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3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<title>dnssec-keygen</title>
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3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<a name="man.dnssec-keygen"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="refnamediv">
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<h2>Name</h2>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span> &#8212; DNSSEC key generation tool</p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews</div>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<h2>Synopsis</h2>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-keygen</code> [<code class="option">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-3</code>] [<code class="option">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-C</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e</code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-G</code>] [<code class="option">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k</code>] [<code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] {name}</p></div>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews</div>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<a name="id2543545"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews and RFC 4034. It can also generate keys for use with
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews The <code class="option">name</code> of the key is specified on the command
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews which the key is being generated.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews</div>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<a name="id2543563"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<div class="variablelist"><dl>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews of <code class="option">algorithm</code> must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1,
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, or NSEC3DSA. For TSIG/TKEY, the value must
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews be DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224,
cc51cd2d2076e33117c60c9effcb8caccde4983bWitold Krecicki HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512. These values are
30370d905e9be3be7d9b947fd432bacecbb13bb9Evan Hunt case insensitive.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews default, unless the <code class="option">-3</code> option is specified,
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
1bce43adcc11d21afaf645cbe466553aabc725b2Mark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews algorithm, and DSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews mandatory.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
cc51cd2d2076e33117c60c9effcb8caccde4983bWitold Krecicki automatically set the -T KEY option.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews</dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews size depends on the algorithm used. RSAMD5 / RSASHA1 keys must be
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews bits and an exact multiple of 64. HMAC-MD5 keys must be
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews between 1 and 512 bits.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews algorithm. The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews keys (ZSK's) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSK's,
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews generated with <code class="option">-f KSK</code>). However, if an
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews algorithm is explicitly specified with the <code class="option">-a</code>,
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews then there is no default key size, and the <code class="option">-b</code>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews must be used.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews</dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></span></dt>
cc51cd2d2076e33117c60c9effcb8caccde4983bWitold Krecicki<dd><p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews <code class="option">nametype</code> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews a host (KEY)),
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews These values are case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews generation.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p></dd>
1bce43adcc11d21afaf645cbe466553aabc725b2Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-3</span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd><p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews If this option is used and no algorithm is explicitly
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews default.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p></dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd><p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without
cc51cd2d2076e33117c60c9effcb8caccde4983bWitold Krecicki any metadata. By default, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews with the private key, and other dates may be set there as well
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews (publication date, activation date, etc). Keys that include
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews <code class="option">-C</code> option suppresses them.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p></dd>
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews<dd><p>
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews </p></dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-e</span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd><p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews If generating an RSAMD5/RSASHA1 key, use a large exponent.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p></dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dd><p>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews </p></dd>
3b83676e079a799f97ad8b76c057e6ecb0426b1dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-G</span></dt>
9f5443280fcfd625a06f63a1b457ed2335840278Mark Andrews<dd><p>
Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This
option is incompatible with -P and -A.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
Allowed values are 2 and 5. If no generator
is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-k</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol
is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
Other possible values for this argument are listed in
RFC 2535 and its successors.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is
a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
purpose in DNSSEC.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>rrtype</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.
<code class="option">rrtype</code> must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The
default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be
overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option
to KEY.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Indicates the use of the key. <code class="option">type</code> must be
one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544075"></a><h2>TIMING OPTIONS</h2>
<p>
Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
If the argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as
an offset from the present time. For convenience, if such an offset
is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days,
ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks,
days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset
is computed in seconds.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone.
After that date, the key will be included in the zone but will
not be used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has
not been used, the default is "now".
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that
date, the key will be included and the zone and used to sign
it. If not set, and if the -G option has not been used, the
default is "now".
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that
date, the key will be flagged as revoked. It will be included
in the zone and will be used to sign it.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that
date, the key will still be included in the zone, but it
will not be used to sign it.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that
date, the key will no longer be included in the zone. (It
may remain in the key repository, however.)
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544173"></a><h2>GENERATED KEYS</h2>
<p>
When <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> completes
successfully,
it prints a string of the form <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</code>
to the standard output. This is an identification string for
the key it has generated.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li><p><code class="filename">nnnn</code> is the key name.
</p></li>
<li><p><code class="filename">aaa</code> is the numeric representation
of the
algorithm.
</p></li>
<li><p><code class="filename">iiiii</code> is the key identifier (or
footprint).
</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
creates two files, with names based
on the printed string. <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</code>
contains the public key, and
<code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</code> contains the
private
key.
</p>
<p>
The <code class="filename">.key</code> file contains a DNS KEY record
that
can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
statement).
</p>
<p>
The <code class="filename">.private</code> file contains
algorithm-specific
fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
general read permission.
</p>
<p>
Both <code class="filename">.key</code> and <code class="filename">.private</code>
files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544256"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
<strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>, the following command would be
issued:
</p>
<p><strong class="userinput"><code>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</code></strong>
</p>
<p>
The command would print a string of the form:
</p>
<p><strong class="userinput"><code>Kexample.com.+003+26160</code></strong>
</p>
<p>
In this example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> creates
the files <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</code>
and
<code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544299"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-signzone</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 2539</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 2845</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2544330"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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