README revision 307d2084502eddc7ce921e5ce439aec3531d90e0
BIND 9
BIND version 9 is a major rewrite of nearly all aspects of the
underlying BIND architecture. Some of the important features of
BIND 9 are:
- DNS Security
DNSSEC (signed zones)
TSIG (signed DNS requests)
- IP version 6
Answers DNS queries on IPv6 sockets
IPv6 resource records (AAAA)
Experimental IPv6 Resolver Library
- DNS Protocol Enhancements
IXFR, DDNS, Notify, EDNS0
Improved standards conformance
- Views
One server process can provide multiple "views" of
the DNS namespace, e.g. an "inside" view to certain
clients, and an "outside" view to others.
- Multiprocessor Support
- Improved Portability Architecture
BIND version 9 development has been underwritten by the following
organizations:
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Hewlett Packard
Compaq Computer Corporation
IBM
Process Software Corporation
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Network Associates, Inc.
U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency
USENIX Association
Stichting NLnet - NLnet Foundation
Nominum, Inc.
BIND 9.7.0
BIND 9.7.0 includes a number of changes from BIND 9.6 and earlier
releases. Most are intended to simplify DNSSEC configuration.
Please note that configuration syntax and APIs for new features
are still experimental and are subject to change before the final
release.
New features include:
- Simplified configuration of DNSSEC Lookaside Validation (DLV).
- Simplified configuration of Dynamic DNS, using the "ddns-confgen"
command line tool or the "local" update-policy option. (As a side
effect, this also makes it easier to configure automatic zone
re-signing.)
- New named option "attach-cache" that allows multiple views to
share a single cache.
- DNS rebinding attack prevention.
- New default values for dnssec-keygen parameters.
- Support for RFC 5011 (automated trust anchor maintenance)
- Smart signing: simplified tools for zone signing and key
maintenance
- The "statistics-channels" option is now available on Windows
- DNSSEC-aware libdns API
Planned but not complete in this alpha:
- Fully automatic signing of zones by "named"
- Improved PKCS#11 support, including Keyper support
BIND 9.6.0
BIND 9.6.0 includes a number of changes from BIND 9.5 and earlier
releases, including:
Full NSEC3 support
Automatic zone re-signing
New update-policy methods tcp-self and 6to4-self
The BIND 8 resolver library, libbind, has been removed from the
BIND 9 distribution and is now available as a separate download.
Change the default pid file location from /var/run to
/var/run/{named,lwresd} for improved chroot/setuid support.
BIND 9.5.0
BIND 9.5.0 has a number of new features over 9.4,
including:
GSS-TSIG support (RFC 3645).
DHCID support.
Experimental http server and statistics support for named via xml.
More detailed statistics counters including those supported in BIND 8.
Faster ACL processing.
Use Doxygen to generate internal documentation.
Efficient LRU cache-cleaning mechanism.
NSID support.
BIND 9.4.0
BIND 9.4.0 has a number of new features over 9.3,
including:
Implemented "additional section caching (or acache)", an
internal cache framework for additional section content to
improve response performance. Several configuration options
were provided to control the behavior.
New notify type 'master-only'. Enable notify for master
zones only.
Accept 'notify-source' style syntax for query-source.
rndc now allows addresses to be set in the server clauses.
New option "allow-query-cache". This lets "allow-query"
be used to specify the default zone access level rather
than having to have every zone override the global value.
"allow-query-cache" can be set at both the options and view
levels. If "allow-query-cache" is not set then "allow-recursion"
is used if set, otherwise "allow-query" is used if set
unless "recursion no;" is set in which case "none;" is used,
otherwise the default (localhost; localnets;) is used.
rndc: the source address can now be specified.
ixfr-from-differences now takes master and slave in addition
to yes and no at the options and view levels.
Allow the journal's name to be changed via named.conf.
'rndc notify zone [class [view]]' resend the NOTIFY messages
for the specified zone.
'dig +trace' now randomly selects the next servers to try.
Report if there is a bad delegation.
Improve check-names error messages.
Make public the function to read a key file, dst_key_read_public().
dig now returns the byte count for axfr/ixfr.
allow-update is now settable at the options / view level.
named-checkconf now checks the logging configuration.
host now can turn on memory debugging flags with '-m'.
Don't send notify messages to self.
Perform sanity checks on NS records which refer to 'in zone' names.
New zone option "notify-delay". Specify a minimum delay
between sets of NOTIFY messages.
Extend adjusting TTL warning messages.
Named and named-checkzone can now both check for non-terminal
wildcard records.
"rndc freeze/thaw" now freezes/thaws all zones.
named-checkconf now check acls to verify that they only
refer to existing acls.
