/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.lang;

import sun.misc.FloatingDecimal;
import java.util.Arrays;

/**
 * A mutable sequence of characters.
 * <p>
 * Implements a modifiable string. At any point in time it contains some
 * particular sequence of characters, but the length and content of the
 * sequence can be changed through certain method calls.
 *
 * @author      Michael McCloskey
 * @author      Martin Buchholz
 * @author      Ulf Zibis
 * @since       1.5
 */
abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {
    /**
     * The value is used for character storage.
     */
    char[] value;

    /**
     * The count is the number of characters used.
     */
    int count;

    /**
     * This no-arg constructor is necessary for serialization of subclasses.
     */
    AbstractStringBuilder() {
    }

    /**
     * Creates an AbstractStringBuilder of the specified capacity.
     */
    AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
        value = new char[capacity];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length (character count).
     *
     * @return  the length of the sequence of characters currently
     *          represented by this object
     */
    public int length() {
        return count;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current capacity. The capacity is the amount of storage
     * available for newly inserted characters, beyond which an allocation
     * will occur.
     *
     * @return  the current capacity
     */
    public int capacity() {
        return value.length;
    }

    /**
     * Ensures that the capacity is at least equal to the specified minimum.
     * If the current capacity is less than the argument, then a new internal
     * array is allocated with greater capacity. The new capacity is the
     * larger of:
     * <ul>
     * <li>The <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument.
     * <li>Twice the old capacity, plus <code>2</code>.
     * </ul>
     * If the <code>minimumCapacity</code> argument is nonpositive, this
     * method takes no action and simply returns.
     *
     * @param   minimumCapacity   the minimum desired capacity.
     */
    public void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
        if (minimumCapacity > 0)
            ensureCapacityInternal(minimumCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
     * never synchronized.
     */
    private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
            expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
     * size check or synchronization.
     */
    void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
        int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
        if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
        if (newCapacity < 0) {
            if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
                throw new OutOfMemoryError();
            newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        }
        value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
    }

    /**
     * Attempts to reduce storage used for the character sequence.
     * If the buffer is larger than necessary to hold its current sequence of
     * characters, then it may be resized to become more space efficient.
     * Calling this method may, but is not required to, affect the value
     * returned by a subsequent call to the {@link #capacity()} method.
     */
    public void trimToSize() {
        if (count < value.length) {
            value = Arrays.copyOf(value, count);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the length of the character sequence.
     * The sequence is changed to a new character sequence
     * whose length is specified by the argument. For every nonnegative
     * index <i>k</i> less than <code>newLength</code>, the character at
     * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is the same as the
     * character at index <i>k</i> in the old sequence if <i>k</i> is less
     * than the length of the old character sequence; otherwise, it is the
     * null character <code>'&#92;u0000'</code>.
     *
     * In other words, if the <code>newLength</code> argument is less than
     * the current length, the length is changed to the specified length.
     * <p>
     * If the <code>newLength</code> argument is greater than or equal
     * to the current length, sufficient null characters
     * (<code>'&#92;u0000'</code>) are appended so that
     * length becomes the <code>newLength</code> argument.
     * <p>
     * The <code>newLength</code> argument must be greater than or equal
     * to <code>0</code>.
     *
     * @param      newLength   the new length
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the
     *               <code>newLength</code> argument is negative.
     */
    public void setLength(int newLength) {
        if (newLength < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(newLength);
        ensureCapacityInternal(newLength);

