediv>

<refname><application>dnssec-signzone</application></refname>

<refpurpose>DNSSEC zone signing tool</refpurpose>

</refnamediv>

<docinfo>

<copyright>

<year>2004</year>

<year>2005</year>

<year>2006</year>

<year>2007</year>

<year>2008</year>

<year>2009</year>

<year>2011</year>

<year>2012</year>

<year>2013</year>

<year>2014</year>

<year>2015</year>

<year>2016</year>

<holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>

</copyright>

<copyright>

<year>2000</year>

<year>2001</year>

<year>2002</year>

<year>2003</year>

<holder>Internet Software Consortium.</holder>

</copyright>

</docinfo>

<refsynopsisdiv>

<cmdsynopsis sepchar=" ">

<command>dnssec-signzone</command>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-a</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-d <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-D</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-E <replaceable class="parameter">engine</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-e <replaceable class="parameter">end-time</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">output-file</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-g</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-h</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-K <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-L <replaceable class="parameter">serial</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-l <replaceable class="parameter">domain</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-M <replaceable class="parameter">domain</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-I <replaceable class="parameter">input-format</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-j <replaceable class="parameter">jitter</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-N <replaceable class="parameter">soa-serial-format</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-o <replaceable class="parameter">origin</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-O <replaceable class="parameter">output-format</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-P</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-p</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-Q</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-R</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-S</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-s <replaceable class="parameter">start-time</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-T <replaceable class="parameter">ttl</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-t</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-u</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-V</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-X <replaceable class="parameter">extended end-time</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-x</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-z</option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-3 <replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-H <replaceable class="parameter">iterations</replaceable></option></arg>

<arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-A</option></arg>

<arg choice="req" rep="norepeat">zonefile</arg>

<arg rep="repeat" choice="opt">key</arg>

</cmdsynopsis>

</refsynopsisdiv>

<refsection><info><title>DESCRIPTION</title></info>

<para><command>dnssec-signzone</command>

signs a zone. It generates

NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the

zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone

(that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is

determined by the presence or absence of a

<filename>keyset</filename> file for each child zone.

</para>

</refsection>

<refsection><info><title>OPTIONS</title></info>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term>-a</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Verify all generated signatures.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies the DNS class of the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-C</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Compatibility mode: Generate a

<filename>keyset-<replaceable>zonename</replaceable></filename>

file in addition to

<filename>dsset-<replaceable>zonename</replaceable></filename>

when signing a zone, for use by older versions of

<command>dnssec-signzone</command>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-d <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Look for <filename>dsset-</filename> or

<filename>keyset-</filename> files in <option>directory</option>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-D</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Output only those record types automatically managed by

<command>dnssec-signzone</command>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,

NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing

(<option>-S</option>) is used, DNSKEY records are also

included. The resulting file can be included in the original

zone file with <command>$INCLUDE</command>. This option

cannot be combined with <option>-O raw</option>,

<option>-O map</option>, or serial number updating.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-E <replaceable class="parameter">engine</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for

cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used

for signing.

</para>

<para>

When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults

to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine

that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service

module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography

(--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11

provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-g</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Generate DS records for child zones from

<filename>dsset-</filename> or <filename>keyset-</filename>

file. Existing DS records will be removed.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-K <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.

If not specified, defaults to the current directory.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-k <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any

key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-l <replaceable class="parameter">domain</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.

The domain is appended to the name of the records.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-M <replaceable class="parameter">maxttl</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.

Any TTL higher than <replaceable>maxttl</replaceable> in the

input zone will be reduced to <replaceable>maxttl</replaceable>

in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest

possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when

rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before

signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire

from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this

option should be configured to use a matching

<option>max-zone-ttl</option> in <filename>named.conf</filename>.

(Note: This option is incompatible with <option>-D</option>,

because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-s <replaceable class="parameter">start-time</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records

become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative

time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number

in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes

14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is

indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.

If no <option>start-time</option> is specified, the current

time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-e <replaceable class="parameter">end-time</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records

expire. As with <option>start-time</option>, an absolute

time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative

to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from

the start time. A time relative to the current time is

indicated with now+N. If no <option>end-time</option> is

specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.

<option>end-time</option> must be later than

<option>start-time</option>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-X <replaceable class="parameter">extended end-time</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records

for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases

when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than

signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component

of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be

refreshed manually.

</para>

<para>

As with <option>start-time</option>, an absolute

time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative

to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from

the start time. A time relative to the current time is

indicated with now+N. If no <option>extended end-time</option> is

specified, the value of <option>end-time</option> is used as

the default. (<option>end-time</option>, in turn, defaults to

30 days from the start time.) <option>extended end-time</option>

must be later than <option>start-time</option>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-f <replaceable class="parameter">output-file</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The

default is to append <filename>.signed</filename> to

the input filename. If <option>output-file</option> is

set to <literal>"-"</literal>, then the signed zone is

written to the standard output, with a default output

format of "full".

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-h</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to

<command>dnssec-signzone</command>.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-V</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Prints version information.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records

may be resigned. The <option>interval</option> option

specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current

time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the

cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered

to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.

</para>

<para>

The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference

between the signature end and start times. So if neither

<option>end-time</option> or <option>start-time</option>

are specified, <command>dnssec-signzone</command>

generates

signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle

interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records

are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be

replaced.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-I <replaceable class="parameter">input-format</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

The format of the input zone file.

Possible formats are <command>"text"</command> (default),

<command>"raw"</command>, and <command>"map"</command>.

This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic

signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text

format containing updates can be signed directly.