The server syntax has been extended to support a range of
servers.
Report differences between hints and real NS rrset and
associated address records.
Preserve the case of domain names in rdata during zone
transfers.
Restructured the data locking framework using architecture
dependent atomic operations (when available), improving
response performance on multi-processor machines significantly.
x86, x86_64, alpha, powerpc, and mips are currently supported.
UNIX domain controls are now supported.
Add support for additional zone file formats for improving
loading performance. The masterfile-format option in
named.conf can be used to specify a non-default format. A
separate command named-compilezone was provided to generate
zone files in the new format. Additionally, the -I and -O
options for dnssec-signzone specify the input and output
formats.
dnssec-signzone can now randomize signature end times
(dnssec-signzone -j jitter).
Add support for CH A record.
Add additional zone data constancy checks. named-checkzone
has extended checking of NS, MX and SRV record and the hosts
they reference. named has extended post zone load checks.
New zone options: check-mx and integrity-check.
edns-udp-size can now be overridden on a per server basis.
dig can now specify the EDNS version when making a query.
Added framework for handling multiple EDNS versions.
Additional memory debugging support to track size and mctx
arguments.
Detect duplicates of UDP queries we are recursing on and
drop them. New stats category "duplicates".
"USE INTERNAL MALLOC" is now runtime selectable.
The lame cache is now done on a <qname,qclass,qtype> basis
as some servers only appear to be lame for certain query
types.
Limit the number of recursive clients that can be waiting
for a single query (<qname,qtype,qclass>) to resolve. New
options clients-per-query and max-clients-per-query.
dig: report the number of extra bytes still left in the
packet after processing all the records.
Support for IPSECKEY rdata type.
Raise the UDP recieve buffer size to 32k if it is less than 32k.
x86 and x86_64 now have seperate atomic locking implementations.
named-checkconf now validates update-policy entries.
Attempt to make the amount of work performed in a iteration
self tuning. The covers nodes clean from the cache per
iteration, nodes written to disk when rewriting a master
file and nodes destroyed per iteration when destroying a
zone or a cache.
ISC string copy API.
Automatic empty zone creation for D.F.IP6.ARPA and friends.
Note: RFC 1918 zones are not yet covered by this but are
likely to be in a future release.
New options: empty-server, empty-contact, empty-zones-enable
and disable-empty-zone.
dig now has a '-q queryname' and '+showsearch' options.
host/nslookup now continue (default)/fail on SERVFAIL.
dig now warns if 'RA' is not set in the answer when 'RD'
was set in the query. host/nslookup skip servers that fail
to set 'RA' when 'RD' is set unless a server is explicitly
set.
Integrate contibuted DLZ code into named.
Integrate contibuted IDN code from JPNIC.
libbind: corresponds to that from BIND 8.4.7.
BIND 9.3.0
BIND 9.3.0 has a number of new features over 9.2,
including:
DNSSEC is now DS based (RFC 3658).
See also RFC 3845, doc/draft/draft-ietf-dnsext-dnssec-*.
DNSSEC lookaside validation.
check-names is now implemented.
rrset-order in more complete.
IPv4/IPv6 transition support, dual-stack-servers.
IXFR deltas can now be generated when loading master files,
ixfr-from-differences.
It is now possible to specify the size of a journal, max-journal-size.
It is now possible to define a named set of master servers to be
used in masters clause, masters.
The advertised EDNS UDP size can now be set, edns-udp-size.
allow-v6-synthesis has been obsoleted.
NOTE:
* Zones containing MD and MF will now be rejected.
* dig, nslookup name. now report "Not Implemented" as
NOTIMP rather than NOTIMPL. This will have impact on scripts
that are looking for NOTIMPL.
libbind: corresponds to that from BIND 8.4.5.
BIND 9.2.0
BIND 9.2.0 has a number of new features over 9.1,
including:
- The size of the cache can now be limited using the
"max-cache-size" option.
- The server can now automatically convert RFC1886-style
recursive lookup requests into RFC2874-style lookups,
when enabled using the new option "allow-v6-synthesis".
This allows stub resolvers that support AAAA records
but not A6 record chains or binary labels to perform
lookups in domains that make use of these IPv6 DNS
features.
- Performance has been improved.
- The man pages now use the more portable "man" macros
rather than the "mandoc" macros, and are installed
by "make install".
- The named.conf parser has been completely rewritten.
It now supports "include" directives in more
places such as inside "view" statements, and it no
longer has any reserved words.
- The "rndc status" command is now implemented.
- rndc can now be configured automatically.