        if (count < newLength) {
            for (; count < newLength; count++)
                value[count] = '\0';
        } else {
            count = newLength;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <code>char</code> value in this sequence at the specified index.
     * The first <code>char</code> value is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index
     * <code>1</code>, and so on, as in array indexing.
     * <p>
     * The index argument must be greater than or equal to
     * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence.
     *
     * <p>If the <code>char</code> value specified by the index is a
     * <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
     * value is returned.
     *
     * @param      index   the index of the desired <code>char</code> value.
     * @return     the <code>char</code> value at the specified index.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is
     *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public char charAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        return value[index];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified
     * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
     * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>0</code> to
     * {@link #length()}<code> - 1</code>.
     *
     * <p> If the <code>char</code> value specified at the given index
     * is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less
     * than the length of this sequence, and the
     * <code>char</code> value at the following index is in the
     * low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point
     * corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise,
     * the <code>char</code> value at the given index is returned.
     *
     * @param      index the index to the <code>char</code> values
     * @return     the code point value of the character at the
     *             <code>index</code>
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
     *             argument is negative or not less than the length of this
     *             sequence.
     */
    public int codePointAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointAt(value, index);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified
     * index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
     * (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>1</code> to {@link
     * #length()}.
     *
     * <p> If the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index - 1)</code>
     * is in the low-surrogate range, <code>(index - 2)</code> is not
     * negative, and the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index -
     * 2)</code> is in the high-surrogate range, then the
     * supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is
     * returned. If the <code>char</code> value at <code>index -
     * 1</code> is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the
     * surrogate value is returned.
     *
     * @param     index the index following the code point that should be returned
     * @return    the Unicode code point value before the given index.
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the <code>index</code>
     *            argument is less than 1 or greater than the length
     *            of this sequence.
     */
    public int codePointBefore(int index) {
        int i = index - 1;
        if ((i < 0) || (i >= count)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return Character.codePointBefore(value, index);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
     * range of this sequence. The text range begins at the specified
     * <code>beginIndex</code> and extends to the <code>char</code> at
     * index <code>endIndex - 1</code>. Thus the length (in
     * <code>char</code>s) of the text range is
     * <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>. Unpaired surrogates within
     * this sequence count as one code point each.
     *
     * @param beginIndex the index to the first <code>char</code> of
     * the text range.
     * @param endIndex the index after the last <code>char</code> of
     * the text range.
     * @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
     * range
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the
     * <code>beginIndex</code> is negative, or <code>endIndex</code>
     * is larger than the length of this sequence, or
     * <code>beginIndex</code> is larger than <code>endIndex</code>.
     */
    public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > count || beginIndex > endIndex) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
        return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex-beginIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this sequence that is offset from the
     * given <code>index</code> by <code>codePointOffset</code> code
     * points. Unpaired surrogates within the text range given by
     * <code>index</code> and <code>codePointOffset</code> count as
     * one code point each.
     *
     * @param index the index to be offset
     * @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
     * @return the index within this sequence
     * @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>index</code>
     *   is negative or larger then the length of this sequence,
     *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is positive and the subsequence
     *   starting with <code>index</code> has fewer than
     *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points,
     *   or if <code>codePointOffset</code> is negative and the subsequence
     *   before <code>index</code> has fewer than the absolute value of
     *   <code>codePointOffset</code> code points.
     */
    public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset) {
        if (index < 0 || index > count) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
        }
        return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, count,
                                                index, codePointOffset);
    }

    /**
     * Characters are copied from this sequence into the
     * destination character array <code>dst</code>. The first character to
     * be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>; the last character to
     * be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>. The total number of
     * characters to be copied is <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>. The
     * characters are copied into the subarray of <code>dst</code> starting
     * at index <code>dstBegin</code> and ending at index:
     * <p><blockquote><pre>
     * dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @param      srcBegin   start copying at this offset.
     * @param      srcEnd     stop copying at this offset.
     * @param      dst        the array to copy the data into.
     * @param      dstBegin   offset into <code>dst</code>.
     * @throws     NullPointerException if <code>dst</code> is
     *             <code>null</code>.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if any of the following is true:
     *             <ul>
     *             <li><code>srcBegin</code> is negative
     *             <li><code>dstBegin</code> is negative
     *             <li>the <code>srcBegin</code> argument is greater than
     *             the <code>srcEnd</code> argument.
     *             <li><code>srcEnd</code> is greater than
     *             <code>this.length()</code>.
     *             <li><code>dstBegin+srcEnd-srcBegin</code> is greater than
     *             <code>dst.length</code>
     *             </ul>
     */
    public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
    {
        if (srcBegin < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
        if ((srcEnd < 0) || (srcEnd > count))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("srcBegin > srcEnd");
        System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }

    /**
     * The character at the specified index is set to <code>ch</code>. This
     * sequence is altered to represent a new character sequence that is
     * identical to the old character sequence, except that it contains the
     * character <code>ch</code> at position <code>index</code>.
     * <p>
     * The index argument must be greater than or equal to
     * <code>0</code>, and less than the length of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      index   the index of the character to modify.
     * @param      ch      the new character.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>index</code> is
     *             negative or greater than or equal to <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public void setCharAt(int index, char ch) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        value[index] = ch;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code Object} argument.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(Object)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   obj   an {@code Object}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(Object obj) {
        return append(String.valueOf(obj));
    }

    /**
     * Appends the specified string to this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the {@code String} argument are appended, in
     * order, increasing the length of this sequence by the length of the
     * argument. If {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four
     * characters {@code "null"} are appended.
     * <p>
     * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
     * execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at
     * index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is equal to the character
     * at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is less
     * than <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
     * <i>k-n</i> in the argument {@code str}.
     *
     * @param   str   a string.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
        if (str == null) str = "null";
        int len = str.length();
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
        if (sb == null)
            return append("null");
        int len = sb.length();
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        sb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    // Documentation in subclasses because of synchro difference
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if (s instanceof String)
            return this.append((String)s);
        if (s instanceof StringBuffer)
            return this.append((StringBuffer)s);
        return this.append(s, 0, s.length());
    }

    /**
     * Appends a subsequence of the specified {@code CharSequence} to this
     * sequence.
     * <p>
     * Characters of the argument {@code s}, starting at
     * index {@code start}, are appended, in order, to the contents of
     * this sequence up to the (exclusive) index {@code end}. The length
     * of this sequence is increased by the value of {@code end - start}.
     * <p>
     * Let <i>n</i> be the length of this character sequence just prior to
     * execution of the {@code append} method. Then the character at
     * index <i>k</i> in this character sequence becomes equal to the
     * character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if <i>k</i> is less than
     * <i>n</i>; otherwise, it is equal to the character at index
     * <i>k+start-n</i> in the argument {@code s}.
     * <p>
     * If {@code s} is {@code null}, then this method appends
     * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
     * characters {@code "null"}.
     *
     * @param   s the sequence to append.
     * @param   start   the starting index of the subsequence to be appended.
     * @param   end     the end index of the subsequence to be appended.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException if
     *             {@code start} is negative, or
     *             {@code start} is greater than {@code end} or
     *             {@code end} is greater than {@code s.length()}
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(CharSequence s, int start, int end) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if ((start < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() "
                + s.length());
        int len = end - start;
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        for (int i = start, j = count; i < end; i++, j++)
            value[j] = s.charAt(i);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code char} array
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the array argument are appended, in order, to
     * the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence
     * increases by the length of the argument.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   str   the characters to be appended.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char[] str) {
        int len = str.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, count, len);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of a subarray of the
     * {@code char} array argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * Characters of the {@code char} array {@code str}, starting at
     * index {@code offset}, are appended, in order, to the contents
     * of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases
     * by the value of {@code len}.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the arguments were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[],int,int)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   str      the characters to be appended.
     * @param   offset   the index of the first {@code char} to append.
     * @param   len      the number of {@code char}s to append.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *         if {@code offset < 0} or {@code len < 0}
     *         or {@code offset+len > str.length}
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char str[], int offset, int len) {
        if (len > 0)                // let arraycopy report AIOOBE for len < 0
            ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, count, len);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code boolean}
     * argument to the sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(boolean)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   b   a {@code boolean}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(boolean b) {
        if (b) {
            ensureCapacityInternal(count + 4);
            value[count++] = 't';
            value[count++] = 'r';
            value[count++] = 'u';
            value[count++] = 'e';
        } else {
            ensureCapacityInternal(count + 5);
            value[count++] = 'f';
            value[count++] = 'a';
            value[count++] = 'l';
            value[count++] = 's';
            value[count++] = 'e';
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code char}
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence.
     * The length of this sequence increases by {@code 1}.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)},
     * and the character in that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   c   a {@code char}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(char c) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + 1);
        value[count++] = c;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code int}
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(int)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   i   an {@code int}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(int i) {
        if (i == Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            append("-2147483648");
            return this;
        }
        int appendedLength = (i < 0) ? Integer.stringSize(-i) + 1
                                     : Integer.stringSize(i);
        int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
        ensureCapacityInternal(spaceNeeded);
        Integer.getChars(i, spaceNeeded, value);
        count = spaceNeeded;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code long}
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(long)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   l   a {@code long}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(long l) {
        if (l == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
            append("-9223372036854775808");
            return this;
        }
        int appendedLength = (l < 0) ? Long.stringSize(-l) + 1
                                     : Long.stringSize(l);
        int spaceNeeded = count + appendedLength;
        ensureCapacityInternal(spaceNeeded);
        Long.getChars(l, spaceNeeded, value);
        count = spaceNeeded;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code float}
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(float)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   f   a {@code float}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(float f) {
        new FloatingDecimal(f).appendTo(this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code double}
     * argument to this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were converted
     * to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(double)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #append(String) appended} to this character sequence.
     *
     * @param   d   a {@code double}.
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder append(double d) {
        new FloatingDecimal(d).appendTo(this);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the characters in a substring of this sequence.
     * The substring begins at the specified {@code start} and extends to
     * the character at index {@code end - 1} or to the end of the
     * sequence if no such character exists. If
     * {@code start} is equal to {@code end}, no changes are made.
     *
     * @param      start  The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end    The ending index, exclusive.
     * @return     This object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code start}
     *             is negative, greater than {@code length()}, or
     *             greater than {@code end}.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder delete(int start, int end) {
        if (start < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
        if (end > count)
            end = count;
        if (start > end)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException();
        int len = end - start;
        if (len > 0) {
            System.arraycopy(value, start+len, value, start, count-end);
            count -= len;
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Appends the string representation of the {@code codePoint}
     * argument to this sequence.
     *
     * <p> The argument is appended to the contents of this sequence.
     * The length of this sequence increases by
     * {@link Character#charCount(int) Character.charCount(codePoint)}.
     *
     * <p> The overall effect is exactly as if the argument were
     * converted to a {@code char} array by the method
     * {@link Character#toChars(int)} and the character in that array
     * were then {@link #append(char[]) appended} to this character
     * sequence.
     *
     * @param   codePoint   a Unicode code point
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the specified
     * {@code codePoint} isn't a valid Unicode code point
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder appendCodePoint(int codePoint) {
        final int count = this.count;