The use of this option does not make much sense for

non-dynamic zones.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-j <replaceable class="parameter">jitter</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all

RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires

simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.

a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,

all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the

same time. The <option>jitter</option> option specifies a

jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature

expire time, thus spreading incremental signature

regeneration over time.

</para>

<para>

Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits

validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,

i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time

from all caches there will be less congestion than if all

validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-L <replaceable class="parameter">serial</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the

"source serial" value in the header to the specified serial

number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing

purposes.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-n <replaceable class="parameter">ncpus</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one

thread is started for each detected CPU.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-N <replaceable class="parameter">soa-serial-format</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.

Possible formats are <command>"keep"</command> (default),

<command>"increment"</command>, <command>"unixtime"</command>,

and <command>"date"</command>.

</para>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>"keep"</command></term>

<listitem>

<para>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>"increment"</command></term>

<listitem>

<para>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982

arithmetics.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>"unixtime"</command></term>

<listitem>

<para>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds

since epoch.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>"date"</command></term>

<listitem>

<para>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in

YYYYMMDDNN format.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-o <replaceable class="parameter">origin</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file

is assumed to be the origin.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-O <replaceable class="parameter">output-format</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

The format of the output file containing the signed zone.

Possible formats are <command>"text"</command> (default),

which is the standard textual representation of the zone;

<command>"full"</command>, which is text output in a

format suitable for processing by external scripts;

and <command>"map"</command>, <command>"raw"</command>,

and <command>"raw=N"</command>, which store the zone in

binary formats for rapid loading by <command>named</command>.

<command>"raw=N"</command> specifies the format version of

the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by

any version of <command>named</command>; if N is 1, the file

can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-p</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,

but less secure, than using real random data. This option

may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy

source is limited.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-P</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Disable post sign verification tests.

</para>

<para>

The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm

in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,

that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records

in the zone are signed by the algorithm.

This option skips these tests.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-Q</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.

</para>

<para>

Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input

to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and

replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key

that are still within their validity period are retained.

This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached

copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <option>-Q</option>

forces <command>dnssec-signzone</command> to remove

signatures from keys that are no longer active. This

enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in

RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-R</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.

</para>

<para>

This option is similar to <option>-Q</option>, except it

forces <command>dnssec-signzone</command> to signatures from

keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover

using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2

("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating

system does not provide a <filename>/dev/random</filename>

or equivalent device, the default source of randomness

is keyboard input. <filename>randomdev</filename>

specifies

the name of a character device or file containing random

data to be used instead of the default. The special value

<filename>keyboard</filename> indicates that keyboard

input should be used.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-S</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Smart signing: Instructs <command>dnssec-signzone</command> to

search the key repository for keys that match the zone being

signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.

</para>

<para>

When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to

determine how it should be used, according to the following

rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior

ones:

</para>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<listitem>

<para>

If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is

published in the zone and used to sign the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<listitem>

<para>

If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the

key is published in the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<listitem>

<para>

If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the

key is published (regardless of publication date) and

used to sign the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<listitem>

<para>

If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the

key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key

is used to sign the zone.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<listitem>

<para>

If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set

and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the

zone, regardless of any other metadata.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-T <replaceable class="parameter">ttl</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported

into the zone from the key repository. If not

specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA

record. This option is ignored when signing without

<option>-S</option>, since DNSKEY records are not imported

from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if

there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,

in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match

them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default

TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in

imported keys, the shortest one is used.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-t</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Print statistics at completion.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-u</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed

zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be

switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can

be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.

Without this option, <command>dnssec-signzone</command> will

retain the existing chain when re-signing.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Sets the debugging level.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-x</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit

signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the

<command>dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</command> zone option in

<command>named</command>.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-z</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This

causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the

DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the

<command>update-check-ksk no;</command> zone option in

<command>named</command>.)

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-3 <replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.

A dash (<replaceable class="parameter">salt</replaceable>) can

be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-H <replaceable class="parameter">iterations</replaceable></term>

<listitem>

<para>

When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The

default is 10.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>-A</term>

<listitem>

<para>

When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all

NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure

delegations.

</para>

<para>

Using this option twice (i.e., <option>-AA</option>)

turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful

when using the <option>-u</option> option to modify an NSEC3

chain which previously had OPTOUT set.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>zonefile</term>

<listitem>

<para>

The file containing the zone to be signed.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term>key</term>

<listitem>

<para>

Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If

no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined

for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and

there are matching private keys, in the current directory,

then these will be used for signing.

</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsection>

<refsection><info><title>EXAMPLE</title></info>

<para>

The following command signs the <userinput>example.com</userinput>

zone with the DSA key generated by <command>dnssec-keygen</command>

(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <command>-S</command> option

is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file

(<filename>db.example.com</filename>). This invocation looks

for <filename>dsset</filename> files, in the current directory,

so that DS records can be imported from them (<command>-g</command>).

</para>

<programlisting>% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \

Kexample.com.+003+17247

%</programlisting>

<para>

In the above example, <command>dnssec-signzone</command> creates

the file <filename>db.example.com.signed</filename>. This

file should be referenced in a zone statement in a

<filename>named.conf</filename> file.

</para>

<para>

This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.

The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.

</para>

<programlisting>% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com

% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com

%</programlisting>

</refsection>

<refsection><info><title>SEE ALSO</title></info>

<para><citerefentry>

<refentrytitle>dnssec-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>

</citerefentry>,

<citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>,

<citetitle>RFC 4033</citetitle>, <citetitle>RFC 4641</citetitle>.

</para>

</refsection>

</refentry>