- A BIND 8 compatible stub resolver library is now
included in lib/bind.
- OpenSSL has been removed from the distribution. This
means that to use DNSSEC, OpenSSL must be installed and
the --with-openssl option must be supplied to configure.
This does not apply to the use of TSIG, which does not
require OpenSSL.
- The source distribution now builds on Windows.
for details.
This distribution also includes a new lightweight stub
resolver library and associated resolver daemon that fully
support forward and reverse lookups of both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses. This library is considered experimental and
is not a complete replacement for the BIND 8 resolver library.
Applications that use the BIND 8 res_* functions to perform
DNS lookups or dynamic updates still need to be linked against
the BIND 8 libraries. For DNS lookups, they can also use the
new "getrrsetbyname()" API.
BIND 9.2 is capable of acting as an authoritative server
for DNSSEC secured zones. This functionality is believed to
be stable and complete except for lacking support for
verifications involving wildcard records in secure zones.
When acting as a caching server, BIND 9.2 can be configured
to perform DNSSEC secure resolution on behalf of its clients.
This part of the DNSSEC implementation is still considered
experimental. For detailed information about the state of the
DNSSEC implementation, see the file doc/misc/dnssec.
There are a few known bugs:
On some systems, IPv6 and IPv4 sockets interact in
unexpected ways. For details, see doc/misc/ipv6.
To reduce the impact of these problems, the server
no longer listens for requests on IPv6 addresses
by default. If you need to accept DNS queries over
IPv6, you must specify "listen-on-v6 { any; };"
in the named.conf options statement.
FreeBSD prior to 4.2 (and 4.2 if running as non-root)
and OpenBSD prior to 2.8 log messages like
"fcntl(8, F_SETFL, 4): Inappropriate ioctl for device".
This is due to a bug in "/dev/random" and impacts the
server's DNSSEC support.
OS X 10.1.4 (Darwin 5.4), OS X 10.1.5 (Darwin 5.5) and
OS X 10.2 (Darwin 6.0) reports errors like
"fcntl(3, F_SETFL, 4): Operation not supported by device".
This is due to a bug in "/dev/random" and impacts the
server's DNSSEC support.
--with-libtool does not work on AIX.
A bug in some versions of the Microsoft DNS server can cause zone
transfers from a BIND 9 server to a W2K server to fail. For details,
see the "Zone Transfers" section in doc/misc/migration.
For a detailed list of user-visible changes from
previous releases, see the CHANGES file.
Building
BIND 9 currently requires a UNIX system with an ANSI C compiler,
basic POSIX support, and a 64 bit integer type.
We've had successful builds and tests on the following systems:
COMPAQ Tru64 UNIX 5.1B
Fedora Core 6
FreeBSD 4.10, 5.2.1, 6.2
HP-UX 11.11
Mac OS X 10.5
NetBSD 3.x, 4.0-beta, 5.0-beta
OpenBSD 3.3 and up
Solaris 8, 9, 9 (x86), 10
Ubuntu 7.04, 7.10
Windows XP/2003/2008
NOTE: As of BIND 9.5.1, 9.4.3, and 9.3.6, older versions of
Windows, including Windows NT and Windows 2000, are no longer
supported.
We have recent reports from the user community that a supported
version of BIND will build and run on the following systems:
AIX 4.3, 5L
CentOS 4, 4.5, 5
Darwin 9.0.0d1/ARM
Debian 4
Fedora Core 5, 7
FreeBSD 6.1
HP-UX 11.23 PA
MacOS X 10.4, 10.5
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4, 5
SCO OpenServer 5.0.6
Slackware 9, 10
SuSE 9, 10
To build, just
./configure
make
Do not use a parallel "make".
Several environment variables that can be set before running
configure will affect compilation:
CC
The C compiler to use. configure tries to figure
out the right one for supported systems.
CFLAGS
C compiler flags. Defaults to include -g and/or -O2
as supported by the compiler.
STD_CINCLUDES
System header file directories. Can be used to specify
where add-on thread or IPv6 support is, for example.
Defaults to empty string.
STD_CDEFINES
Any additional preprocessor symbols you want defined.
Defaults to empty string.
Possible settings:
Change the default syslog facility of named/lwresd.
-DISC_FACILITY=LOG_LOCAL0
Enable DNSSEC signature chasing support in dig.
-DDIG_SIGCHASE=1 (sets -DDIG_SIGCHASE_TD=1 and
-DDIG_SIGCHASE_BU=1)
Disable dropping queries from particular well known ports.
-DNS_CLIENT_DROPPORT=0
Sibling glue checking in named-checkzone is enabled by default.