        if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(codePoint)) {
            ensureCapacityInternal(count + 1);
            value[count] = (char) codePoint;
            this.count = count + 1;
        } else if (Character.isValidCodePoint(codePoint)) {
            ensureCapacityInternal(count + 2);
            Character.toSurrogates(codePoint, value, count);
            this.count = count + 2;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Removes the <code>char</code> at the specified position in this
     * sequence. This sequence is shortened by one <code>char</code>.
     *
     * <p>Note: If the character at the given index is a supplementary
     * character, this method does not remove the entire character. If
     * correct handling of supplementary characters is required,
     * determine the number of <code>char</code>s to remove by calling
     * <code>Character.charCount(thisSequence.codePointAt(index))</code>,
     * where <code>thisSequence</code> is this sequence.
     *
     * @param       index  Index of <code>char</code> to remove
     * @return      This object.
     * @throws      StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the <code>index</code>
     *              is negative or greater than or equal to
     *              <code>length()</code>.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder deleteCharAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= count))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        System.arraycopy(value, index+1, value, index, count-index-1);
        count--;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Replaces the characters in a substring of this sequence
     * with characters in the specified <code>String</code>. The substring
     * begins at the specified <code>start</code> and extends to the character
     * at index <code>end - 1</code> or to the end of the
     * sequence if no such character exists. First the
     * characters in the substring are removed and then the specified
     * <code>String</code> is inserted at <code>start</code>. (This
     * sequence will be lengthened to accommodate the
     * specified String if necessary.)
     *
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
     * @param      str   String that will replace previous contents.
     * @return     This object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
     *             is negative, greater than <code>length()</code>, or
     *             greater than <code>end</code>.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder replace(int start, int end, String str) {
        if (start < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
        if (start > count)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > length()");
        if (start > end)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException("start > end");

        if (end > count)
            end = count;
        int len = str.length();
        int newCount = count + len - (end - start);
        ensureCapacityInternal(newCount);

