dnssec-keygen.docbook revision 2a8aa1049204bc9829b25b9ccaa99d25e3ced8d2
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2007-2012, 2014, 2015 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
75c0816e8295e180f4bc7f10db3d0d880383bc1cMark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<!-- Converted by db4-upgrade version 1.0 -->
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0" xml:id="man.dnssec-keygen">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refentryinfo>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <corpauthor>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.</corpauthor>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refentryinfo>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refentrytitle><application>dnssec-keygen</application></refentrytitle>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refnamediv>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refname><application>dnssec-keygen</application></refname>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refpurpose>DNSSEC key generation tool</refpurpose>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refnamediv>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <holder>Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")</holder>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </copyright>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </copyright>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refsynopsisdiv>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-a <replaceable class="parameter">algorithm</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-b <replaceable class="parameter">keysize</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-n <replaceable class="parameter">nametype</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-3</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-A <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-C</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-D <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-D sync <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-E <replaceable class="parameter">engine</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-f <replaceable class="parameter">flag</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-G</option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-g <replaceable class="parameter">generator</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-h</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-I <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-K <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-k</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-L <replaceable class="parameter">ttl</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-P <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-P sync <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-p <replaceable class="parameter">protocol</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-q</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-R <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-S <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-s <replaceable class="parameter">strength</replaceable></option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-t <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-V</option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></option></arg>
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews <arg choice="opt" rep="norepeat"><option>-z</option></arg>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </cmdsynopsis>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsynopsisdiv>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refsection><info><title>DESCRIPTION</title></info>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews and RFC 4034. It can also generate keys for use with
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <option>name</option> of the key is specified on the command
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews which the key is being generated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsection>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <variablelist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <term>-a <replaceable class="parameter">algorithm</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of <option>algorithm</option> must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, NSEC3DSA, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ECDSAP256SHA256 or ECDSAP384SHA384.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein be DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512. These values are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein case insensitive.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default, unless the <option>-3</option> option is specified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead. (If
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <option>-3</option> is used and an algorithm is specified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that algorithm will be checked for compatibility with NSEC3.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein algorithm, and DSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein automatically set the -T KEY option.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-b <replaceable class="parameter">keysize</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein size depends on the algorithm used. RSA keys must be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews bits and an exact multiple of 64. HMAC keys must be
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews between 1 and 512 bits. Elliptic curve algorithms don't need
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews this parameter.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews algorithm. The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews keys (ZSKs) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSKs,
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews generated with <option>-f KSK</option>). However, if an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews algorithm is explicitly specified with the <option>-a</option>,
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews then there is no default key size, and the <option>-b</option>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews must be used.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-n <replaceable class="parameter">nametype</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <option>nametype</option> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a host (KEY)),
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These values are case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If this option is used and no algorithm is explicitly
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default. Note that RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSAP384SHA384 algorithms
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein are NSEC3-capable.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein any metadata. By default, <command>dnssec-keygen</command>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein with the private key, and other dates may be set there as well
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (publication date, activation date, etc). Keys that include
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-c <replaceable class="parameter">class</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-E <replaceable class="parameter">engine</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-f <replaceable class="parameter">flag</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein option is incompatible with -P and -A.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-g <replaceable class="parameter">generator</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allowed values are 2 and 5. If no generator
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-K <replaceable class="parameter">directory</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-L <replaceable class="parameter">ttl</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein into a DNSKEY RR. If the key is imported into a zone,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this is the TTL that will be used for it, unless there was
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein would take precedence. If this value is not set and there
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL will default to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to <literal>0</literal>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or <literal>none</literal> is the same as leaving it unset.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-p <replaceable class="parameter">protocol</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Other possible values for this argument are listed in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein RFC 2535 and its successors.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
b05bdb520d83f7ecaad708fe305268c3420be01dMark Andrews <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Quiet mode: Suppresses unnecessary output, including
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein progress indication. Without this option, when
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <command>dnssec-keygen</command> is run interactively
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it will print a string
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein of symbols to <filename>stderr</filename> indicating the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein progress of the key generation. A '.' indicates that a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein random number has been found which passed an initial
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein sieve test; '+' means a number has passed a single
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; a space