To disable the default check set. -DCHECK_SIBLING=0
named-checkzone checks out-of-zone addresses by default.
To disable this default set. -DCHECK_LOCAL=0
To create the default pid files in ${localstatedir}/run rather
than ${localstatedir}/run/{named,lwresd}/ set.
-DNS_RUN_PID_DIR=0
Enable workaround for Solaris kernel bug about /dev/poll
-DISC_SOCKET_USE_POLLWATCH=1
The watch timeout is also configurable, e.g.,
-DISC_SOCKET_POLLWATCH_TIMEOUT=20
LDFLAGS
Linker flags. Defaults to empty string.
The following need to be set when cross compiling.
BUILD_CC
The native C compiler.
BUILD_CFLAGS (optional)
BUILD_CPPFLAGS (optional)
Possible Settings:
-DNEED_OPTARG=1 (optarg is not declared in <unistd.h>)
BUILD_LDFLAGS (optional)
BUILD_LIBS (optional)
To build shared libraries, specify "--with-libtool" on the
configure command line.
For the server to support DNSSEC, you need to build it
with crypto support. You must have OpenSSL 0.9.5a
or newer installed and specify "--with-openssl" on the
configure command line. If OpenSSL is installed under
a nonstandard prefix, you can tell configure where to
look for it using "--with-openssl=/prefix".
On some platforms it is necessary to explictly request large
file support to handle files bigger than 2GB. This can be
done by "--enable-largefile" on the configure command line.
On some platforms, BIND 9 can be built with multithreading
support, allowing it to take advantage of multiple CPUs.
You can specify whether to build a multithreaded BIND 9
by specifying "--enable-threads" or "--disable-threads"
on the configure command line. The default is operating
system dependent.
Support for the "fixed" rrset-order option can be enabled
or disabled by specifying "--enable-fixed-rrset" or
"--disable-fixed-rrset" on the configure command line.
The default is "disabled", to reduce memory footprint.
If your operating system has integrated support for IPv6, it
will be used automatically. If you have installed KAME IPv6
separately, use "--with-kame[=PATH]" to specify its location.
"make install" will install "named" and the various BIND 9 libraries.
By default, installation is into /usr/local, but this can be changed
with the "--prefix" option when running "configure".
You may specify the option "--sysconfdir" to set the directory
where configuration files like "named.conf" go by default,
and "--localstatedir" to set the default parent directory
of "run/named.pid". For backwards compatibility with BIND 8,
--sysconfdir defaults to "/etc" and --localstatedir defaults to
"/var" if no --prefix option is given. If there is a --prefix
option, sysconfdir defaults to "$prefix/etc" and localstatedir
defaults to "$prefix/var".
To see additional configure options, run "configure --help".
Note that the help message does not reflect the BIND 8
compatibility defaults for sysconfdir and localstatedir.
If you're planning on making changes to the BIND 9 source, you
should also "make depend". If you're using Emacs, you might find
"make tags" helpful.
If you need to re-run configure please run "make distclean" first.
This will ensure that all the option changes take.
Building with gcc is not supported, unless gcc is the vendor's usual
compiler (e.g. the various BSD systems, Linux).
Known compiler issues:
* gcc-3.2.1 and gcc-3.1.1 is known to cause problems with solaris-x86.
* gcc prior to gcc-3.2.3 ultrasparc generates incorrect code at -02.
* gcc-3.3.5 powerpc generates incorrect code at -02.
* Irix, MipsPRO 7.4.1m is known to cause problems.
A limited test suite can be run with "make test". Many of
the tests require you to configure a set of virtual IP addresses
on your system, and some require Perl; see bin/tests/system/README
for details.
SunOS 4 requires "printf" to be installed to make the shared
libraries. sh-utils-1.16 provides a "printf" which compiles
on SunOS 4.
Documentation
The BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual is included with the
source distribution in DocBook XML and HTML format, in the
doc/arm directory.
Some of the programs in the BIND 9 distribution have man pages
in their directories. In particular, the command line
options of "named" are documented in /bin/named/named.8.
There is now also a set of man pages for the lwres library.
If you are upgrading from BIND 8, please read the migration
notes in doc/misc/migration. If you are upgrading from
BIND 4, read doc/misc/migration-4to9.
Frequently asked questions and their answers can be found in
FAQ.
Bug Reports and Mailing Lists
Bugs reports should be sent to
bind9-bugs@isc.org
To join the BIND Users mailing list, send mail to
bind-users-request@isc.org
archives of which can be found via
If you're planning on making changes to the BIND 9 source
code, you might want to join the BIND Workers mailing list.
Send mail to
bind-workers-request@isc.org