        System.arraycopy(value, end, value, start + len, count - end);
        str.getChars(value, start);
        count = newCount;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
     * characters currently contained in this character sequence. The
     * substring begins at the specified index and extends to the end of
     * this sequence.
     *
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @return     The new string.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code> is
     *             less than zero, or greater than the length of this object.
     */
    public String substring(int start) {
        return substring(start, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.
     *
     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form
     *
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * sb.subSequence(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation
     *
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * sb.substring(begin,&nbsp;end)</pre></blockquote>
     *
     * This method is provided so that this class can
     * implement the {@link CharSequence} interface. </p>
     *
     * @param      start   the start index, inclusive.
     * @param      end     the end index, exclusive.
     * @return     the specified subsequence.
     *
     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
     *          if <tt>start</tt> or <tt>end</tt> are negative,
     *          if <tt>end</tt> is greater than <tt>length()</tt>,
     *          or if <tt>start</tt> is greater than <tt>end</tt>
     * @spec JSR-51
     */
    public CharSequence subSequence(int start, int end) {
        return substring(start, end);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new <code>String</code> that contains a subsequence of
     * characters currently contained in this sequence. The
     * substring begins at the specified <code>start</code> and
     * extends to the character at index <code>end - 1</code>.
     *
     * @param      start    The beginning index, inclusive.
     * @param      end      The ending index, exclusive.
     * @return     The new string.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if <code>start</code>
     *             or <code>end</code> are negative or greater than
     *             <code>length()</code>, or <code>start</code> is
     *             greater than <code>end</code>.
     */
    public String substring(int start, int end) {
        if (start < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(start);
        if (end > count)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end);
        if (start > end)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(end - start);
        return new String(value, start, end - start);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of a subarray of the {@code str}
     * array argument into this sequence. The subarray begins at the
     * specified {@code offset} and extends {@code len} {@code char}s.
     * The characters of the subarray are inserted into this sequence at
     * the position indicated by {@code index}. The length of this
     * sequence increases by {@code len} {@code char}s.
     *
     * @param      index    position at which to insert subarray.
     * @param      str       A {@code char} array.
     * @param      offset   the index of the first {@code char} in subarray to
     *             be inserted.
     * @param      len      the number of {@code char}s in the subarray to
     *             be inserted.
     * @return     This object
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code index}
     *             is negative or greater than {@code length()}, or
     *             {@code offset} or {@code len} are negative, or
     *             {@code (offset+len)} is greater than
     *             {@code str.length}.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int index, char[] str, int offset,
                                        int len)
    {
        if ((index < 0) || (index > length()))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        if ((offset < 0) || (len < 0) || (offset > str.length - len))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "offset " + offset + ", len " + len + ", str.length "
                + str.length);
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(value, index, value, index + len, count - index);
        System.arraycopy(str, offset, value, index, len);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code Object}
     * argument into this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(Object)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      obj      an {@code Object}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, Object obj) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(obj));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string into this character sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the {@code String} argument are inserted, in
     * order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up any
     * characters originally above that position and increasing the length
     * of this sequence by the length of the argument. If
     * {@code str} is {@code null}, then the four characters
     * {@code "null"} are inserted into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
     * equal to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in the old character sequence, if
     * <i>k</i> is less than {@code offset}
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -offset} in the
     * argument {@code str}, if <i>k</i> is not less than
     * {@code offset} but is less than {@code offset+str.length()}
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -str.length()} in the
     * old character sequence, if <i>k</i> is not less than
     * {@code offset+str.length()}
     * </ul><p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      str      a string.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, String str) {
        if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        if (str == null)
            str = "null";
        int len = str.length();
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
        str.getChars(value, offset);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code char} array
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the array argument are inserted into the
     * contents of this sequence at the position indicated by
     * {@code offset}. The length of this sequence increases by
     * the length of the argument.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char[])},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      str      a character array.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char[] str) {
        if ((offset < 0) || (offset > length()))
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        int len = str.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + len, count - offset);
        System.arraycopy(str, 0, value, offset, len);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the specified {@code CharSequence} into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The characters of the {@code CharSequence} argument are inserted,
     * in order, into this sequence at the indicated offset, moving up
     * any characters originally above that position and increasing the length
     * of this sequence by the length of the argument s.
     * <p>
     * The result of this method is exactly the same as if it were an
     * invocation of this object's
     * {@link #insert(int,CharSequence,int,int) insert}(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length())
     * method.
     *
     * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then the four characters
     * {@code "null"} are inserted into this sequence.
     *
     * @param      dstOffset   the offset.
     * @param      s the sequence to be inserted
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if (s instanceof String)
            return this.insert(dstOffset, (String)s);
        return this.insert(dstOffset, s, 0, s.length());
    }