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein means that the number has passed all the tests and is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a satisfactory key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-r <replaceable class="parameter">randomdev</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein system does not provide a <filename>/dev/random</filename>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is keyboard input. <filename>randomdev</filename>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the name of a character device or file containing random
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data to be used instead of the default. The special value
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <filename>keyboard</filename> indicates that keyboard
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews input should be used.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-S <replaceable class="parameter">key</replaceable></term>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Create a new key which is an explicit successor to an
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews existing key. The name, algorithm, size, and type of the
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews key will be set to match the existing key. The activation
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews date of the new key will be set to the inactivation date of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the existing one. The publication date will be set to the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein activation date minus the prepublication interval, which
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defaults to 30 days.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-s <replaceable class="parameter">strength</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein purpose in DNSSEC.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-T <replaceable class="parameter">rrtype</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <option>rrtype</option> must be either DNSKEY or KEY. The
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-t <replaceable class="parameter">type</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Indicates the use of the key. <option>type</option> must be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-v <replaceable class="parameter">level</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the debugging level.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Prints version information.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </variablelist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsection>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refsection><info><title>TIMING OPTIONS</title></info>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an offset from the present time. For convenience, if such an offset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the offset
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is computed in seconds. To explicitly prevent a date from being
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein set, use 'none' or 'never'.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <variablelist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-P <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein After that date, the key will be included in the zone but will
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not be used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein not been used, the default is "now".
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-P sync <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key are to be published to the zone.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-A <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews date, the key will be included in the zone and used to sign
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews it. If not set, and if the -G option has not been used, the
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews default is "now". If set, if and -P is not set, then
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the publication date will be set to the activation date
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews minus the prepublication interval.
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews </varlistentry>
035992291cb70ec3be4046fcea921b4a6acb1c77Mark Andrews <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-R <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein date, the key will be flagged as revoked. It will be included
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein in the zone and will be used to sign it.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-I <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein date, the key will still be included in the zone, but it
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein will not be used to sign it.
e21a2904f02a03fa06b6db04d348f65fe9c67b2bMark Andrews </varlistentry>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-D <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein date, the key will no longer be included in the zone. (It
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein may remain in the key repository, however.)
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-D sync <replaceable class="parameter">date/offset</replaceable></term>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Sets the date on which the CDS and CDNSKEY records that match this
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key are to be deleted.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <term>-i <replaceable class="parameter">interval</replaceable></term>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews Sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein this much time. If the activation date is specified but the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein publication date isn't, then the publication date will default
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the publication date is specified but activation date isn't,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein then activation will be set to this much time after publication.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days;
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein otherwise it is zero.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce measured in seconds.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </varlistentry>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </variablelist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsection>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refsection><info><title>GENERATED KEYS</title></info>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein successfully,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein it prints a string of the form <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</filename>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to the standard output. This is an identification string for
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the key it has generated.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <itemizedlist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <para><filename>aaa</filename> is the numeric representation
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <para><filename>iiiii</filename> is the key identifier (or
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </itemizedlist>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein creates two files, with names based
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on the printed string. <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</filename>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contains the public key, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <filename>Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</filename> contains the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <filename>.key</filename> file contains a DNS KEY record
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein algorithm-specific
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein general read permission.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Both <filename>.key</filename> and <filename>.private</filename>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein files are generated for symmetric cryptography algorithms such as
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
71c66a876ecca77923638d3f94cc0783152b2f03Mark Andrews </refsection>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <userinput>example.com</userinput>, the following command would be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <para><userinput>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</userinput>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The command would print a string of the form:
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <para><userinput>Kexample.com.+003+26160</userinput>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In this example, <command>dnssec-keygen</command> creates
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the files <filename>Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</filename>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <filename>Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</filename>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsection>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refsection><info><title>SEE ALSO</title></info>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <refentrytitle>dnssec-signzone</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </citerefentry>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <citetitle>BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</citetitle>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein </refsection>