    /**
     * Inserts a subsequence of the specified {@code CharSequence} into
     * this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The subsequence of the argument {@code s} specified by
     * {@code start} and {@code end} are inserted,
     * in order, into this sequence at the specified destination offset, moving
     * up any characters originally above that position. The length of this
     * sequence is increased by {@code end - start}.
     * <p>
     * The character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence becomes equal to:
     * <ul>
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i> in this sequence, if
     * <i>k</i> is less than {@code dstOffset}
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code +start-dstOffset} in
     * the argument {@code s}, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
     * {@code dstOffset} but is less than {@code dstOffset+end-start}
     * <li>the character at index <i>k</i>{@code -(end-start)} in this
     * sequence, if <i>k</i> is greater than or equal to
     * {@code dstOffset+end-start}
     * </ul><p>
     * The {@code dstOffset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     * <p>The start argument must be nonnegative, and not greater than
     * {@code end}.
     * <p>The end argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code start}, and less than or equal to the length of s.
     *
     * <p>If {@code s} is {@code null}, then this method inserts
     * characters as if the s parameter was a sequence containing the four
     * characters {@code "null"}.
     *
     * @param      dstOffset   the offset in this sequence.
     * @param      s       the sequence to be inserted.
     * @param      start   the starting index of the subsequence to be inserted.
     * @param      end     the end index of the subsequence to be inserted.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if {@code dstOffset}
     *             is negative or greater than {@code this.length()}, or
     *              {@code start} or {@code end} are negative, or
     *              {@code start} is greater than {@code end} or
     *              {@code end} is greater than {@code s.length()}
     */
     public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int dstOffset, CharSequence s,
                                         int start, int end) {
        if (s == null)
            s = "null";
        if ((dstOffset < 0) || (dstOffset > this.length()))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("dstOffset "+dstOffset);
        if ((start < 0) || (end < 0) || (start > end) || (end > s.length()))
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                "start " + start + ", end " + end + ", s.length() "
                + s.length());
        int len = end - start;
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
        System.arraycopy(value, dstOffset, value, dstOffset + len,
                         count - dstOffset);
        for (int i=start; i<end; i++)
            value[dstOffset++] = s.charAt(i);
        count += len;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code boolean}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(boolean)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      b        a {@code boolean}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, boolean b) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(b));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code char}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(char)},
     * and the character in that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      c        a {@code char}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     IndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, char c) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(count + 1);
        System.arraycopy(value, offset, value, offset + 1, count - offset);
        value[offset] = c;
        count += 1;
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the second {@code int}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(int)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      i        an {@code int}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, int i) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(i));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code long}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(long)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      l        a {@code long}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, long l) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(l));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code float}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(float)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      f        a {@code float}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, float f) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(f));
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the string representation of the {@code double}
     * argument into this sequence.
     * <p>
     * The overall effect is exactly as if the second argument were
     * converted to a string by the method {@link String#valueOf(double)},
     * and the characters of that string were then
     * {@link #insert(int,String) inserted} into this character
     * sequence at the indicated offset.
     * <p>
     * The {@code offset} argument must be greater than or equal to
     * {@code 0}, and less than or equal to the {@linkplain #length() length}
     * of this sequence.
     *
     * @param      offset   the offset.
     * @param      d        a {@code double}.
     * @return     a reference to this object.
     * @throws     StringIndexOutOfBoundsException  if the offset is invalid.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder insert(int offset, double d) {
        return insert(offset, String.valueOf(d));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value
     * <i>k</i> such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.toString().startsWith(str, <i>k</i>)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is <code>true</code>.
     *
     * @param   str   any string.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs as a substring within this
     *          object, then the index of the first character of the first
     *          such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a
     *          substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int indexOf(String str) {
        return indexOf(str, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     * specified substring, starting at the specified index.  The integer
     * returned is the smallest value <tt>k</tt> for which:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     *     k >= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
     *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
     *
     * @param   str         the substring for which to search.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index from which to start the search.
     * @return  the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
     *          specified substring, starting at the specified index.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *            <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return String.indexOf(value, 0, count,
                              str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence
     * of the specified substring.  The rightmost empty string "" is
     * considered to occur at the index value <code>this.length()</code>.
     * The returned index is the largest value <i>k</i> such that
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * is true.
     *
     * @param   str   the substring to search for.
     * @return  if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring
     *          within this object, then the index of the first character of
     *          the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as
     *          a substring, <code>-1</code> is returned.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException  if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
        return lastIndexOf(str, count);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
     * specified substring. The integer returned is the largest value <i>k</i>
     * such that:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     *     k <= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) &&
     *                   this.toString().startsWith(str, k)
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * If no such value of <i>k</i> exists, then -1 is returned.
     *
     * @param   str         the substring to search for.
     * @param   fromIndex   the index to start the search from.
     * @return  the index within this sequence of the last occurrence of the
     *          specified substring.
     * @throws  java.lang.NullPointerException if <code>str</code> is
     *          <code>null</code>.
     */
    public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
        return String.lastIndexOf(value, 0, count,
                              str.toCharArray(), 0, str.length(), fromIndex);
    }

    /**
     * Causes this character sequence to be replaced by the reverse of
     * the sequence. If there are any surrogate pairs included in the
     * sequence, these are treated as single characters for the
     * reverse operation. Thus, the order of the high-low surrogates
     * is never reversed.
     *
     * Let <i>n</i> be the character length of this character sequence
     * (not the length in <code>char</code> values) just prior to
     * execution of the <code>reverse</code> method. Then the
     * character at index <i>k</i> in the new character sequence is
     * equal to the character at index <i>n-k-1</i> in the old
     * character sequence.
     *
     * <p>Note that the reverse operation may result in producing
     * surrogate pairs that were unpaired low-surrogates and
     * high-surrogates before the operation. For example, reversing
     * "&#92;uDC00&#92;uD800" produces "&#92;uD800&#92;uDC00" which is
     * a valid surrogate pair.
     *
     * @return  a reference to this object.
     */
    public AbstractStringBuilder reverse() {
        boolean hasSurrogate = false;
        int n = count - 1;
        for (int j = (n-1) >> 1; j >= 0; --j) {
            char temp = value[j];
            char temp2 = value[n - j];
            if (!hasSurrogate) {
                hasSurrogate = (temp >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE)
                    || (temp2 >= Character.MIN_SURROGATE && temp2 <= Character.MAX_SURROGATE);
            }
            value[j] = temp2;
            value[n - j] = temp;
        }
        if (hasSurrogate) {
            // Reverse back all valid surrogate pairs
            for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; i++) {
                char c2 = value[i];
                if (Character.isLowSurrogate(c2)) {
                    char c1 = value[i + 1];
                    if (Character.isHighSurrogate(c1)) {
                        value[i++] = c1;
                        value[i] = c2;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representing the data in this sequence.
     * A new <code>String</code> object is allocated and initialized to
     * contain the character sequence currently represented by this
     * object. This <code>String</code> is then returned. Subsequent
     * changes to this sequence do not affect the contents of the
     * <code>String</code>.
     *
     * @return  a string representation of this sequence of characters.
     */
    public abstract String toString();

    /**
     * Needed by <tt>String</tt> for the contentEquals method.
     */
    final char[] getValue() {
        return value;
    }

}